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List of coupled siblings 
Summary
This article gives a list of individuals who have been romantically or maritally coupled with a sibling. This list does not include coupled siblings in fiction, although ones from mythology and religion are included.
Terminology edit
There are many terms used to describe a romantic bond between siblings, including formal nomenclature such as adelphogamy, specific hyponyms such twincest, or slang terms like sibcest.[2][3] In a heterosexual context, a female partner in such a relationship may be referred as a sister-wife.[4] A similar incestuous arrangement which is non-monogamous can be referred as sister-swapping or brother-swapping,[5] although this should not be confused with berdel, which describes the situation in which families exchange brides or bridegrooms.[6]
History edit
While cousin marriage is legal in most countries, and avunculate marriage is legal in several, sexual relations between siblings are considered incestuous[ambiguous] almost universally, regardless of legality. Still, sibling marriage is legally prohibited in most countries worldwide[citation needed], with exceptions being Sweden, where marriages between half-siblings are legally permitted. Sibling marriage was historically practiced in ancient Egypt and Inca tribes.
Innate sexual aversion between siblings forms due to close association in childhood, in what is known as the Westermarck effect. Children who grow up together do not normally develop sexual attraction, even if they are unrelated, and conversely, siblings who were separated at a young age may develop sexual attraction. Thus, many cases of sibling incest, including accidental incest, concern siblings who were separated at birth or at a very young age.
List of coupled siblings edit
Religion and mythology edit
- Nüwa and her full brother Fuxi, in Chinese mythology[7]
- Mashya and Mashyana in Zoroastrian mythology[8]
- King Arthur and his half-sister Morgause[9]
In Egyptian mythology edit
- Nut and her full brother Geb[10]
- Shu and his full sister Tefnut[11]
- Osiris and his full sister Isis[12]
- Set and his full sister Nephthys[13][14]
In Japanese mythology edit
In Greek mythology edit
- Uranus and his full sister Gaia
- Cronus and his full sister Rhea[17][18]
- Phoebe and her full brother Coeus[18]
- Hyperion and his full sister Theia[19]
- Oceanus and his full sister Tethys[20][18]
- Ceto and her full brother Phorcys[21]
- Nyx and her full brother Erebus[22][23]
- Zeus and his full sisters Hera and Demeter[24][25]
- Demeter and her full brothers Zeus[26][18] and Poseidon
- Aphrodite and her half-brothers Ares,[27][28] Hephaestus, Hermes, and Dionysus
- Macareus (son of Aeolus) and his full sister Canace[29]
- Heracles and his half-sister Hebe[30]
Monarchs edit
In Ancient Egypt edit
- Smenkhkare and his half sister Meritaten[31][32]
- Djet and his full sister Merneith
- Merneptah and his full sister Isetnofret II[33][34]
- Menkaure and his full sister Khamerernebty II[35]
- Seti II and his half-sister Twosret
- Ahmose I and his full sister Ahmose-Nefertari[36] and his half-sister Ahmose-Henuttamehu
- Seqenenre Tao and his full sisters Ahhotep I[37][38] and Sitdjehuti and his half-sister Ahmose Inhapy[39][40]
- Amenhotep I[41] and his full sister Ahmose-Meritamun[42][43]
- Thutmose I and his half-sister Ahmose[44][45]
- Thutmose II and his half-sister Hatshepsut[46]
- Akhenaten and an unnamed sister
- Tutankhamun and his half-sister Ankhesenamun[47]
- Djoser and his half-sister Hetephernebti
- Djedefre and his full sister Hetepheres II,[48] who was previously married to her half-brother Kawab[49]
- Pepi II Neferkare and his half-sisters Iput II[50] and Ankhesenpepi III
- Intef III and his half-sister Iah[51]
- Mentuhotep II and his full sister Neferu II[52]
- Senusret I and his half-sister Neferu III[53]
- Senusret II and his sisters Khenemetneferhedjet I, Nofret II,[54] Itaweret, and Khenmet[55]
- Nubkhaes and her half-brother Sobekemsaf
- Ramesses III and his half-sister Tyti
- Ramesses IV and his half-sister Duatentopet[56][57]
- Psusennes I and his full sister Mutnedjmet[58][59]
- Pinedjem II and his full sister Isetemkheb D[60]
- Takelot II and his half-sister Karomama II[61][62]
- Alara of Kush and his half-sister Kasaqa
- Kashta and his full sister Pebatjma
- Tantamani and his full sisters Piankharty[63] and Setemkheb H
- Apries and his full sister Ankhnesneferibre[64]
- Piye and his half-sisters Peksater and Khensa[65][66]
- Shebitku and his half-sister Arty
In classical antiquity edit
- Amoashtart and her brother Tabnit
- Artemisia II of Caria and her full brother Mausolus[67][68]
- Ada of Caria and her full brother Idrieus[67][69]
- Arsinoe II and her full brother Ptolemy II Philadelphus[70][71] and half-brother Ptolemy Ceraunus[1][4][72]
- Erato of Armenia and her half-brother Tigranes IV
- Boran and her full brother Kavad II[73]
- Darius II and his half-sister, Parysatis[74]
- Artaxerxes II and his full sister Amestris
- Cambyses II and two of his sisters, Atossa[75] and Roxanne[76][77]
- Mithridates IV of Pontus and his full sister Laodice[78]
- Mithridates VI Eupator and his full sister Laodice[79]
- Antiochus III of Commagene and his full sister Iotopa
- Antiochus IV of Commagene and his full sister Iotopa[80][81]
- Ptolemy IV Philopator and his full sister Arsinoe III of Egypt[82][83][4]
- Cleopatra II and her full brothers Ptolemy VI Philometor and Ptolemy VIII Physcon[84][83][4]
- Ptolemy IX Soter and his full sisters Cleopatra IV[85] and Cleopatra Selene,[86][4] who later married her other full brother Ptolemy X Alexander I.[87]
- Ptolemy XI Alexander II and his possible half-sister Berenice III
- Ptolemy XII Auletes and his full sister Cleopatra V[88]
- Cleopatra VII and her full brothers Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator[89] and Ptolemy XIV Philopator[90][4]
- Laodice IV and her full brothers Antiochus,[91] Seleucus IV Philopator, and Antiochus IV Epiphanes
- Alexander II of Epirus and his half-sister Olympias II of Epirus[92]
In Inca Peru edit
- Manco Cápac and his full sister Mama Ocllo[93]
- Sinchi Roca and his half-sister Mama Cura[93]
- Topa Inca Yupanqui and his full sister Mama Ocllo Coya[93]
- Sayri Túpac and his full sister Cusi Huarcay
- Cura Ocllo and her full brother Manco Inca Yupanqui
- Huayna Capac and his full sisters Kuya Kusi Rimay and Kuya Rahua Ocllo[94][93]
- Huáscar and his full sister Chuqui Huipa[95]
- Atahualpa and his half-sister Coya Asarpay
In East Asia edit
- Jeongjong of Goryeo and his half-sister (10th century)[96]
- Gwangjong of Goryeo and his half-sister[96] Daemok (10th century)
- Deokjong of Goryeo and his half-sisters Gyeongseong and Hyosa (11th century)
- Munjong of Goryeo and his half-sister Inpyeong (11th century)
- Nyaungyan Min of Burma and his half-sister Khin Hpone Myint (16th century)
- Kyawswa of Pagan and his half-sister Mi Saw U
- Uzana I of Pinya and his half-sister Atula Maha Dhamma Dewi of Pinya
- Binnya E Law and his half-sister Sanda Min Hla
- Anaukpetlun and his 3 half-sisters
- Chulalongkorn and his half-sisters Sunandha Kumariratana, Savang Vadhana, Saovabha Phongsri, Sukhumala Marasri,[97] Daksinajar, and Thaksincha (19th century)
- Sisavang Vong and his half-sisters Khamphane and Princess Khamtouan (20th century)
In Japan edit
- Emperor Nintoku and his 2 half-sisters Princess Yata and Uji no Wakiiratsume
- Prince Kinashi no Karu and his full sister Princess Karu no Ōiratsume (5th century)[98]
- Emperor Bidatsu and his half-sister Empress Suiko (6th century)[99]
- Emperor Yōmei and his half-sister Anahobe no Hashihito (6th century)
- Emperor Kanmu and his half-sister Princess Sakahito (8th century)[100]
- Emperor Heizei and 3 half-sisters
- Emperor Junna and his half-sister Princess Koshi (9th century)
- Emperor Saga and his half-sister Princess Takatsu
- Emperor Seiwa and his half-sister Minamoto no Seishi
- Emperor Kōkaku and his adopted sister/cousin Princess Yoshiko
In the Hawaiian Islands edit
- Kaumualiʻi and his half-sister Kaʻapuwai Kapuaʻamohu[101]
- Keliimaikai and his half-sister Kiʻilaweau[101]
- Keōua and his half-sister Manono I
- Kalola Pupuka and her full brother Kamehamehanui Aiʻluau[102]
- Lanakawai and his half-sister Kalohialiʻiokawai[103]
- Laʻau and his full sister Kukamolimaulialoha[103]
- Pilikaʻaiea and his full sister Hina-au-kekele[104][103]
- Hinaʻauamai and her full brother Koa[103][105]
- Kukohou and his half-sister Hineuki[103]
- Kahaimoelea and his half-sister Kapoʻakaʻuluhailaʻa[103]
- Kalaunuiohua and his half-sister Kaheka[103][106]
- Kahoukapu and his full sister Hukulani[107]
- Keaweʻōpala and his half-sister Hākau
- Kauakahiakua and his full sister Kāneikapōleikauila
- Kalaninuiamamao and his half-sister Kekaulike-i-Kawekiuonalani[108]
- Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku and his half-sister Kalanikauleleiaiwi[109][110][107]
- Kekuʻiapoiwa I and her half-brother Kekaulike[111]
- Umi-a-Liloa and his half-sister Aliʻi Kapukini-a-Liloa[112][107][113]
- Kukailani and his half-sister Kaohukiokalani[107]
- Keākealanikāne and his half-sisters, Aliʻi Kealiʻiokalani and Kealiʻiokalani[110][107][114]
- Keākealaniwahine and her half-brother Chief Kane-i-Kauaiwilani[115]
- Haae-a-Mahi and his half-sister Kekelakekeokalani[110][107]
- Keawepoepoe and his full sister Kanoena[116]
- Kīwalaʻō and his half-sister Kekuiapoiwa Liliha[110][117][101]
- Kamehameha II and his half-sisters Kamāmalu,[118][101] Kīnaʻu,[119] and Kekāuluohi[120]
- Kamehameha III and his full sister Nahienaena[121]
In medieval and early modern Europe edit
- John V of Armagnac and his full sister Isabelle of Armagnac (15th century)[122][123]
- Brothers Philip, Thomas, and William Howard married their step-sisters, Anne, Mary, and Elizabeth Dacre respectively.
- Julien and Marguerite de Ravalet, full siblings (16th century)[124][125]
Suspected/disputed edit
- Demetrius I Soter and his full sister Laodice V[126]
- Caligula and his full sisters Julia Livilla, Drusilla, and Agrippina the Younger[127]
- Herod Agrippa II and his full sister Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)[128]
- Lord Byron and his half-sister Augusta Leigh[129]
- Lucrezia Borgia and her full brother Cesare Borgia[130]
Other edit
- Patrick Stübing and his full sister Susan Karolewski[131]
- George of Izla and his sister Maria[132]
- Norodom Sutharot and his half-sister Norodom Phangangam, grandparents of Norodom Sihanouk
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Santiago (1973), pp. 37–39.
- ^ Rudmin, Floyd Webster (1992). "Cross-cultural correlates of the ownership of private property: A look from another data base". Anthropologica. 34 (1): 71–88. doi:10.2307/25605633. hdl:1974/2575. JSTOR 25605633.
- ^ Cusack, Carmen M. (2017). "Double Glazed: Reflection, Narcissism, and Freudian Implications in Twincest Pornography". JL & Soc. Deviance (13): 1.
- ^ a b c d e f Ager, Sheila L. (2005). "Familiarity Breeds: Incest and the Ptolemaic Dynasty". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 125: 1–34. doi:10.1017/S0075426900007084. ISSN 0075-4269. JSTOR 30033343. PMID 19681234.
- ^ Buckner, Jocelyn Louise (2010). Shady Ladies: Sister Acts, Popular Performance, and the Subversion of American Identity (PhD thesis). University of Kansas. hdl:1808/6412.
- ^ Uysal, Cem; Kir, Ziya M.; Yaman Goruk, Neval; Atli, Abdullah; Bez, Yasin; Polat, Oguz M. (2014). "Being An Adolescent Mother". Acta Med Anatolia. 2 (1): 14–18. doi:10.15824/actamedica.64756.
- ^ Leeming (2006), "Nuwa" & "Fuxi".
- ^ "Pahlavi Texts, Part II: Appendix: III. The Meaning of Khvêtûk-das or Khvêtûdâd". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ^ Larrington, Carolyne (2006). King Arthur's Enchantresses: Morgan and Her Sisters in Arthurian Tradition. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 127–135. ISBN 9780857714060.
- ^ Nut and Geb:
- Leeming (2006), "Geb and Nut".
- Redford (2005), "Nut" & "Geb".
- ^ Shu and Tefnut:
- Leeming (2006), "Shu and Tefnut".
- Redford (2005), "Shu" & "Tefnut".
- ^ Osiris and Isis:
- Leeming (2006), "Osiris and Isis".
- Lloyd (2010), pp. 508 & 984.
- Redford (2005), "Osiris" & "Isis".
- Santiago (1973), pp. 25–28.
- ^ Redford (2005), "Nephthys".
- ^ Santiago (1973), pp. 25–26.
- ^ Leeming (2006), "Izanagi and Izanami".
- ^ Santiago (1973), p. 84.
- ^ Leeming (2006), "Kronos and Rhea".
- ^ a b c d Santiago (1973), pp. 12–13.
- ^ Leeming (2006), "Hyperion" & "Theia".
- ^ Leeming (2006), "Tethys".
- ^ Grant & Hazel (2002), "Phorcys".
- ^ Bernhardt, Peter (2008). Gods and Goddesses in the Garden: Greco-Roman Mythology and the Scientific Names of Plants. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8135-4472-4.
- ^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Nyx". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 2. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 1219.
- ^ Leeming (2006), "Zeus", "Hera", & "Demeter and Persephone".
- ^ Santiago (1973), pp. 12–14.
- ^ Leeming (2006), "Demeter and Persephone".
- ^ Leeming (2006), "Aphrodite" & "Ares".
- ^ Santiago (1973), p. 16.
- ^ Santiago (1973), pp. 19–20.
- ^ Grant & Hazel (2002), "Heracles".
- ^ Dodson (2000), p. 105.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 144–145, 150–151, & 155.
- ^ Bunson (2012), "Isetnofret (2)".
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), p. 177.
- ^ Menkaure and Khamerernebty II:
- Dodson (2000), p. 33.
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 52–53, 55, & 59.
- Santiago (1973), pp. 30–31.
- Tyldesley (2006), p. 48.
- ^ Ahmose I and Ahmose-Nefertari:
- Bunson (2012), "'Ahmose-Nefertari".
- Dodson (2000), p. 76.
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), p. 128.
- Santiago (1973), p. 32.
- ^ Santiago (1973), p. 34.
- ^ Dodson (2000), p. 72.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 124 & 126.
- ^ Tyldesley (2006), p. 82.
- ^ Santiago (1973), p. 33.
- ^ Bunson (2012), "'Ahmose-Merytamon".
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 127 & 129.
- ^ Redford (2005), "Thutmose I".
- ^ Dodson (2000), p. 77.
- ^ Thutmose II and Hatshepsut:
- Dodson (2000), pp. 77–78.
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), p. 132.
- Redford (2005), "Hatshepsut".
- Santiago (1973), pp. 33–34.
- ^ Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun:
- Dodson (2000), p. 107.
- Redford (2005), "Tutankhamun".
- Tyldesley (2006), p. 137.
- ^ Bunson (2012), "Ra'djedef (Djedef-ré)".
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 52, 55, 57, & 59.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 73 & 76.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 85 & 88.
- ^ Mentuhotep II and Neferu II:
- Bunson (2012), "Mentuhotep II (Nebhepetré)" & "Neferu (1)".
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 85–86 & 89.
- Tyldesley (2006), p. 67.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 92–93 & 97.
- ^ Tyldesley (2006), p. 72.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 92–94 & 96–97.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 186, 190, & 192.
- ^ Tyldesley (2006), p. 171.
- ^ Dodson (2000), p. 158.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 200–202 & 207.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 200, 203–204, & 206.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 224, 226–227, & 229.
- ^ Tyldesley (2006), pp. 181–182.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 236–237 & 240.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 244–246.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 234–237 & 239–240.
- ^ Tyldesley (2006), p. 184.
- ^ a b Sears, Matthew A. (2014). "Alexander and Ada Reconsidered". Classical Philology. 109 (3): 213. doi:10.1086/676285. ISSN 0009-837X. JSTOR 10.1086/676285. S2CID 170273543.
Hecatomnus had several children, all of whom would rule at some point following his death. After his eldest son Mausolus, his other children were Artemisia, Idrieus, Ada, and Pixodarus. The children of Hecatomnus practiced monogamous sibling marriage, with Mausolus marrying Artemisia and Idrieus marrying Ada.
- ^ Santiago (1973), pp. 35 & 43.
- ^ Santiago (1973), p. 44.
- ^ Tyldesley (2006), p. 192.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 266 & 271.
- ^ Lloyd (2010), pp. 163, 168, & 976.
- ^ Daryaee, Touraj (1999). "The Coinage of Queen Bōrān and Its Significance for Late Sāsānian Imperial Ideology". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 13: 77–82. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24048959.
- ^ Darius II and Parysatis:
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), p. 251.
- Lee, John W. I. (1 January 2016). "7 Cyrus the Younger and Artaxerxes II, 401 BC: An Achaemenid Civil War Reconsidered". In Collins, John J.; Manning, J. G. (eds.). Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 85. BRILL. p. 103. doi:10.1163/9789004330184_008. ISBN 978-90-04-33018-4. LCCN 2016031890.
- Middleton, John, ed. (2015). "Darius II (Ochus) (d. 404 B.C.E.)". World Monarchies and Dynasties. Vol. 1–3. London, England: Routledge. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-315-69801-4.
- Santiago (1973), p. 36.
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 251 & 253.
- ^ Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1990). "Cambyses II". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Fasc. 7. Vol. IV. pp. 726–729.
- ^ Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ Roller, Duane W. (28 May 2020). "The Collapse of Pergamon". Empire of the Black Sea: The Rise and Fall of the Mithridatic World. Oxford University Press. pp. 74–94. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190887841.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-19-088784-1.
- ^ Mayor, Adrienne (2009). The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 100, 114, & 326. ISBN 978-0-691-12683-8.
- ^ "Aytap". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- ^ Smith, William (1867). "Iotape (2)". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 2. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 614.
- ^ Ptolemy IV Philopator and Arsinoe III of Egypt:
- Bennett, Chris. "Arsinoe III". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 266, 272, & 275.
- Tyldesley (2006), p. 194.
- ^ a b Santiago (1973), pp. 38–39.
- ^ Cleopatra II, Ptolemy VI Philometor, and Ptolemy VIII Physcon:
- Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra II". Archived from the original on 23 May 2011.
- Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy Memphites". Tyndale House. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy". Tyndale House. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 268, 273, & 276.
- Lloyd (2010), p. 165.
- ^ Bennett, Chris. "Cleopatra IV". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ Ptolemy IX Soter, Cleopatra IV, and Cleopatra Selene:
- Bennett, Chris. "Ptolemy IX". Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 273 & 277.
- Tyldesley (2006), p. 199.
- ^ Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy X Alexander I:
- Bennett, Christopher J. (2002). "Cleopatra Selene". Tyndale House. The Egyptian Royal Genealogy Project. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), p. 277.
- ^ Tyldesley (2006), pp. 199–200.
- ^ Santiago (1973), pp. 38–40.
- ^ Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5.
- ^ Whitehorne, John E. G. (1994). Cleopatras. London: Routledge. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-203-03608-2.
- ^ Alexander II of Epirus and Olympias II of Epirus:
- Dodson & Hilton (2004), pp. 266 & 280.
- Mason, Charles Peter (1867). "Alexander II". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 116.
- Smith, William, ed. (1867). "Olympias (2)". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 23.
- ^ a b c d Santiago (1973), p. 81.
- ^ Niles (1999), pp. 109–110.
- ^ Niles (1999), p. 112.
- ^ a b Santiago (1973), pp. 91–92.
- ^ Santiago (1973), pp. 98–99.
- ^ Cranston, Edwin A. (1998). A Waka Anthology: The Gem-Glistening Cup. Vol. 1. Stanford University Press. pp. 804–805. ISBN 9780804731577 – via Google Books.
- ^ Santiago (1973), pp. 87 & 90.
- ^ Van Goethem, Ellen (2008). Bolitho, H.; Radtke, K. (eds.). Nagaoka: Japan's Forgotten Capital. Brill's Japanese Studies Library. Vol. 29. Leiden: Brill. p. 229. doi:10.1163/9789047433255_017. ISBN 978-90-474-3325-5. ISSN 0925-6512. OCLC 592756297.
Kanmu's next consort was his half-sister Sakahito. She had been appointed high priestess of the Ise shrine in 772, but upon the death of her mother in 775, Sakahito returned to the capital and married Kanmu.
- ^ a b c d Spoehr, Anne Harding (1989). The Royal Lineages of Hawai'i. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 0-930897-33-1. LCCN 87-73394. OCLC 20390598.
- ^ "Family tree of Kamehameha-Nui Ai'luau". Geneanet. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Fornander (1878), p. 191.
- ^ Pilikaʻaiea and Hina-au-kekele:
- Fornander (1880), pp. 34–38.
- Yzendoorn, Reginald (1927). History of the Catholic Mission in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. ISBN 9781013603174.
The number of people embarking on the canoes was 38: two cooks; the chief Pill and Hinaaukekele his wife, also known as Hinaauaku
.
- ^ Fornander (1880), p. 39.
- ^ Fornander (1880), p. 69.
- ^ a b c d e f Fornander (1878), p. 192.
- ^ Fornander (1880), pp. 131–132
- ^ Fornander (1880), pp. 111, 234, 130–132
- ^ a b c d Santiago (1973), p. 95.
- ^ Fornander (1880), pp. 131, 136, 155, 204, & 213.
- ^ Flannery, Kent (15 May 2012). The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire. Harvard University Press. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-0-674-06497-3.
- ^ Fornander (1880), p. 103.
- ^ Fornander (1880), p. 127.
- ^ Fornander (1880), pp. 128–129.
- ^ Fornander (1878), p. 193.
- ^ Fornander (1880), p. 228.
- ^ Corley, J. Susan (2012). "Queen Kamämalu's Place in Hawaiian History". Hawaiian Journal of History. 46. Hawaiian Historical Society: 37–60. hdl:10524/33793.
- ^ Haley (2014), pp. 50 & 78.
- ^ Santiago (1973), pp. 93–95.
- ^ Kamehameha III and Nahienaena:
- Haley (2014), pp. 78–80.
- Santiago (1973), pp. 95–96.
- Sinclair, Marjorie (1969). "Princess Nahienaena". Hawaiian Journal of History. 3. Hawaiian Historical Society: 3–30. hdl:10524/247.
- ^ Vaughan, Richard (1974). Charles the Bold; the last Valois Duke of Burgundy. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 45. ISBN 0-06-497171-6. OCLC 00923275.
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