List of countries by system of government

Summary

This is a list of sovereign states by system of government. There is also a political mapping of the world that shows what form of government each country has, as well as a brief description of what each form of government entails. The list is colour-coded according to the type of government, for example: blue represents a republic with an executive head of state, and red is a constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial head of state. The colour-coding also appears on the following map, representing the same government categories. The legend[broken anchor] of what the different colours represent is found just below the map.

Certain states have been defined as having more than one system of government or a hybrid system – for instance, Poland possesses a semi-presidential government where the president appoints the prime minister or can veto legislation passed by parliament, but its Constitution defines the country as a parliamentary republic and its ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

List of countries edit

UN member states and observers edit

Name Constitutional form Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy
  Afghanistan Provisional N/A No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime[note 1]
  Albania Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Algeria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Andorra Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Angola Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Antigua and Barbuda Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Argentina Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Armenia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Australia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Austria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence[note 2]
  Azerbaijan Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Bahamas, The Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Bahrain Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  Bangladesh Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Barbados Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Belarus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Belgium Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Belize Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Benin Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Bhutan Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  Bolivia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Botswana Republic Executive Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
  Brazil Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Brunei Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
  Bulgaria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Burkina Faso Provisional N/A All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
  Burundi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Cambodia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Cameroon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Canada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Cape Verde Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Central African Republic Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Chad Provisional N/A All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
  Chile Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  China, People's Republic of Republic Collective The president of the People's Republic of China and the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress function collectively as head of state.
The state president functions as the state representative of China.[note 3]
  Colombia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Comoros Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Congo, Democratic Republic of the Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Congo, Republic of the Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Costa Rica Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Côte d'Ivoire Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Croatia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Cuba Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political party
  Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Czech Republic Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Denmark Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Djibouti Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Dominica Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Dominican Republic Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  East Timor Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Ecuador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Egypt Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  El Salvador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Equatorial Guinea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Eritrea Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political party
  Estonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Eswatini Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
  Ethiopia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Fiji Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Finland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  France Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Gabon Provisional N/A All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
  Gambia, The Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Georgia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Germany Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Ghana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Greece Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Grenada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Guatemala Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Guinea Provisional N/A All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
  Guinea-Bissau Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Guyana Republic Executive Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
  Haiti Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Honduras Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Hungary Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Iceland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  India Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Indonesia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Iran Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Iraq Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Ireland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Israel Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Italy Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Jamaica Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Japan Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Jordan Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  Kazakhstan Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Kenya Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Kiribati Republic Executive Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
  Kuwait Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  Kyrgyzstan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Laos Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political party
  Latvia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Lebanon Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Lesotho Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Liberia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Libya Provisional N/A No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
  Liechtenstein Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  Lithuania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Luxembourg Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Madagascar Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Malawi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Malaysia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Maldives Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Mali Provisional N/A All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
  Malta Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Marshall Islands Republic Executive Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
  Mauritania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Mauritius Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Mexico Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Micronesia Republic Executive Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
  Moldova Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Monaco Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  Mongolia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Montenegro Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Morocco Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  Mozambique Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Myanmar Provisional N/A All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
  Namibia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Nauru Republic Executive Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
    Nepal Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Netherlands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  New Zealand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Nicaragua Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Niger Provisional N/A All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
  Nigeria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  North Korea Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political party
  North Macedonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Norway Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Oman Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
  Pakistan Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Palau Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Palestine Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Panama Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Papua New Guinea Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Paraguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Peru Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Philippines Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Poland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence[note 4]
  Portugal Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Qatar Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  Romania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Russia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Rwanda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Saint Kitts and Nevis Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Saint Lucia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Samoa Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  San Marino Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence[note 5]
  São Tomé and Príncipe Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Saudi Arabia Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
  Senegal Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Serbia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Seychelles Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Sierra Leone Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Singapore Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Slovakia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Slovenia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Solomon Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Somalia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  South Africa Republic Executive Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
  South Korea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  South Sudan Provisional N/A No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
  Spain Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Sri Lanka Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Sudan Provisional N/A All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended
  Suriname Republic Executive Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
  Sweden Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
   Switzerland Republic Executive Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
  Syria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Tajikistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Tanzania Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Thailand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Togo Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Tonga Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  Trinidad and Tobago Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Tunisia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Turkey Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Turkmenistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Tuvalu Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Uganda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Ukraine Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  United Arab Emirates Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
  United Kingdom Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  United States Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Uruguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Uzbekistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Vanuatu Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Vatican City Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
  Venezuela Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Vietnam Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political party
  Yemen Provisional N/A No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime[note 6]
  Zambia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Zimbabwe Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Other states edit

Name Constitutional form Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy
  Abkhazia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  Cook Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Kosovo Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Niue Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Northern Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political party
  Somaliland Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
  South Ossetia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Taiwan (Republic of China) Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
  Transnistria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature

Systems of governance edit

 
World's states coloured by systems of government:
Republic:
  Presidential republic: President heads the government and is independent of the legislature
  Parliamentary republic: President is mostly or entirely ceremonial; ministry is accountable to the legislature
  Semi-presidential republic: President has some executive powers and is independent of legislature; remaining executive power is vested in ministry accountable to the legislature
  Republic with an executive head of state either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
  One-party state: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party

Monarchy:
  Constitutional monarchy: Monarch is mostly or entirely ceremonial; ministry is accountable to the legislature
  Semi-constitutional monarchy: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power; remaining executive power is vested in the ministry
  Absolute monarchy: Monarch heads the government

  Military junta: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
  Provisional government: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
  Dependent territories and places without governments

Note: this chart represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.

Italics indicate states with limited recognition.

Presidential republics edit

These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government, and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature.

In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists, in most cases they serve purely at the discretion of the president.

The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:

Presidential republics without a prime minister edit

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Presidential republic with a Supreme Leader edit

Presidential republics with a prime minister edit

The following countries have presidential systems where a post of prime minister (official title may vary) exists alongside that of the president. The president is still both the head of state and government and the prime minister's roles are mostly to assist the president.

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Parliamentary republics edit

In a parliamentary republic, the head of government is selected or nominated by the legislature and is also accountable to it. The head of state is ordinarily called a president and (in full parliamentary republics) is separate from the head of government, serving a largely apolitical, ceremonial role. In these systems, the head of government is usually called the prime minister, chancellor or premier. In mixed republican systems and directorial republican systems, the head of government also serves as head of state and is usually titled president.

In some full parliamentary systems, the head of state is directly elected by voters. Under other classification systems, however, these systems may instead be classed as semi-presidential systems as presidents are always attached to a political party and may have broad powers (despite their weak presidency).[9] Full parliamentary republican systems with presidents being purely ceremonial and neutral with no broad powers, do not have a directly elected head of state and instead usually use either an electoral college or a vote in the legislature to appoint the president.

Directly elected head of state edit

Indirectly elected head of state edit

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Semi-presidential republics edit

In semi-presidential systems, there is always both a president and a head of government, commonly but not exclusively styled as a prime minister. In such systems, the president has genuine executive authority, but the role of a head of government may be exercised by the prime minister.

Premier-presidential systems edit

The president chooses a prime minister and cabinet from the parliament with approval from the parliament, however only the parliament may remove them from office with a vote of no confidence. The president does not have the right to dismiss the prime minister or the cabinet.

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

President-parliamentary systems edit

The president is head of state and the prime minister is head of government, although the prime minister generally works under the discretion of the former more so than in a premier-presidential system. The president chooses the prime minister and the cabinet without a confidence vote from the parliament, but must have the support of a parliamentary majority for their selection. In order to remove a prime minister or their cabinet from power, the president may dismiss them or the parliament can remove them by a vote of no confidence.

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Republics with an executive head of state edit

Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency edit

A combined head of state and head of government in the form of an executive president is either elected by the legislature or directly by voters, and they must maintain the confidence of the legislature to remain in office. In effect, "presidents" in this system function the same as prime ministers do in other parliamentary systems.

Assembly-independent republics edit

A combined head of state and head of government (usually titled president) is elected by the legislature but is not held accountable to it (as is their cabinet), thus acting more independently from the legislature.[31] They may or may not also hold a seat in the legislature.

In a directorial republic, a council jointly exercises the powers and ceremonial roles of both the head of state and head of government. The council is elected by the parliament, but is not subject to parliamentary confidence during its fixed term.

One-party states edit

States in which political power is by law concentrated within one political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy (in contrast to states where a multi-party system formally exists, but this fusion is achieved anyway through election fraud or underdeveloped multi-party traditions).

Nations with limited recognition are in italics.

Constitutional monarchies edit

These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained by constitutional law.

Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government. In some cases, the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, while in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature (although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence).[33][34][dubious ] The head of state is a constitutional monarch who normally only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people and/or their representatives (except in emergencies, e.g. a constitutional crisis or a political deadlock).[note 16]

Semi-constitutional monarchies edit

The prime minister is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion.

Absolute monarchies edit

Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law. The monarch acts as both head of state and head of government.

Military juntas edit

A committee of the nation's military leaders controls the government for the duration of a state of emergency. Constitutional provisions for government are suspended in these states; constitutional forms of government are stated in parentheses.

Transitional governments edit

States that have a system of government that is in transition or turmoil. These regimes lack a constitutional basis.

Systems of internal structure edit

Unitary states edit

A state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. Of the 193 UN member states, 126 are governed as centralized unitary states, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary states.

Centralized unitary states edit

States in which most power is exercised by the central government. What local authorities do exist have few powers.

Regionalized unitary states edit

States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities, but where constitutional authority ultimately remains entirely at a national level.

Federation edit

States in which the national government shares power with regional governments with which it has legal or constitutional parity. The central government may or may not be (in theory) a creation of the regional governments.

European Union edit

The exact political character of the European Union is debated, some arguing that it is sui generis (unique), but others arguing that it has features of a federation or a confederation. It has elements of intergovernmentalism, with the European Council acting as its collective "president", and also elements of supranationalism, with the European Commission acting as its executive and bureaucracy.[53]

See also edit

Notes and references edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c Afghanistan: As of December 2022, despite the loss of territory to the Taliban in 2021, the Islamic Republic continues to hold Afghanistan's seat at the United Nations, with the newly reinstated Islamic Emirate remaining unrecognized by the organization.[50]
  2. ^ a b The Republic of Austria is de jure semi-presidential according to the country's Constitution, however behaves more like a parliamentary republic in practice by constitutional convention, with the Chancellor being the country's leading political figure despite nominally being ranked third according to the Constitution.
  3. ^ The President of China is legally a ceremonial office; however, since 1993, the presidency has been held by the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, who is the most powerful figure in the political system.[7] For more info see politics of China.
  4. ^ The Republic of Poland has been defined de jure by its Constitution as a parliamentary republic. However, the system is largely semi-presidential in nature as the President of Poland does exercise some power – the head of state appoints the Prime Minister as the head of government, and can veto legislation as well as dissolve parliament in certain situations. The Cabinet and Prime Minister appointed by the President are subject to a vote of confidence by the Polish Parliament (Sejm).
  5. ^ a b Despite having a collective head of state, San Marino's head of state is ceremonial, and as such is not executively governed by a directorial system.
  6. ^ a b Disputed between the internationally recognized Presidential Leadership Council and the Supreme Political Council.[52]
  7. ^ a b c d e President and legislature are elected directly by the people via double simultaneous vote.
  8. ^ Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage, and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
  9. ^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
  10. ^ Despite having a collective head of state, Bosnia and Herzegovina's head of state is ceremonial, and as such is not executively governed by a directorial system.
  11. ^ Their two-person head of state, the Captains Regent, serve for six month terms.
  12. ^ The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister. Although, if a vote of no confidence is successful and they do not resign, it triggers the dissolution of the legislature and new elections (per section 92 of the Constitution).
  13. ^ The president is constitutionally obligated to dissolve parliament after a successful no-confidence motion against the government (article 106(6)) and new elections are called within 3 months (article 61).[26]
  14. ^ Holds a legislative seat.
  15. ^ The President of Switzerland serves in a primus inter pares capacity amongst the Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes both the presidency and the government.
  16. ^ Some monarchs are given a limited number of discretionary reserve powers only to be used in certain circumstances in accordance with their responsibility to defend the constitution.
  17. ^ The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who have their interests known through a representative.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q One of fifteen constitutional monarchies which recognize the Monarch of the United Kingdom as head of state, who presides over an independent government. The Monarch is titled separately in each country (e.g. King of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as his representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".
    In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government.
  19. ^ a b c The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.
  20. ^ A federal absolute monarchy in which, different monarchies, or in this case, sheikhdoms fulfill both the duty of president and prime minister, although in actuality they are monarchs.
  21. ^ The Vatican is an elective absolute monarchy and a Roman Catholic theocracy; its monarch, the Pope, is the head of the global Roman Catholic Church. His power within the Vatican City State is unlimited by any constitution; however, as all its citizens and its residents are ordained Catholic clergy, members of the Swiss Guard, or their immediate family, they arguably have consented to obey the Pope or are minors. (Citizenship is jus officii, on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See and usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is also extended to the spouse and children of a citizen, provided they are living together in the city; in practice, these are few in number, since the bulk of Vatican citizens are celibate Catholic clerics or religious. Some individuals are also authorized to reside in the city but do not qualify or choose not to request citizenship.)[37]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Poland 1997 (rev. 2009)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Poland – The World Factbook". 22 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  3. ^ Veser, Ernst [in German] (23 September 1997). "Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model" (PDF). Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cologne , zh. pp. 39–60. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
  4. ^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  5. ^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
  6. ^ McMenamin, Iain. "Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland" (PDF). School of Law and Government, Dublin City University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  7. ^ Chris Buckley and Adam Wu (10 March 2018). "Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why. – Is the presidency powerful in China?". New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019. In China, the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies.
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