This article contains lists of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level.
The lists are commonly used in economics literature to compare the levels of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious fractionalization in different countries.[1][2]
Fractionalization is the probability that two individuals drawn randomly from the country's groups are not from the same group (ethnic, religious, or whatever the criterion is). Note that in Fearon's analysis, only groups containing over one percent of the country's population were considered. This limit made Papua New Guinea (PNG) an outlier; as none of its thousands of groups included more than one percent of the population, it was considered to have zero groups and thus have a perfect fractionalization score of 1.
The two lists have been described by Alesina and Ferrara as follows:[1]
In the Fearon list, ethnic fractionalization is approximated by a measure of similarity between languages, varying from 1 = the population speaks two or more unrelated languages to 0 = the entire population speaks the same language.[3] This index of cultural diversity is biased towards linguistic variations as opposed to genetic diversity and other variations.
Country | Ethnic Fractionalization |
Linguistic Fractionalization |
Religious Fractionalization |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 0.769300 | 0.614100 | 0.271700 |
Albania | 0.220400 | 0.039900 | 0.471900 |
Algeria | 0.339400 | 0.442700 | 0.009100 |
American Samoa | 0.000000 | 0.173300 | 0.639500 |
Andorra | 0.713900 | 0.684800 | 0.232600 |
Angola | 0.786700 | 0.787000 | 0.627600 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 0.164300 | 0.106300 | 0.684000 |
Argentina | 0.255000 | 0.061800 | 0.223600 |
Armenia | 0.127200 | 0.129100 | 0.457600 |
Aruba | 0.000000 | 0.388900 | 0.410700 |
Australia | 0.092900 | 0.334900 | 0.821100 |
Austria | 0.106800 | 0.152200 | 0.414600 |
Azerbaijan | 0.204700 | 0.205400 | 0.489900 |
Bahamas | 0.422800 | 0.185500 | 0.681500 |
Bahrain | 0.502100 | 0.434400 | 0.552800 |
Bangladesh | 0.045400 | 0.092500 | 0.209000 |
Barbados | 0.142300 | 0.092600 | 0.693400 |
Belarus | 0.322200 | 0.466600 | 0.611600 |
Belgium | 0.555400 | 0.540900 | 0.212700 |
Belize | 0.701500 | 0.630300 | 0.581300 |
Benin | 0.787200 | 0.790500 | 0.554400 |
Bermuda | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.711200 |
Bhutan | 0.605000 | 0.605600 | 0.378700 |
Bolivia | 0.739600 | 0.224000 | 0.208500 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.630000 | 0.675100 | 0.685100 |
Botswana | 0.410200 | 0.411000 | 0.598600 |
Brazil | 0.540800 | 0.046800 | 0.605400 |
Brunei | 0.541600 | 0.343800 | 0.440400 |
Bulgaria | 0.402100 | 0.303100 | 0.596500 |
Burkina Faso | 0.737700 | 0.722800 | 0.579800 |
Burundi | 0.295100 | 0.297700 | 0.515800 |
Cambodia | 0.210500 | 0.210400 | 0.096500 |
Cameroon | 0.863500 | 0.889800 | 0.733800 |
Canada | 0.712400 | 0.577200 | 0.695800 |
Cape Verde | 0.417400 | 0.000000 | 0.076600 |
Central African Republic | 0.829500 | 0.833400 | 0.791600 |
Chad | 0.862000 | 0.863500 | 0.641100 |
Chile | 0.186100 | 0.187100 | 0.384100 |
China | 0.153800 | 0.132700 | 0.664300 |
Colombia | 0.601400 | 0.019300 | 0.147800 |
Comoros | 0.000000 | 0.010300 | 0.013700 |
DR Congo | 0.874700 | 0.870500 | 0.702100 |
Congo | 0.874700 | 0.687100 | 0.664200 |
Costa Rica | 0.236800 | 0.048900 | 0.241000 |
Ivory Coast | 0.820400 | 0.784200 | 0.755100 |
Croatia | 0.369000 | 0.076300 | 0.444700 |
Cuba | 0.590800 | 0.000000 | 0.505900 |
Cyprus | 0.093900 | 0.396200 | 0.396200 |
Czech Republic | 0.322200 | 0.323300 | 0.659100 |
Denmark | 0.081900 | 0.104900 | 0.233300 |
Djibouti | 0.796200 | 0.655800 | 0.043500 |
Dominica | 0.200300 | 0.000000 | 0.462800 |
Dominican Republic | 0.429400 | 0.039500 | 0.311800 |
East Timor | 0.000000 | 0.526100 | 0.425400 |
Ecuador | 0.655000 | 0.130800 | 0.141700 |
Egypt | 0.183600 | 0.023700 | 0.197900 |
El Salvador | 0.197800 | 0.000000 | 0.355900 |
Equatorial Guinea | 0.346700 | 0.322000 | 0.119500 |
Eritrea | 0.652400 | 0.653000 | 0.425300 |
Estonia | 0.506200 | 0.494400 | 0.498500 |
Ethiopia | 0.723500 | 0.807300 | 0.624900 |
Faroe Islands | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.314700 |
Fiji | 0.547900 | 0.547900 | 0.568200 |
Finland | 0.131500 | 0.141200 | 0.253100 |
France | 0.103200 | 0.122100 | 0.402900 |
French Guiana | 0.000000 | 0.115400 | 0.495900 |
French Polynesia | 0.000000 | 0.607800 | 0.581300 |
Gabon | 0.769000 | 0.782100 | 0.667400 |
Gambia | 0.786400 | 0.807600 | 0.097000 |
Gaza Strip | 0.000000 | 0.010400 | 0.034200 |
Georgia | 0.492300 | 0.474900 | 0.654300 |
Germany | 0.168200 | 0.164200 | 0.657100 |
Ghana | 0.673300 | 0.673100 | 0.798700 |
Greece | 0.157600 | 0.030000 | 0.153000 |
Greenland | 0.000000 | 0.218800 | 0.459200 |
Grenada | 0.266100 | 0.000000 | 0.589800 |
Guadeloupe | 0.000000 | 0.093300 | 0.306900 |
Guam | 0.000000 | 0.732000 | 0.408200 |
Guatemala | 0.512200 | 0.458600 | 0.375300 |
Guinea | 0.738900 | 0.772500 | 0.264900 |
Guinea-Bissau | 0.808200 | 0.814100 | 0.612800 |
Guyana | 0.619500 | 0.068800 | 0.787600 |
Haiti | 0.095000 | 0.000000 | 0.470400 |
Honduras | 0.186700 | 0.055300 | 0.235700 |
Hong Kong | 0.062000 | 0.212800 | 0.419100 |
Hungary | 0.152200 | 0.029700 | 0.524400 |
Iceland | 0.079800 | 0.082000 | 0.191300 |
India | 0.418200 | 0.806900 | 0.326000 |
Indonesia | 0.735100 | 0.768000 | 0.234000 |
Iran | 0.668400 | 0.746200 | 0.115200 |
Iraq | 0.368900 | 0.369400 | 0.484400 |
Ireland | 0.120600 | 0.031200 | 0.155000 |
Isle of Man | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.472900 |
Israel | 0.343600 | 0.552500 | 0.346900 |
Italy | 0.114500 | 0.114700 | 0.302700 |
Jamaica | 0.412900 | 0.109800 | 0.616000 |
Japan | 0.011900 | 0.017800 | 0.540600 |
Jersey | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.547900 |
Jordan | 0.592600 | 0.039600 | 0.065900 |
Kazakhstan | 0.617100 | 0.662100 | 0.589800 |
Kenya | 0.858800 | 0.886000 | 0.776500 |
Kiribati | 0.051100 | 0.023700 | 0.554100 |
South Korea | 0.002000 | 0.002100 | 0.660400 |
North Korea | 0.039200 | 0.002800 | 0.489100 |
Kyrgyzstan | 0.675200 | 0.594900 | 0.447000 |
Kuwait | 0.660400 | 0.344400 | 0.674500 |
Laos | 0.513900 | 0.638200 | 0.545300 |
Latvia | 0.586700 | 0.579500 | 0.555600 |
Lebanon | 0.131400 | 0.131200 | 0.788600 |
Lesotho | 0.255000 | 0.254300 | 0.721100 |
Liberia | 0.908400 | 0.903800 | 0.488300 |
Libya | 0.792000 | 0.075800 | 0.057000 |
Liechtenstein | 0.572600 | 0.224600 | 0.334300 |
Lithuania | 0.322300 | 0.321900 | 0.414100 |
Luxembourg | 0.530200 | 0.644000 | 0.091100 |
Macau | 0.000000 | 0.251900 | 0.551100 |
North Macedonia | 0.502300 | 0.502100 | 0.589900 |
Madagascar | 0.879100 | 0.020400 | 0.519100 |
Malawi | 0.674400 | 0.602300 | 0.819200 |
Malaysia | 0.588000 | 0.597000 | 0.665700 |
Mali | 0.690600 | 0.838800 | 0.182000 |
Malta | 0.041400 | 0.090700 | 0.122300 |
Marshall Islands | 0.060300 | 0.073400 | 0.520700 |
Martinique | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.233600 |
Mauritania | 0.615000 | 0.326000 | 0.014900 |
Mauritius | 0.463400 | 0.454700 | 0.638500 |
Mayotte | 0.000000 | 0.721200 | 0.062000 |
Mexico | 0.541800 | 0.151100 | 0.179600 |
Micronesia | 0.700500 | 0.748300 | 0.646900 |
Moldova | 0.553500 | 0.553300 | 0.560300 |
Monaco | 0.683800 | 0.730500 | 0.304700 |
Mongolia | 0.368200 | 0.373400 | 0.079900 |
Morocco | 0.484100 | 0.468300 | 0.003500 |
Mozambique | 0.693200 | 0.812500 | 0.675900 |
Burma | 0.506200 | 0.507200 | 0.197400 |
Namibia | 0.632900 | 0.700500 | 0.662600 |
Nauru | 0.583200 | 0.616100 | 0.619400 |
Nepal | 0.663200 | 0.716700 | 0.141700 |
Netherlands Antilles | 0.000000 | 0.250800 | 0.386600 |
Netherlands | 0.105400 | 0.514300 | 0.722200 |
New Caledonia | 0.000000 | 0.663300 | 0.546200 |
New Zealand | 0.396900 | 0.165700 | 0.811000 |
Nicaragua | 0.484400 | 0.047300 | 0.429000 |
Niger | 0.651800 | 0.651900 | 0.201300 |
Nigeria | 0.850500 | 0.831600 | 0.742100 |
Northern Mariana Islands | 0.000000 | 0.775400 | 0.481100 |
Norway | 0.058600 | 0.067300 | 0.204800 |
Oman | 0.437300 | 0.356700 | 0.432200 |
Pakistan | 0.709800 | 0.719000 | 0.384800 |
Palau | 0.431200 | 0.315700 | 0.714700 |
Panama | 0.552800 | 0.387300 | 0.333800 |
Papua New Guinea | 0.271800 | 0.352600 | 0.552300 |
Paraguay | 0.168900 | 0.597500 | 0.212300 |
Peru | 0.656600 | 0.335800 | 0.198800 |
Philippines | 0.238500 | 0.836000 | 0.305600 |
Poland | 0.118300 | 0.046800 | 0.171200 |
Portugal | 0.046800 | 0.019800 | 0.143800 |
Puerto Rico | 0.000000 | 0.035200 | 0.495200 |
Qatar | 0.745600 | 0.480000 | 0.095000 |
Réunion | 0.000000 | 0.157800 | 0.195200 |
Romania | 0.306900 | 0.172300 | 0.237300 |
Russia | 0.245200 | 0.248500 | 0.439800 |
Rwanda | 0.323800 | 0.000000 | 0.506600 |
Saint Lucia | 0.176900 | 0.316900 | 0.332000 |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.306600 | 0.017500 | 0.702800 |
Western Samoa | 0.137600 | 0.011100 | 0.787100 |
San Marino | 0.292700 | 0.000000 | 0.197500 |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 0.000000 | 0.232200 | 0.186600 |
Saudi Arabia | 0.180000 | 0.094900 | 0.127000 |
Senegal | 0.693900 | 0.708100 | 0.149700 |
Serbia | 0.573600 | - | - |
Seychelles | 0.202500 | 0.160600 | 0.232300 |
Sierra Leone | 0.819100 | 0.763400 | 0.539500 |
Singapore | 0.385700 | 0.383500 | 0.656100 |
Slovakia | 0.253900 | 0.255100 | 0.565500 |
Slovenia | 0.221600 | 0.220100 | 0.286800 |
Solomon Islands | 0.111000 | 0.525400 | 0.670800 |
Somalia | 0.811700 | 0.032600 | 0.002800 |
South Africa | 0.751700 | 0.865200 | 0.860300 |
Spain | 0.416500 | 0.413200 | 0.451400 |
Sri Lanka | 0.415000 | 0.464500 | 0.485300 |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.184200 | - | 0.661400 |
Sudan | 0.714700 | 0.719000 | 0.430700 |
Suriname | 0.733200 | 0.331000 | 0.791000 |
Swaziland | 0.058200 | 0.172200 | 0.444400 |
Sweden | 0.060000 | 0.196800 | 0.234200 |
Switzerland | 0.531400 | 0.544100 | 0.608300 |
Syria | 0.539900 | 0.181700 | 0.431000 |
Taiwan | 0.274400 | 0.502800 | 0.684500 |
Tajikistan | 0.510700 | 0.547300 | 0.338600 |
Tanzania | 0.735300 | 0.898300 | 0.633400 |
Thailand | 0.633800 | 0.634400 | 0.099400 |
Togo | 0.709900 | 0.898000 | 0.659600 |
Tonga | 0.086900 | 0.378200 | 0.621400 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 0.647500 | 0.125100 | 0.793600 |
Tunisia | 0.039400 | 0.012400 | 0.010400 |
Turkey | 0.320000 | 0.221600 | 0.004900 |
Turkmenistan | 0.391800 | 0.398400 | 0.232700 |
Tuvalu | 0.162900 | 0.137200 | 0.252400 |
Uganda | 0.930200 | 0.922700 | 0.633200 |
Ukraine | 0.473700 | 0.474100 | 0.615700 |
United Arab Emirates | 0.625200 | 0.487400 | 0.331000 |
United Kingdom | 0.121100 | 0.053200 | 0.694400 |
United States | 0.490100 | 0.564700 | 0.824100 |
Uruguay | 0.250400 | 0.081700 | 0.354800 |
Uzbekistan | 0.412500 | 0.412000 | 0.213300 |
Vanuatu | 0.041300 | 0.579400 | 0.704400 |
Venezuela | 0.496600 | 0.068600 | 0.135000 |
Vietnam | 0.238300 | 0.237700 | 0.508000 |
U.S. Virgin Islands | 0.000000 | 0.314000 | 0.635900 |
West Bank | 0.000000 | 0.143800 | 0.309500 |
Yemen | 0.000000 | 0.008000 | 0.002300 |
Yugoslavia | 0.809200 | 0.606400 | 0.553000 |
Zambia | 0.780800 | 0.873400 | 0.735900 |
Zimbabwe | 0.387400 | 0.447200 | 0.736300 |