List_of_coal_mining_accidents_in_China Knowpia

This is a list of coal mining accidents in China.

1940s edit

1942 edit

On April 26, 1942, a gas and coal-dust explosion in Benxihu Colliery killed 1,549 miners, making it the worst disaster in the history of coal mining.^[1]

1950s edit

1950 edit

On February 27, 1950, 174 miners died in Yilou Mine accident in Henan Province.^[2]

1960s edit

1960

On May 9, 1960, in Laobaidong Colliery Disaster [zh] 684 died after methane explosion.^[3]^[4]

1990s edit

1991 edit

On April 21, 1991, in Sanjiaohe mine blast [zh] 148 died after gas explosion.^[4]

2000s edit

2000 edit

On September 27, 2000, in Muchonggou mine blast [zh] 159 died after gas explosion.^[2]^[4]

5,798 workers were killed in 2,863 Chinese coal mine accidents during 2000.^[5]

2001 edit

5,670 workers were killed in 3,082 Chinese coal mine accidents during 2001.^[5]

2002 edit

On June 20, 2002, in Chengzihe mine blast 124 died after gas explosion.^[2]^[4]

6,995 workers were killed in 4,344 Chinese coal mine accidents during 2002.^[5]

2003 edit

6,434 workers were killed in 4,143 Chinese coal mine accidents during 2003.^[5]

2004 edit

On October 20, 2004, in Daping mine blast [zh] 148 died after gas explosion.^[2]^[4]
On November 28, 2004, in Chenjiashan mine blast [zh] 166 died after gas explosion.^[2]^[4]

6,027 workers were killed in 3,639 Chinese coal mine accidents during 2004.^[5]

2005 edit

On February 14, 2005, Over 214 miners were killed in the 2005 Sunjiawan mine disaster

On March 19, 2005, an explosion at the Xishui Colliery and neighboring Kangjiayao coal mines killed 72.^[4]
On July 11, 2005, an explosion at the Shenlong mine killed 83.^[4]
On August 7, 2005, in Daxing mine flood [zh] 123 died.^[2]^[4]
On November 27, 2005, 171 miners were killed by a blast in the Dongfeng Coal mine in Qitaihe city, Heilongjiang province. The mine owner (plus 5 others) was later tried in court for negligence and sentenced to 6 years in prison.^[2]^[6]

On December 8, 2005, a gas explosion kills 54 miners and traps 22 in the Liuguantun Mine, Tangshan Kaiping district.^[7]

5,986 workers were killed in 3,341 Chinese coal mine accidents during 2005.^[5]

2006 edit

On February 1, 2006, the Sihe coal mine in Shanxi killed 23 miners.^[4]
On May 18, 2006, an Induation disaster at the Xinjing coal mine in the Shanxi province killed 56 miners.^[4]
On April 29, 2006, 27 miners were killed in an explosion in the privately owned Wayaobao mine in Shaanxi province. Fires, floods and explosions claim about 5,000 deaths every year in Chinese coal mines.^[8]
On July 15, 2006, at the Linjiazhuang coal mine in Shanxi an explosion killed 50 people with seven more missing.^[4]
On November 5, 2006, at the Jiaojiazhai coal mine in Shanxi an explosion killed 40 with seven more missing.^[4]
On November 13, 2006 Nanshan Colliery disaster, a fatal gas explosion, killed 24 people.

2007 edit

In March 2007, over 100 were killed in 8 tragedies.^[9]
In August 2007, 181 miners died when heavy rains flooded two mines in eastern Shandong province.^[10]
A coal mine gas leak on November 11, 2007, had at least 35 confirmed deaths.^[11]
On December 6, 2007, 105 workers died in a mine blast in Shanxi province's Hongtong county.^[12]

2008 edit

On April 11, 2008, a gas explosion resulted in 14 miners dead and two reported missing in the No. 3 Coal Mine in Huludao's Shaguotan village.^[13]
On September 4, 2008, twenty-four miners were killed and six injured in Fuxin, Liaoning province.^[14]
On September 28, 2008, 31 miners were killed and nine were missing in Dengfeng city, Henan province.^[15]
On November 10, 2008, four were killed and thirteen injured Wannian Coal Mine of Jizhong Energy Group Co., Ltd. in Handan City, Hebei Province.^[16]

3,000 workers were killed in Chinese coal mines during 2008.^[17]

2009 edit

On February 22, 77 miners died and over 100 were injured in an explosion at the Tunlan coal mine in Shanxi.^[18] The blast was China's worst industrial accident in a year, until the November, 2009,^[19] Heilongjiang mine explosion.
On March 20, six miners were killed and four were missing at the Lianfa Coal Mine in Qinglong County, Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou province^[20]
On April 4, 12 miners died in the Jinli Coal Mine in Xingnong Township, Jidong County, Jixi City after water flowed in from an abandoned coal mine.^[21]
On April 17, 18 miners die in a dynamite explosion in a dynamite warehouse of a coal mine in Chenzhou city, Yongxing.^[22]
On May 2, 7 people died of gas poisoning at the Xinfeng Coal Mine, Dengfeng city ^[23]
On May 15, 10 miners die in a mine blast in a licensed private Chashan Coal Mine in Zhaotong city, in Zhenxiong county, Yunnan province.^[24]
On May 16, 11 miners die of asphyxiation in Shuozhou, Shaanxi province.^[25]

On May 29, a gas explosion at the Tonghua coal mine associated with the Songzao Mining Bureau of Chongqing in Chongqing kills 30 and injures 59.^[17]
On September 8, a gas explosion at a Henan mine left 67 confirmed dead with 9 still missing.
On November 21, 108 people died ^[26] at the Xinxing mine in Heilongjiang province, following a gas explosion caused by trapped, pressurized gases underground.^[19]^[27]^[28]

2010s edit

2010 edit

In January, at least 25 people are killed and at least three others are trapped in a mine fire in Xiangtan County in Hunan.^[29]
On March 1 The Luotuoshan coal mine flood trapped 77 workers, of which 45 were rescued, 1 was confirmed dead, and 31 were left for dead.
On March 15, the Dongxing Coal Mining Co fire began, leaving 25 miners dead. The mine had been in renovations to increase output.
On March 29, 153 people were trapped in a coal mine by a flood that occurred by breaking into a water-filled shaft in the Wangjialing coal mine in Shanxi.^[30]

On May 13, at least 21 people were killed and at least five were wounded when an explosion occurred at the privately run Yuanyang colliery in Puding County, Anshun, Guizhou.^[31]

2011 edit

2012 edit

On August 29, 45 miners were killed in the Xiaojiawan coal mine explosion.^[32]

On the September 3, 14 miners were killed at Gaokeng Coal Mine in Jiangxi province.^[33]

2013 edit

On March 12, an outburst in Machang Coal Mine caused 25 people dead.
On March 29, a landslide in Gyama Mine, Tibet caused 66 people dead and 17 missing.
On March 29, an explosion in Babao Coal Mine caused 36 people dead. A second explosion in Babao Coal Mine on April 1 caused 17 people dead.
On May 11, an explosion in Taozigou Coal Mine caused 28 people dead.

1049 workers were killed in Chinese coal mines during 2013.

2014 edit

In June 2014, 7 were dead in a coal mine in Hebei province

2015 edit

2016 edit

2017 edit

2018 edit

On October 20, 18 people were trapped and 11 people were killed due to a rock burst in a Shandong mine.^[34]^[35]
On December 7, a partial ceiling collapse at a coal mine in Wenshang County, Jining, Shandong killed 3 people and injured 3 more.^[36]

2019 edit

2020s edit

2020 edit

On February 23, a ceiling collapse at a coal mine in Yuci District, Jinzhong, Shanxi killed 3 people.^[37]
On February 29, a ceiling collapse at a coal mine in Luoping County, Qujing, Yunnan killed 5 people.^[38]
On March 7, an explosion at a coal mine in Yanjin County, Zhaotong, Yunnan killed 4 people and injured 5 more.^[39]
On June 10, a gas leak at a coal mine in the town of Longmen [zh], Hancheng, Weinan, Shaanxi killed 7 people.^[40]
On August 5, a ceiling collapse at a coal mine in Jinzhong, Shanxi killed 3 people.^[41]
On September 27, a fire at a coal mine in Chongqing operated by Chongqing Energy Investment Group [zh] killed 16 people and injured 38 more.^[42]
On October 20, a gas explosion at a coal mine in Shanxi operated by Shanxi Lu'an Environmental Energy killed 4 people and injured 1 more.^[43]
On November 4, an accident at a coal mine in Tongchuan, Shaanxi killed 8 people.^[44]
On December 4, a carbon monoxide leak at a coal mine in Yongchuan District, Chongqing killed 23 people.^[45]

2021 edit

References edit

^ "The world's worst coal mining disasters – Mining Technology". 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-08-17. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g China Labour Bulletin: 171 miners confirmed dead at Heilongjiang coal mine Archived 2016-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
^ Mining Technology: The world's worst coal mining disasters Archived 2015-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m China mine disasters Archived 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "China and US coal disasters". Mines and Communities (MAC). 2006-07-01. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
^ BBC News. China jails five over mine blast Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "China coal mine blast kills 54, traps 22" (placed online by People's Daily Online). China Daily. December 8, 2005. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ "Blast at China coal mine kills 27". BBC News. April 30, 2006. Archived from the original on January 7, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions. Rash of China Coal Mine Deaths Occur in March Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine. 26 March 2007.
^ USA Today. Death toll rises to 70 in China coal mine blast Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Terra Daily. China coal mine death toll rises to 35 Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. November 11, 2007.
^ BBC News. 105 die in China mine explosion Archived 2012-11-13 at the Wayback Machine. December 7, 2007.
^ Joshi, Mohit (13 April 2008). "Gas explosion kills 14 at Chinese coal mine". Topnews. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ "China Coal Mine Blast Kills 24 – Xinhua". Javno.com. September 4, 2008. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ "China Coal Mine Gas 'Outburst' Kills 31 – Xinhua". Javno.com. September 21, 2008. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ "N. China coal mine accident kills 4, injures 13" (published online by People Daily). Xinhua. November 10, 2008. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ ^a ^b Subler, Jason; Li Jiansheng (May 30, 2009). "Gas blast at Chinese coal mine kills at least 30". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
^ "Chinese tragedy claims 77 lives". Mining Environmental Management Aspermont UK 2009. 12 Mar 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ ^a ^b "China coal mine blast death toll reaches 87". London: BBC News. 21 November 2009.
^ "Coal mine flood kills 6 in SW China, 4 missing" (Published online by China Daily). Xinhua. 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ "12 miners confirmed dead in China coal mine flooding" (Placed online by Dhina Daily). Xinhua. 2009-04-09. Archived from the original on 2012-10-15.
^ "18 people dead in coal mine explosion in China" (published online by USA today). AP. 2009-04-18. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ "Chinese coal mine covers up gas poisoning deaths" (published online by China Daily). Xinhua. 2009-05-11. Archived from the original on 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
^ "Coal mine blast kills ten in SW China" (published online by China Daily). Xinhua. 2009-05-15. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ "Workers die of asphyxiation in Chinese coal mine". Associated Press. May 16, 2009. Archived from the original (Placed online by Gulf news : Al Nisr Publishing LLC) on May 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
^ "Mine Explosion Killed 108" (in Chinese). Sina.com. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009.
^ "China mine death toll hits 92". Atlanta: CNN. 22 November 2009. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
^ "92 killed in China mine disaster". Sydney: Sydney Morning Herald. 22 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
^ (Xinhua) Archived 2012-11-04 at the Wayback Machine (Reuters Africa) Archived 2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine (Times of India) Archived 2010-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
^ Associated Press. Race on to rescue 153 trapped Chinese coal miners Archived 2010-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. March 29, 2010.
^ "Death toll rises to 21 after SW China coal-gas outburst". Xinhua News Agency. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
^ "China Mine Explosion: Death Toll Rises To 41, With 5 Miners Still Trapped Underground". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
^ "14 killed in Chinese coal mine blast". The Independent. 2012-09-03. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
^ Stubley, Peter (2018-10-21). "Eighteen miners trapped underground in China after two killed in tunnel collapse". The Independent. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
^ "China mine collapse: Death toll rises to 11, 10 still trapped". CBS News. 27 October 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
^ 山东裕隆矿业集团唐阳煤矿“12.7”事故致3死3伤. www.bjnews.com.cn (in Chinese). The Beijing News. 2018-12-10. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
^ 山西致3人死亡矿难系蓄意瞒报 5人被采取刑事强制措施. www.chinanews.com (in Chinese). 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
^ 云南罗平树根田煤矿发生顶板事故造成5人死亡-新华网. www.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-03-01. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
^ 云南昭通盐津一停建煤矿发生爆炸，致4死5伤. www.thepaper.cn (in Chinese). The Paper. 2020-03-18. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
^ 陕西燎原煤业有限公司煤与瓦斯突出事故救援结束 7人遇难. www.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-06-15. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
^ 山西晋煤集团晋圣公司坡底煤业挡土墙垮塌造成3人死亡-新华网. www.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-08-05. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
^ 国务院安委办约谈重庆市能源投资集团有限公司 (in Chinese). China National Mine Safety Administration. 2020-10-16. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
^ 山西潞安集团左权阜生煤业井下发生瓦斯爆炸致4死1伤. xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-10-20. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
^ 陕西铜川“11·4”乔子梁煤矿事故共致8人遇难搜救工作已结束. www.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-11-11. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
^ 重庆永川吊水洞矿难 23人丧生重庆市政府被约谈. dw.com (in Chinese). Deutsche Welle. 2020-12-06. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[1] "The world's worst coal mining disasters – Mining Technology". 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-08-17. Retrieved 2015-08-16.

[clb-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g China Labour Bulletin: 171 miners confirmed dead at Heilongjiang coal mine Archived 2016-06-10 at the Wayback Machine

[mt-3] Mining Technology: The world's worst coal mining disasters Archived 2015-08-17 at the Wayback Machine

[usmra-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m China mine disasters Archived 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine

[stat-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "China and US coal disasters". Mines and Communities (MAC). 2006-07-01. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-05-15.

[6] BBC News. China jails five over mine blast Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine.

[7] "China coal mine blast kills 54, traps 22" (placed online by People's Daily Online). China Daily. December 8, 2005. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[8] "Blast at China coal mine kills 27". BBC News. April 30, 2006. Archived from the original on January 7, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[9] International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions. Rash of China Coal Mine Deaths Occur in March Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine. 26 March 2007.

[10] USA Today. Death toll rises to 70 in China coal mine blast Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine.

[11] Terra Daily. China coal mine death toll rises to 35 Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. November 11, 2007.

[BBC-12] BBC News. 105 die in China mine explosion Archived 2012-11-13 at the Wayback Machine. December 7, 2007.

[13] Joshi, Mohit (13 April 2008). "Gas explosion kills 14 at Chinese coal mine". Topnews. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[14] "China Coal Mine Blast Kills 24 – Xinhua". Javno.com. September 4, 2008. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[15] "China Coal Mine Gas 'Outburst' Kills 31 – Xinhua". Javno.com. September 21, 2008. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[16] "N. China coal mine accident kills 4, injures 13" (published online by People Daily). Xinhua. November 10, 2008. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[Tonghua-17] Subler, Jason; Li Jiansheng (May 30, 2009). "Gas blast at Chinese coal mine kills at least 30". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016. Retrieved 2010-10-10.

[18] "Chinese tragedy claims 77 lives". Mining Environmental Management Aspermont UK 2009. 12 Mar 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[BBC2-19] "China coal mine blast death toll reaches 87". London: BBC News. 21 November 2009.

[20] "Coal mine flood kills 6 in SW China, 4 missing" (Published online by China Daily). Xinhua. 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[21] "12 miners confirmed dead in China coal mine flooding" (Placed online by Dhina Daily). Xinhua. 2009-04-09. Archived from the original on 2012-10-15.

[22] "18 people dead in coal mine explosion in China" (published online by USA today). AP. 2009-04-18. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[23] "Chinese coal mine covers up gas poisoning deaths" (published online by China Daily). Xinhua. 2009-05-11. Archived from the original on 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2010-10-10.

[24] "Coal mine blast kills ten in SW China" (published online by China Daily). Xinhua. 2009-05-15. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[25] "Workers die of asphyxiation in Chinese coal mine". Associated Press. May 16, 2009. Archived from the original (Placed online by Gulf news : Al Nisr Publishing LLC) on May 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

[26] "Mine Explosion Killed 108" (in Chinese). Sina.com. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009.

[27] "China mine death toll hits 92". Atlanta: CNN. 22 November 2009. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2009.

[28] "92 killed in China mine disaster". Sydney: Sydney Morning Herald. 22 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.

[29] (Xinhua) Archived 2012-11-04 at the Wayback Machine (Reuters Africa) Archived 2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine (Times of India) Archived 2010-01-10 at the Wayback Machine

[30] Associated Press. Race on to rescue 153 trapped Chinese coal miners Archived 2010-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. March 29, 2010.

[Death_toll_rises_to_21_after_SW_China_coal-gas_outburst-31] "Death toll rises to 21 after SW China coal-gas outburst". Xinhua News Agency. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2010.

[huffington310812-32] "China Mine Explosion: Death Toll Rises To 41, With 5 Miners Still Trapped Underground". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.

[33] "14 killed in Chinese coal mine blast". The Independent. 2012-09-03. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2012-09-03.

[34] Stubley, Peter (2018-10-21). "Eighteen miners trapped underground in China after two killed in tunnel collapse". The Independent. Retrieved 2020-01-16.

[35] "China mine collapse: Death toll rises to 11, 10 still trapped". CBS News. 27 October 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-16.

[36] 山东裕隆矿业集团唐阳煤矿“12.7”事故致3死3伤. www.bjnews.com.cn (in Chinese). The Beijing News. 2018-12-10. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[37] 山西致3人死亡矿难系蓄意瞒报 5人被采取刑事强制措施. www.chinanews.com (in Chinese). 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[38] 云南罗平树根田煤矿发生顶板事故造成5人死亡-新华网. www.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-03-01. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[39] 云南昭通盐津一停建煤矿发生爆炸，致4死5伤. www.thepaper.cn (in Chinese). The Paper. 2020-03-18. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[40] 陕西燎原煤业有限公司煤与瓦斯突出事故救援结束 7人遇难. www.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-06-15. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[41] 山西晋煤集团晋圣公司坡底煤业挡土墙垮塌造成3人死亡-新华网. www.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-08-05. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[42] 国务院安委办约谈重庆市能源投资集团有限公司 (in Chinese). China National Mine Safety Administration. 2020-10-16. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2020-01-18.

[43] 山西潞安集团左权阜生煤业井下发生瓦斯爆炸致4死1伤. xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-10-20. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[44] 陕西铜川“11·4”乔子梁煤矿事故共致8人遇难搜救工作已结束. www.xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). Xinhua. 2020-11-11. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[45] 重庆永川吊水洞矿难 23人丧生重庆市政府被约谈. dw.com (in Chinese). Deutsche Welle. 2020-12-06. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

Summary