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List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Navy

Summary

Since the Vietnam War, most of Vietnamese vessels were supplied by the Soviet Union and presently by Russia, while hundreds more were integrated into the navy after it was left over from South Vietnam although many have been decommissioned due to lack of parts. However, due to rising tensions in the South China Sea, many nearby nations such as Japan have shown support in developing Vietnam's Navy and Coast Guard.[1]

Military flag of the Vietnam People's Navy

The Vietnam People's Navy is the branch of the Vietnam People's Army with the fastest modernization as the Vietnamese government put it as a main priority, with constant improvement to its weapons, munitions and combat capability.

Vietnam People's Navy honour guard during the 2010 ASEAN Defence Ministers meeting.

Vessels edit

Class Image Type Ships Origin Quantity Notes
Submarines (6)
Kilo

(Project 636.1)

  Attack submarine Hà Nội (182)
Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (183)
Hải Phòng (184)
Khánh Hoà (185)
Đà Nẵng (186)
Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu (187)		   Russia 6[2] Commissioned 2014–2017. Equipped with Kalibr / Club-S missiles.[2]
Guided-missile frigates (4)
Gepard 3.9

(Project 11661E)

  Guided-missile frigate Đinh Tiên Hoàng (011)
Lý Thái Tổ (012)
Trần Hưng Đạo (015)
Quang Trung (016)		   Russia 4[3] 015 and 016 are equipped with anti-submarine capability while 011 and 012 are not.
Anti-submarine frigates / corvettes (7)
Petya-II/-III

(Project 159A/AE)

  Anti-submarine frigate 09
11
13
15
17		   Soviet Union 5[4] Three ASW frigate while two converted to gunboats.
Pohang

(batch III)

  Anti-submarine corvette 18
20		   South Korea 2[5][unreliable source?] ASW corvettes transferred from South Korea.[5]
Guided-missiles corvettes / missile boats / fast attack craft (22)
Khukri   Guided-missile corvette[6] 26   India 1[7] Under the India's policies of 'Act East' &

'Security and growth for all in the region' India gifted his Fully operational Corvette to one friendly foreign country (Vietnam).[8]

Molniya

(Project 1241.8)

  Fast-attack missile corvette[9] 375
376
377
378
379
380
382
383		   Russia
  Vietnam		 8[10] 6 built locally.
Tarantul

(Project 1241.RE)

  Guided-missile corvette 371
372
373
374		   Russia 4[11][12]
BPS-500   Missile boat/Fast attack craft 381

  Vietnam

1 Active duty.
Osa

(Project 205U)

  Missile boat 354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361		   Soviet Union 8 Active duty.
Gunboats / patrol boats (12)
Svetlyak

(Project 10412)

  Patrol boat 261
263
264
265
266
267		   Russia 6 Active duty.
TT-400TP   Patrol boat/Gunboat 272
273
274
275
276
277		   Vietnam 6 Active duty.
Torpedo boats (5)
Turya

(Project 206M)

  Torpedo boat 331
332
333
334
335		   Soviet Union 5 Active duty.
Amphibious warfare ships (17)
LST-938   Tank Landing Ship 501
503		   United States 2 Active duty. The former USS Maricopa County (LST-938) and USS Coconino County (LST-603) which was captured during the Vietnam War.
Polnocny-B

(Project 771)

  Tank Landing Ship 511
512
513		   Poland 3 Active duty.
Hùng Vương Logistic-support landing vessel 521
522		   Vietnam 2 Active duty.
Damen Roro 5612   Roll-on/roll-off logistic-support landing ship 526
527
528
529 		  Vietnam 4 Active duty. 3 ships repurchased from Venezuela's order. 1 ship ordered and transferred Vietnam Navy.
LCM-8   Landing craft   United States Captured during the Vietnam War.
LCU 1466   Landing craft 551
552
553
554
555
556 		  United States 6 Captured during the Vietnam War.
Mines counter-measure vessels (8)
Sonya

(Project 1265)

  Minesweeper 861
862
863
864		   Soviet Union 4 Active duty.
Yurka

(Project 266)

 

Minesweeper 851
852		 2 Active duty.
Yevgenya

(Project 1258)

  Minesweeper 2 Active duty.
Transport / logistics support ships (11)
HSV-6613 Ocean surveillance Trần Đại Nghĩa (888)   Netherlands
  Vietnam		 1 Active duty.
K-122/-123 Transport/Logistics support ship Trường Sa (571)   Vietnam 2 Active duty.
Logistics support / hospital ship Khánh Hòa - 01 (561)
996 Transport/Logistics support ship 996 1 Active duty.
Trường Sa Transport/Logistics support ship

‘’truong sa 01 Truong sa 02

Truong sa 03Trường Sa 04
Trường Sa 08
Trường Sa 14
Trường Sa 19
Trường Sa 20
Trường Sa 21
Trường Sa 22|| 7 || Active duty.
Search-and-rescue vessels (4)
Damen RGS 9316 Submarine rescue ship Yết Kiêu (927)[13]   Netherlands
  Vietnam		 1 Active duty.
FET 10-meter Submarine Rescue Vehicle[14] Deep-submergence rescue vehicle   United Kingdom 1 Active duty
Perry® XLX-C Remotely Operated Vehicle[15][16] Remotely operated underwater vehicle 1 Active duty[17]
FC-624 Fast-react search-and-rescue and patrol vessel 924   Vietnam Active duty.[18]
Training vessel (1)
  Training vessel Lê Quý Đôn (286)   Poland 1 Active duty.

Aircraft edit

Aircraft Image Type Variants Origin Quantity Notes
Patrol aircraft (6)
DHC-6 Twin Otter   Patrol aircraft DHC-6-400 MPA   Canada 6[19] Active duty. Three used as Maritime patrol aircraft and three used as transports.
Helicopters (12)
Kamov Ka-27   ASW helicopter Ka-28   Soviet Union 8[19] Serve in frigates and patrol vessels around Spratly Islands.
Ka-32 2[19]
Eurocopter Super Puma   Patrol helicopter   France 2[19] Operating by Vietnam Helicopters
Unmanned aerial vehicle
Orbiter 2 Reconnaissance   Israel
Insitu ScanEagle   Reconnaissance   United States 6[20][21]
IAI Heron   Reconnaissance   Israel 3[20]

Munitions edit

Model Image Type Variants Origin Quantity Notes
Torpedo
VA-111 Shkval     Russia unknown Equipped with Kilo-class submarine.
Type 53 torpedo     Russia
  Soviet Union 		unknown Equipped with Kilo-class submarine.
Naval Mine
KMP   Soviet Union
  Vietnam 		unknown
UĐM   Soviet Union unknown
Radar
P-18 radar   Soviet Union
Coast Watcher 100   France
SCORE-3000   France
VRS-CSX   Vietnam
Anti-ship missile (AShM)
Kh-35 Uran   Anti-ship missile Kh-35UE, Kh-35EMV, and an domestic upgrade variant from Kh-35UE called “VCM-01” (still developing)[22]   Russia
  Vietnam 		103[11] Active duty.
3M-14/54 Club-S   Anti-ship missile 3M-54E/E1,3M-14E, 91RE1/RE2 [1]   Russia (50) Equipped in Kilo submarines. 40 on order.[23]
P-15 Termit   Anti-ship missile P-15,P-20   Soviet Union 20[11] Active duty.
P-800 Oniks   Anti-ship missile P-800 Yakhont   Russia (40) Used with the K-300P Bastion-P coastal missile systems.

Soldier's equipment edit

Gear edit

Name Image Type Origin Notes
Helmets
Type A2 Helmet Combat Helmet   Vietnam Standard Issue.
Modular Integrated Communications Helmet   Combat Helmet   United States Used by Naval Infantry Force and Naval Special Operation Force[24]
Vietnamese Pith Helmet   Helmet   Vietnam Mostly used as training helmet. Sometimes used as a regular hat.
PASGT Helmet Combat Helmet   United States
  Vietnam 		Limited use. Standard Issue for Naval Infantry Force. They are gradually replacing older helmets in the Army. The Marines uses helmets imported from Israel, as well as domestically produced ones.[25][26]
Armour body
Armour body Armour body   Vietnam Used by Naval Infantry Force and Naval Special Operation Force
Combat Integrated Releasable Armor System Armour body   United States Used by Naval Infantry Force[24]
Camouflage patterns
K07 Navy Camouflage Pattern   Vietnam Former standard camo. A variant of the K07 Woodland used by the Ground Forces.[27][28]
K17 Navy Camouflage Pattern   Vietnam Former standard camo. A variant of the K17 used by the Ground Forces.
K20 Navy Camouflage Pattern   Vietnam Currently being the standard-issued camo. A variant of the K20 used by the Ground Forces.
Naval Duck Hunter   Camouflage Pattern   Vietnam Standard camo for the Naval Special Operation Force and the submarine crews.

Firearms edit

Model Image Type Calibre Origin Notes
Pistol
TT-33   Semi-automatic pistol 7.62×25mm Tokarev   Soviet Union

  Vietnam

Standard issue service pistol. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory as the K14-VN. The locally produced version is improved with a longer barrel, and a double-stack magazine that holds an increased capacity of 13 rounds.[29][30]
Makarov   Semi-automatic pistol 9×18mm Makarov   Soviet Union

  Vietnam

Limited use.
Stechkin APS   Machine pistol 9×18mm Makarov   Soviet Union Limited use.
Assault rifles
Galil ACE   Assault rifle 7.62×39mm   Israel Manufactured locally. Standard issue assault rifle.
IWI Tavor TAR-21   Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO   Israel Manufactured locally. Used by Naval Infantry Force and Naval Special Operation Force as standard issue rifle[31][32][33]
AK-47   Assault rifle 7.62×39mm   Soviet Union Used for training. Replaced as the standard issue rifle by the Galil ACE.
AKM

AKMS

   Assault rifle 7.62×39mm   Soviet Union
Ak-74

AKS-74

    Assault rifle 5.45×39mm   Soviet Union
APS   Underwater Assault rifle 5.66×39mm MPS with 5.66×120mm steel darts and tracer MPST   Soviet Union Used by Naval Special Operation Force
Submachine gun
Uzi   Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum   Israel Used by Naval Special Operation Force. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.
Sniper rifles
Dragunov SVD   Designated marksman rifle 7.62×54mmR   Soviet Union Used by Naval Special Operation Force and Naval Infantry Force. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[34]
PSL (rifle)   Designated marksman rifle 7.62×54mmR   Romania Used by Naval Infantry Force.
Galil Sniper   Designated marksman rifle 7.62×54mmR   Israel Used by Naval Infantry Force and Naval Special Operation Force
Machine gun
RPD   Light machine gun 7.62×39mm   Soviet Union
RPK

RPK-74

    Light machine gun 7.62×39mm   Soviet Union
IMI Negev   Light machine gun 5.56×45mm NATO   Israel Used by Naval Infantry Force and Naval Special Operation Force. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.
DShK   Heavy machine gun 12.7×108mm   Soviet Union

  Vietnam

Grenade launcher
M79 grenade launcher   Grenade launcher 40×46mm grenade   United States

  Vietnam

Manufactured locally at the Z125 Factory
IWI GL 40 Grenade launcher 40×46mm SR   Israel

  Vietnam

Manufactured locally.Used by Naval Infantry Force
M203 grenade launcher   Grenade launcher 40×46mm SR   United States

  Vietnam

Manufactured locally
AGS-17   Automatic grenade launcher 30×29mm grenade   Soviet Union

  Vietnam

Manufactured locally at the Z125 Factory
RPG-7

(B-41 in Vietnam)

  Rocket-propelled grenade 40mm HEAT   Soviet Union

  Vietnam

DP-64   Grenade launcher 45mm   Russia
MATADOR   Anti-armour 90mm anti-armour   Israel Used by Naval Infantry Force.

Vehicles edit

Vehicle Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
Tanks
Type 63 (tank) Amphibious light tank   China
PT-76   Amphibious Light tank   Soviet Union
T-34   Medium tank   Soviet Union Coastal and islands defences.
SU-100   100mm tank destroyer   Soviet Union Unknown Used by coastal defence forces of PNVN.[35]
Armoured personnel carriers
BTR-60   Wheeled armoured personnel carrier   Soviet Union
Transport
PTS-M   Tracked amphibious transport   Soviet Union

Artillery edit

Model Image Type Variants Origin Quantity Notes
Rocket / Missile Artillery
ACCULAR   122–160 mm rocket artillery   Israel unknown Used for coastal defence.[36]
EXTRA   306mm rocket artillery   Israel 20 150 km range, used for coastal defence.[37]
Onyx   Anti-ship missile SS-N-26 Yakhont   Russia 10 launcher
40 missiles 		Finished negotiation for technological transferring programme. Two K-300P Bastion-P systems in active.
P-5 Pyatyorka   Cruise missile SS-N-3 Shaddock   Soviet Union unknown Active duty. Already self-produced by Vietnam.
P-15 Termit   Anti-ship missile SS-N-2 Styx 20[11] Active duty. Equipped in Tarantul class ships. Some have been replaced by Kh-35.
Coastal Artillery
SPG-9   73mm Recoilless gun   Soviet Union unknown
B-10   82mm Recoilless Rifle   Soviet Union unknown
B-11   107mm Recoilless Rifle   Soviet Union unknown
D-20   152mm Towed Howitzer   Soviet Union unknown
D-30   112mm Howitzer   Soviet Union unknown
D-44   85mm Field gun   Soviet Union unknown
M-46   130mm Field gun   Soviet Union unknown
SU-100   100mm tank destroyer   Soviet Union Unknown Used by coastal defence force.[35]

Former edit

Class Image Type Ships Origin Quantity Notes
Komar
 
 Missile boat   Soviet Union Discontinued in the 1980s
Shantou   Gunboat   China Used in Gulf of Tonkin incident
P-6 class torpedo boat   Torpedo boat T-333, T-336, T-339   China 3 Used in Vietnam War
Barnegat
 
 Patrol boat 01 (ex-Absecon)   United States 1 Captured in 1975.

The ship was decommissioned in the 2000s, and the entire system was dismantled.[38]

Edsall class   Destroyer Escort 03 ex-Forster   United States 1 Captured during Vietnam War CCB.
Yugo Midget submarine   North Korea 2 Decommissioned in 2012
Point
 
 Patrol boat   United States 1 Captured in 1975.

Scrapped in Ho Chi Minh City, 1987.

Shershen   Torpedo boat   Soviet Union 16 5 decommissioned in 2000s

7 transferred to Vietnam Coast Guard

Procurement edit

As the Vietnam People's Navy is responsible for protecting the nation's sovereignty and economic activities at sea, as well to repulse unauthorised foreign vessels intruding into Vietnamese waters, Vietnam's policy has considered the modernisation of the Navy a priority task in the overall military modernisation plan. As stated on 5 August 2011 by Minister of Defence Phùng Quang Thanh:

The direction of building up the armed forces is one to follow the revolutionary spirit, regularisation and effectiveness and gradual modernisation. Within this context, the Navy, the Air Force, the Signal Corps and Electronic Warfare will proceed directly into modernisation to protect the country.[39]

— Vietnamese Minister of Defence, Phùng Quang Thanh.
  • Frigates and corvettes: Two Gepard-class frigates were laid down in 2011 by the Zelenodolsk shipyard in Russia, named 011 Dinh Tien Hoang and 012 Lý Thái Tổ, and two more were ordered. A contract was made in 2011 with Schelde Naval Shipbuilding in the Netherlands to build two Sigma-class corvettes in the Netherlands and two more in Vietnam.[40] The Vietnam People's Navy has itself built six Tarantul-class corvettes (Molniya class) with Russian supervision and has designed and built the first warships of the TT-400TP gunboat class.[41] Vietnam also purchased two Pohang-class corvettes were purchased from South Korea, one in 2017 and one in 2018. Additionally, India donated one Khukri-class corvette in 2023.[42]
  • Submarines: Vietnam deployed its first submarine flotilla, Flotilla 182, on 1 June 1982. This flotilla was trained in Cam Ranh Bay under the guidance of Soviet submarine officers and used North Korea's Yugo-class submarine. In April 2011, Vietnam ordered six Kilo-class submarines worth about 1.8 billion dollars, said to be the entire defence budget of Vietnam in 2009. With six submarines, the first to be delivered in 2012 and the last one to be delivered by 2016, Vietnam will own the largest and most modern submarines in Southeast Asia.[43]
  • Offshore patrol vessel: When Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng visited India in October 2014 it was announced that India will supply 4 naval vessels to Vietnam, and quickly operationalise a $100 million line of credit which will allow Vietnam to purchase new vessels from India.[44]
  • Naval air force: The Vietnam People's Navy prepared to build the Naval Air Force to increase the capacity of coastal defence. On 27 February 2010, the Vietnamese People's Army General Staff decided to build and make the 954th Naval Air Force Regiment a regular member of the Vietnamese Navy. Vietnam has purchased three CASA C-212 Aviocar Series 400 aircraft. The aircraft are equipped with MSS 6000 radar and the Naval Air Force will use them for general patrol purposes. Vietnamese Navy received two Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma to offshore patrol and search and rescue missions.[45] Viking Air Company of Canada contracted to sell to Vietnam six Seaplane DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 400 aircraft from 2012 to 2014. While eight Kamov Ka-28 helicopters also transferred to the naval air force.[46]
  • Coastal defence missile force: Vietnam People's Navy is building a coastal defence missile force (the 679th Coastal Missile Regiment) to become a core force in its maritime security strategy, with Russian and Indian missile systems. The Vietnamese Navy has already produced for itself the P-5 Pyatyorka/Shaddock anti-ship missile, with a range of 550 km. Vietnam was the only customer to which the Soviet Union exported this missile system. The then Russia delivered two K-300P Bastion-P coastal defence systems to Vietnam. The Bastion system uses the P-800 Oniks/Yakhont supersonic anti-ship missile, primarily used to attack targets on land and sea, has an attack range of 300 km, and can be used to protect a coastline of over 600 km.[47] During a 2014 visit of Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng to India, the Indian government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi showed willingness to sell their BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles developed by the Russia-India joint venture BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited to Vietnam.[48] The Vietnamese are now starting to locally produce the anti-ship missile Kh-35 Uran-E after receiving 33 missiles in 2010.
  •  
    US Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV), the Honourable Ray Mabus talking with Vietnam People's Navy Commander Admiral Nguyễn Văn Hiến on 26 November 2010.
  •  
    US Navy Lt. Robert Gillenwater explains to Vietnamese Naval Officers the purpose of the diver's decompression chamber, 2006.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Japan gives Vietnam six navy ships". 1 August 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  2. ^ a b Alexander Korablinov (9 February 2016). "5th Russian-built Kilo-class submarine arrives in Vietnam". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  3. ^ "Vietnamese Navy Gepard frigates. The 4 Gepard frigates are the most… | by China_SCS_Info | Indo-Pacific Geomill | Medium". 15 March 2022.
  4. ^ Trí Đường (26 February 2020). "Tàu chiến săn ngầm Việt Nam: 50 năm vẫn chạy tốt!". Tienphong.vn. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Based on photos posted in ASEAN... – MaxDefense Philippines | Facebook". M.facebook.com. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  6. ^ "In a first, India gifts active warship INS Kirpan to Vietnam".
  7. ^ "VISIT OF ADM R HARI KUMAR, CHIEF OF THE NAVAL STAFF, TO VIETNAM". PIB. 21 July 2023.
  8. ^ "VISIT OF ADM R HARI KUMAR, CHIEF OF THE NAVAL STAFF, TO VIETNAM". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  9. ^ VnExpress. "200 thiết bị quân sự Việt Nam sản xuất được giới thiệu ở Army Games". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  10. ^ "Việt Nam đóng thêm 4 tàu tên lửa Molniya với vũ khí mới" (in Vietnamese). VTC News. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d "SIPRI arms transfer database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  12. ^ "Điểm lại những vũ khí Nga giúp nâng tầm quân đội Việt Nam gần đây". Kienthuc.net.vn. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Vietnam launches new submarine rescue vessel". asiapacificdefensejournal.com. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  14. ^ Maritime, Baird (23 June 2021). "VESSEL REVIEW | Highly versatile, deep-diving submarine rescue vehicle for Vietnam People's Navy". Baird Maritime. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  15. ^ "Work Class ROVs". Forum Energy Technologies, Inc. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  16. ^ "Perry® XLX-C" (PDF). Forum Energy Technologies. 2019.
  17. ^ wade (17 June 2020). "Forum's XLX-C ROV Successfully Completes Sea Trials for Vietnam Navy". Forum Energy Technologies, Inc. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  18. ^ "Lữ đoàn 127 đón Tàu 924 về đơn vị an toàn". Báo Hải Quân Việt Nam. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  19. ^ a b c d "World Air Forces 2024". FlightGlobal. 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
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  21. ^ Yeo, Mike (6 June 2019). "These US partners in the Asia-Pacific are to receive ScanEagle drones". Defense News. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  22. ^ "Vietnam unveils its new VCM-01 anti-ship cruise missile". Navy Naval News Navy Recognition. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  23. ^ "Thống kê hợp đồng mua sắm đạn dược của Việt Nam" (in Vietnamese). Soha News. 9 June 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
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  25. ^ "Mũ chống đạn của Quân đội Việt Nam chịu được đạn 9mm". netnews.vn. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  26. ^ VCCorp.vn. "Tìm hiểu các loại mũ sắt, mũ chống đạn của QĐNDVN". soha.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  27. ^ tintucvietnam.vn (4 March 2018). "Tìm hiểu về quân phục ngụy trang của quân đội Việt Nam (phần 2)". Tin tức Việt Nam – Cập nhật tin tức trong nước hôm nay (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  28. ^ "quan-phuc-nguy-trang-ky-thuat-so-cua-viet-nam-co-nhung-uu-diem-nao". baomoi.com. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
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  37. ^ Israel has delivered 20 EXTRA surface-to-surface guided rockets to Vietnam for coastal defence – Armyrecognition.com, 26 February 2016
  38. ^ View the annual editions of Jane's Vessel Fighting since 1976 to keep track of the status of PRVSN Phạm Ngũ Lão (HQ-01) in the Vietnam People's Navy as it is best understood in the West.
  39. ^ Đỗ Hùng (5 August 2011). "Hiện đại hóa Hải quân" (in Vietnamese). Thanh Niên. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  40. ^ Tamir Eshel (23 October 2011). "Vietnam Negotiate Buying four Sigma Corvettes from the Netherlands". Defense Update. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
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  42. ^ "In a first, India gifts active warship INS Kirpan to Vietnam".
  43. ^ "Hanoi to Purchase Six Kilo Class Russian Submarines". Naval Today. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  44. ^ Sanjeev Miglani; Sui-Lee Wee; Nick Macfie (28 October 2014). "India to supply Vietnam with naval vessels amid China disputes". Reuters. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  45. ^ "Vietnam Navy receives transport choppers" (in Vietnamese). Tuổi Trẻ. 25 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
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  48. ^ Indrani Bagchi (29 October 2014). "India ignores China's frown, offers defence boost to Vietnam". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 April 2016.

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