List of bus rapid transit systems in North America

Summary

There are a number of bus rapid transit systems in North America, with some of their technical details listed below.

Biarticulated bus
Transmetro in Guatemala City
The tables below are incomplete. Mouse-over column titles to see expansions of the abbreviations, or see the notes below.

1 Ded.: Dedicated Right-of-Way
2 Excl. hwy: Exclusive highway lanes
3 Excl. street: Exclusive on-street lanes
4 Excl. part: Part-time exclusive lanes
5 Bypass: No exclusive lanes but heavy intersection bypass lanes
6 Shoulder: Buses can use bus bypass shoulders in congestion
7 HOV: High-occupancy vehicle (carpool) lanes can be used
8 Ltd. stop: System includes limited stop/express routes (includes conventional bus lines)
9 Pre-pay: Payment is made before boarding

Canada edit

Region System Right-of-way Priority features Stations Notes
Busway1 Median2 Bus Lanes3 Bypass2 Timed Lanes5 Shoulder6 HOV Lanes7 Ltd. Stops8 TSP9 Bus signals9 Regular10 Curbside11 Median12 Station13 POP14
Brampton, Ontario Züm See note         See note Five routes. Median busways and stations owned by Viva Rapid Transit
Calgary, Alberta MAX (Calgary)              
Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario Durham Region Transit Pulse      
Gatineau, Quebec Rapibus          
Kelowna, British Columbia 97X Kelowna RapidBus          
Laval, Quebec Société de transport de Laval        
Longueuil, Quebec Réseau de transport de Longueuil        
Mississauga, Ontario Mississauga Transitway            
Montreal, Quebec Montreal bus rapid transit          
Ottawa, Ontario Transitway (Ottawa)                    
Vancouver, British Columbia RapidBus (TransLink)        
Waterloo Region, Ontario Grand River Transit ION Bus          
Waterloo Region, Ontario Grand River Transit iXpress        
Winnipeg, Manitoba Winnipeg RT        
Regional Municipality of York, Ontario Viva Rapid Transit            

Guatemala edit

Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Guatemala City:
Transmetro

Mexico edit

Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
León:
Optibús Optibus - Sistema Integrado de Transporte(SIT)
     
Mexico City:
Metrobús
    two-part Phase I under construction; Phase II planned
Guadalajara:
Macrobús
    two-part Phase I under construction; Phase II planned
Monterrey:
Ecovía and Transmetro
    two-part Phase I under construction; Phase II planned
Puebla:
Red Urbana de Transporte Articulado (RUTA)
    two-part Phase I under construction
Tijuana:
Sistema Integral de Transporte de Tijuana (SITT)
 
Acapulco:

Acabús

   
Oaxaca City:

Citybús

   
Queretaro City:

Qrobús

   
State of Mexico:

Mexibús

   
Pachuca:

Tuzobús

   
Ciudad Juárez:

BravoBús

   |
Chihuahua City:

Bowí

   
Mérida:

IE-TRAM

 

United States edit

Alabama edit

Alabama
Region/System Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Birmingham, Alabama:

Birmingham Xpress

        East and West have no dedicated lanes but priority, In-Town-Transit section has dedicated bus lanes and priority

California edit

California
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Livermore, Pleasanton, Dublin, California:

Tri-Valley Rapid

        The Rapid has two routes, is operated by Wheels, and provides all day 15 minute service to core cities/areas of the Tri Valley.
Los Angeles, California:
El Monte Busway
        HOV 3+ lane on freeway and on separate right of way, has three rail-like stations.
Los Angeles, California:
Metro G Line
      Busway in old railroad corridor with at-grade crossings.
Los Angeles, California:
Harbor Transitway
        Innermost lanes on freeway – HOV 2+, have rail-like stations and portions of route separate from freeway running elevated, and on-street bus lanes in Downtown Los Angeles used by Harbor Transitway routes.
Los Angeles, California:
Metro Rapid
      Only exclusive lanes are a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) section of Wilshire Boulevard in West Los Angeles.
Oakland, San Leandro:
Tempo
      Includes NextBus dyamic message signs, dedicated lanes and median platforms between 20th Street and San Leandro.
Oakland, Berkeley, Albany, El Cerrito, Richmond:
AC Transit Rapid Bus 72R
      Includes NextBus dynamic message signs.
San Bernardino, California:
sbX
        Dedicated lanes from Baseline (Just north of Downtown) to Hospitality Lane.
San Diego, California:
MTS Rapid
  MTS Rapid lines including Park Boulevard Busway for Mid-City Rapid and two dedicated center-of-freeway bus stations within I-15 at El Cajon Blvd and University Avenue.
San Francisco:
Geary Bus Rapid Transit and Van Ness Bus Rapid Transit
      Upgrades existing bus lines with dedicated on-street lanes for portions of the routes. Traffic signal priority is already deployed in the system.
San Francisco, San Rafael, Novato, and Sonoma County:
Golden Gate Transit Route 101[1]
    Route operates as a complement to local Route 80. Operates effective June 15, 2009 as a weekday-only service, and it will use the HOV lanes along U.S. Highway 101 in Marin County between San Francisco and Santa Rosa.
San Jose, California:
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority: Rapid 522
    Route 522 parallels existing Route 22 in most sections. Upgrades include limited stops, low floor fleet, and signal priority along El Camino Real.
Stockton, California:
San Joaquin Regional Transit District (RTD)
      BRT Express service operates five routes along key corridors throughout Stockton with transfers at the Downtown Transit Center.

Colorado edit

Colorado
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Denver:
Regional Transportation District
        Flatiron Flyer: Contested as being bus rapid transit
Fort Collins:
Transfort
            MAX: Opened May 10, 2014 with free service until August 23, 2014.
Roaring Fork Valley:
RFTA
                See note VelociRFTA Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Opened September 3, 2013 as the first rural bus rapid transit line in the United States. Ticket vending machines are available at certain stations.

Connecticut edit

Connecticut
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
New Britain-Hartford:
CTtransit
        CTfastrak: Premiered March 28, 2015.

Florida edit

Florida
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Jacksonville:
JTA
        See note First Coast Flyer: Some stations are equipped with ticket vending machines.
Miami-Dade:
Metrobus
        South Dade Transitway: Constructed in 1997 by the Florida Department of Transportation.[2] A Gold-Standard BRT is being opened in March 2024 using electric articulated buses, large grand stations and fare gates.
Orlando:
LYNX
          Free LYMMO: The Orange Line has exclusive lanes for 100% of its route.
St. Petersburg, Florida:
PSTA SunRunner
        Free

Georgia edit

Illinois edit

Illinois
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Chicago, Illinois: McCormick Place Busway
      Dedicated route between downtown and McCormick Place Convention Center along the side of active railroad for the use of charter buses for conventions. Planned expansion of BRT around the city that will include dedicated rights-of-way, traffic light priority, and limited stops.[citation needed]
Chicago, Illinois: Jeffery Jump (J14)
      Limited stop/express service between South Chicago and the Loop (downtown). First implementation of BRT/"BRT lite" as a prototype for later projects such as Loop Link (below).[3]
Chicago, Illinois: Loop Link
      Dedicated lanes along Madison and Washington in the Loop (downtown) For multiple routes, including the J14 BRT service. Uses stations with raised platforms and slated to include prepaid boarding in the future. Opened for service on 20 December 2015.[4]
Suburban Chicago: Pace I-90 Express     On-highway express bus between Rosemont and Elgin. Features "flex lanes" and train station-like stops.
Suburban Chicago: Pace Pulse     Milwaukee Line operating since August 2019, Dempster Line since August 2023. The Milwaukee Line runs on Milwaukee Avenue from Jefferson Park Transit Center to Golf Mill Shopping Center. Meanwhile, the Dempster Line runs from O'Hare Transfer station to Davis station (CTA) and or Evanston Davis Street (Metra) via Dempster Street, also stopping in Des Plaines.

Indiana edit

Indiana
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Indianapolis:
IndyGo
        Phase 1 of Red Line: Opened September 1, 2019.[5] Future expansion of BRT includes the Purple Line to connect the city of Lawrence, Indiana to downtown Indianapolis; and the Blue Line to connect the town of Cumberland, Indiana and the east side of Indianapolis, including Irvington, to downtown Indianapolis as well as to the far west side, including Indianapolis International Airport and vicinity. Construction began on the Purple Line on February 25, 2022[6] with groundbreaking on the Blue Line anticipated in 2024.[7]
Northwest Indiana:
Gary Public Transportation Corporation
      Broadway Metro Express

Kentucky edit

Kentucky
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Louisville, Kentucky:
Dixie Rapid
    Opened January 6, 2020

Massachusetts edit

Massachusetts
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Boston:
MBTA
    See note Silver Line: Off-board fare collection is only present at three underground stations, front-door boarding required at all other stops. Trips from Logan Airport are free.

Michigan edit

Michigan
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Grand Rapids:
The Rapid
        Silver Line and Laker Line: Opened August 25, 2014 and August 24, 2020 respectively.

Minnesota edit

Minnesota
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Minneapolis-St. Paul:
Metro Transit
            See note Metro Orange Line, A Line, and C Line; five more lines are either in advanced planning or construction stages.
When inheriting the Red Line from Minnesota Valley Transit Authority only terminal stations had off-board ticket machines, while at smaller stations fares were collected on board with all-door boarding. Metro Transit it working to transition to full off-board fare collection.
Minneapolis-St. Paul:
University of Minnesota Campus Shuttle
      Free U of M Transitway: At-grade crossings on the busway have flashing stop signs, with two priority traffic lights in Saint Paul. Surface streets in Minneapolis are not equipped with signal priority.
Rochester:
Link bus rapid transit
      Planned to open in 2025

Missouri edit

Missouri
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Kansas City, Missouri:
Metro Area Express (MAX)
     

Nebraska edit

Nebraska
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Omaha, Nebraska:

Metro Transit ORBT

     

Nevada edit

Nevada
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Las Vegas, Nevada:
Metropolitan Area Express (MAX)
       
Reno, Nevada:
RTC RAPID[8]
    Green lights extended for oncoming bus.

New Mexico edit

New Mexico
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Albuquerque:
ABQ RIDE
         

New York edit

New York
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Albany, New York:
CDTA BusPlus
    CDTA Route 905 along NYS Route 5 between downtown Albany and downtown Schenectady, began service April 2011
New York, New York:
MTA Regional Bus (New York City Bus)
        Select Bus Service: Dedicated lanes along several streets. Requires payment before boarding. 20 routes currently in service.
Westchester County and Rockland County, New York:
Lower HudsonLink
    Uses Bus-only lanes over the Tappan Zee Bridge. Provides service to Palisades Center.

North Carolina edit

Ohio edit

Ohio
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Cincinnati, Ohio:
Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority Metro, Metro*PLUS
  Limited stop service with upgraded stops and new stations with real time information at major stops
Columbus, Ohio:
CMAX
See note     Limited stop service with upgraded stops and new stations with real time information at major stops. Part-time exclusive lanes on High Street. Signal priority on Cleveland Avenue during rush hour.
Cleveland, Ohio:
HealthLine
    See note   Dedicated lanes from Public Square to East Cleveland. Traffic signal priority discontinued.

Oklahoma edit

Oklahoma
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Tulsa, Oklahoma:
Aero
    Peoria Aero line in service since December 19, 2019. Route 66 Aero line in planning.

Oregon edit

Oregon
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Eugene, Oregon:
Emerald Express (EmX)
       
Portland, Oregon:
Frequent Express (FX)
    Segments of the FX2–Division route use transit-only lanes, particularly west of 11th Avenue. Along the Portland Transit Mall in downtown Portland, FX buses travel in lanes dedicated to transit buses and light rail vehicles, separated from private vehicle traffic.[9][10] FX2–Division travels the remainder of its route through Division Street in mixed traffic, but it uses transit signal priority to move quickly.


Pennsylvania edit

Pennsylvania
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Upper Darby to Ardmore, Pennsylvania:
Ardmore Busway
  Converted Red Arrow trolley right-of-way, private SEPTA bus road for the 'Route 103' bus to Ardmore from 69th Street Terminal.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:
Martin Luther King Jr. East Busway, South Busway, and West Busway
 

Rhode Island edit

Rhode Island
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Providence, Rhode Island:
East Side Bus Tunnel
  Converted trolley tunnel, built 1912, used solely by four bus lines and one rubber-tired "trolley" line, running under College Hill and the Rhode Island School of Design.

Texas edit

Texas
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Austin, TX: Capital Metro MetroRapid         MetroRapid began service in 2014, with 89 stations combined for Routes 801&803, with new stations being added in late 2018. Has dedicated bus lanes through downtown.
Dallas, Texas:
DART
     
El Paso, Texas:
Sun Metro Brio
        8.6 mile Mesa Corridor began operating in Fall of 2014, 14.5 mile Alameda Corridor is under construction and expected to open by Fall 2018, 10.2 Dyer Corridor is under construction and expected to open by December 2018, 16.8 mile Montana Corridor is in the design phase and expected to open by early 2020.
Houston, Texas:
(HOV system)
    reversible HOV lanes in 6 corridors with direct ramps to park-and-ride lots, transit centers and Downtown streets. Frequent express bus service using dedicated fleet.
Houston, Texas:
METRORapid Silver Line
       
San Antonio, Texas:

VIA Primo

      VIA Primo began service in 2012, As of 2019 it has 3 routes 100, 102, and 103.

| | | |Some other systems in Texas |Abilene, Texas: |CityLink | | | |Amarillo, Texas |Amarillo Public Transit | | | |Corpus Christi, Texas |Corpus Christi Regional Transit Authority | | | |McAllen, Texas |Metro McAllen | | | |Brownsville, Texas |Brownsville Metro | | | |Port Arthur, Texas |Port Arthur Transit | | | |Wichita Falls, Texas |Falls Ride

Utah edit

Utah
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Ogden, Utah:
UTA Ogden Express
     
Provo-Orem:
UTA Utah Valley Express
     

Virginia edit

Virginia
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Alexandria, VA:
Metroway
        Phase I Service began in fall of 2014. Portion of the route uses dedicated lanes in median of U.S. Route 1 Replaced WMATA 9S Route. Phase II opened in April 2016.
Richmond, Virginia: GRTC Pulse [1]           BRT system to commence construction in late 2015/early 2016; construction estimated to be completed by 2018

Washington edit

Washington
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Seattle:
SODO Busway
  1.5 mile surface busway connecting in from the south to Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel
Seattle:
Sound Transit Express
    Extensive HOV lane running with dedicated center-of-freeway bus stations at Mountlake Terrace Freeway Station, Yarrow Point Freeway Station, Evergreen Point Freeway Station, Rainier Station. Dedicated bus flyovers from freeway to transit center (or freeway integrated transit centers) at Federal Way, Bellevue, Lynnwood, Ash Way, Totem Lake, Eastgate, Mercer Island, Montlake, South Everett. Business Access-Transit lanes along most of SR-522 Seattle to Bothell.
Snohomish County:
Swift
          Shadowed by local route 101; connection to RapidRide E Line
Vancouver:
The Vine
      The 6-mile-long (9.7 km) line runs from downtown Vancouver to the Vancouver Mall, serving 34 stations primarily on Fourth Plain Boulevard. It opened on January 8, 2017, becoming the first bus rapid transit system in the Portland metropolitan area.
Bellingham:
WTA Go Lines
  15 minute service is offered during most of the day, every weekday. On some of the Go Lines, frequent service consists of a combination of several routes that run on the same corridor.
King County:
RapidRide
            The network consists of seven routes totaling 76 miles that carried riders on approximately 64,860 trips on an average weekday in 2016, comprising about 17 percent of King County Metro's total daily ridership. Headways are 5–10 minutes during peak hours and 7-15 min during non-peak hours. RapidRide A Line, RapidRide B Line, RapidRide C Line, RapidRide D Line, RapidRide E Line, RapidRide F Line

RapidRide H Line

Spokane:

City Line

    The 6-mile-long (9.7 km) route, Runs from Spokane's Browne's Addition neighborhood, through Downtown Spokane and the University District, before ending at the Spokane Community College campus in the Chief Garry Park neighborhood.

Wisconsin edit

Wisconsin
Region/system Rights-of-way Ltd.
stop8
Traffic
light
priority
Pre-
pay9
Notes
Ded.1 Excl.
hwy2
Excl.
street3
Excl.
part4
Bypass5 Shoulder6 HOV7
Madison:
Metro Rapid
      To be opened in 2024.
Milwaukee:
MCTS Connect
      Opened June 4, 2023.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ New Route 101 Express
  2. ^ "South Miami-Dade Busway". Miami-Dade County. Archived from the original on 1 March 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Jeffery Jump". Chicago Transit Authority. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  4. ^ "Loop Link". Chicago Transit Authority. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  5. ^ Gibson, London (September 2, 2019). "Hit-and-run, scraping noises and a surprise unloading: Your Red Line questions answered after Day 1". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett Co. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  6. ^ Bonilla Muñiz, Leslie (February 25, 2022). "IndyGo kicks off work on two-year, $188M Purple Line project". Indianapolis Business Journal. IBJ Media. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  7. ^ Bonilla Muñiz, Leslie (November 26, 2021). "Next IndyGo rapid lines move toward reality". Indianapolis Business Journal. IBJ Media. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  8. ^ "RTC RAPID". RTC. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  9. ^ Rose, Joseph (January 23, 2009). "Weave through TriMet's work in downtown Portland". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on August 30, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  10. ^ Rose, Joseph (May 14, 2009). "Stay left: Police patrols on Portland transit mall next week". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on August 30, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022.

1 Ded.: Dedicated busway or tunnel
2 Excl. hwy: Exclusive highway lanes
3 Excl. street: Exclusive on-street lanes
4 Excl. part: Part-time exclusive lanes
5 Bypass: No exclusive lanes but heavy intersection bypass lanes
6 Shoulder: Buses can use hard shoulders in congestion
7 HOV: High-occupancy vehicle (carpool) lanes can be used (common)
8 Ltd. stop: System includes limited stop/express routes (includes conventional bus lines, common)
9 Pre-pay: Payment is made before boarding

External links edit

  • Recapturing Global Leadership in Bus Rapid Transit - A Survey of Select U.S. Cities (available for download in pdf) Institute for Transportation & Development Policy (May 2011)