List of heads of state by diplomatic precedence

Summary

Protocol holds that a head of state takes precedence over all other officials, and that heads of state rank in the order that they took office. The following list contains the heads of state for all United Nations member states and non-member observer states.

Commonwealth realms, other than the United Kingdom, each have a local governor-general appointed to represent the monarch in the realm's government. Governors-general are frequently accorded the status and privileges of a head of state at diplomatic events when considered as representing their absentee monarch, but not as themselves heads of state. The princes of Andorra each have a representative as well. Hereditary Prince Alois is permanent representative for exercising the sovereign powers due to Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II.[1] They are included in the list and are highlighted in blue.

However, in many cases it is not this neutral principle but national rules of protocol that are acted upon, usually by an international event's host nation, as in many bilateral and even certain multilateral occasions. Various international organisations have a system for internal use. Even in the presence of one or more Heads of State, certain occasions are governed by specific protocol, e.g. military. Thus in many cases precedence is given to monarchs over republican heads of state, mostly in monarchies; in some nations, the Pope (himself a monarchical head of state) ranks above secular heads of state, especially in Roman Catholic countries.

States recognised by the United Nations edit

Current edit

Title Name Assumed office Country
King Carl XVI Gustaf 15 September 1973   Sweden
President[a] Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[b] 3 August 1979   Equatorial Guinea
President Paul Biya[c] 6 November 1982   Cameroon
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah 1 January 1984[d]   Brunei
President[e] Yoweri Museveni 26 January 1986   Uganda
King Mswati III 25 April 1986   Eswatini[f]
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei[g] 4 June 1989   Iran[h]
Reigning Prince Hans-Adam II[i][j] 13 November 1989   Liechtenstein
King Harald V[k][l] 17 January 1991   Norway
President Emomali Rahmon 20 November 1992   Tajikistan
President Isaias Afwerki 24 May 1993[m]   Eritrea
President Alexander Lukashenko 20 July 1994   Belarus
King Letsie III[n] 7 February 1996   Lesotho
President Denis Sassou Nguesso[o] 25 October 1997   Republic of the Congo
King Abdullah II 7 February 1999   Jordan
King[p] Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 6 March 1999   Bahrain[q]
President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[r] 8 May 1999   Djibouti
King Mohammed VI 23 July 1999   Morocco
President Paul Kagame 24 March 2000[s]   Rwanda
President Bashar al-Assad[t] 17 July 2000   Syria
Grand Duke Henri[u] 7 October 2000   Luxembourg
Co-Prince Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília 12 May 2003   Andorra
President Ilham Aliyev[v][w] 31 October 2003   Azerbaijan
Prince Regent Hereditary Prince Alois[j] 15 August 2004   Liechtenstein
King Norodom Sihamoni 14 October 2004   Cambodia
President Mahmoud Abbas 15 January 2005   Palestine
Sovereign Prince Albert II[x] 6 April 2005   Monaco
President Faure Gnassingbé[y][z] 4 May 2005   Togo
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 9 December 2006   Bhutan
President Daniel Ortega[aa] 10 January 2007   Nicaragua
(Governor-General) Sir Patrick Allen 26 February 2009   Jamaica
President Alassane Ouattara[ab] 4 December 2010   Ivory Coast
President Salva Kiir Mayardit 9 July 2011   South Sudan
President Michael D. Higgins 11 November 2011   Ireland
King Tupou VI[ac] 18 March 2012   Tonga
President Macky Sall[ad] 2 April 2012   Senegal
President Vladimir Putin[ae] 7 May 2012   Russia
(Representative of the Episcopal Co-Prince) Josep Maria Mauri 20 July 2012   Andorra
President Nicolás Maduro 5 March 2013[af]   Venezuela
Supreme Pontiff Francis 13 March 2013   Holy See[ag]
President Xi Jinping 14 March 2013   China[ah]
King Willem-Alexander 30 April 2013   Netherlands
(Governor-General) Dame Cécile La Grenade 7 May 2013   Grenada
Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani 25 June 2013   Qatar
King Philippe 21 July 2013   Belgium
President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 8 June 2014   Egypt
King Felipe VI 19 June 2014   Spain
(Governor-General) Sir Rodney Williams 14 August 2014   Antigua and Barbuda
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[ai] 28 August 2014   Turkey
President Joko Widodo 20 October 2014   Indonesia
President Klaus Iohannis 21 December 2014   Romania
President Filipe Nyusi 15 January 2015   Mozambique
King Salman 23 January 2015   Saudi Arabia
President Sergio Mattarella 3 February 2015   Italy
President Andrzej Duda 6 August 2015   Poland
Federal Councillor Guy Parmelin 1 January 2016    Switzerland
President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa 9 March 2016   Portugal
President Taneti Maamau 11 March 2016   Kiribati
President Faustin-Archange Touadéra[aj] 30 March 2016   Central African Republic
President Patrice Talon 6 April 2016   Benin
President Azali Assoumani[ak] 26 May 2016   Comoros
President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson 1 August 2016   Iceland
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev[al] 8 September 2016   Uzbekistan
King Maha Vajiralongkorn 13 October 2016   Thailand[am]
President Nana Akufo-Addo[an] 7 January 2017   Ghana
President Adama Barrow 19 January 2017   The Gambia
President Rumen Radev 22 January 2017   Bulgaria
Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen 26 January 2017   Austria
(Governor-General) Sir Bob Dadae 28 February 2017   Papua New Guinea
Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier 19 March 2017   Germany
President Emmanuel Macron 14 May 2017   France
Co-Prince   Andorra
(Representative of the French Co-Prince) Patrick Strzoda 14 May 2017   Andorra
President Aleksandar Vučić[ao] 31 May 2017   Serbia
O le Ao o le Malo Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II 21 July 2017   Samoa
President João Lourenço 26 September 2017   Angola[ap]
Federal Councillor Ignazio Cassis 1 November 2017    Switzerland
President Emmerson Mnangagwa 24 November 2017   Zimbabwe
President Cyril Ramaphosa 15 February 2018   South Africa
President Mokgweetsi Masisi 1 April 2018   Botswana
President Julius Maada Bio[aq] 4 April 2018   Sierra Leone
President of the Council of State Miguel Díaz-Canel 19 April 2018   Cuba
President Sahle-Work Zewde 25 October 2018   Ethiopia
Presidency Member Željko Komšić 20 November 2018   Bosnia and Herzegovina
President Andrés Manuel López Obrador 1 December 2018   Mexico
President Salome Zourabichvili 16 December 2018   Georgia
Federal Councillor 1 January 2019    Switzerland
President Félix Tshisekedi[ar] 24 January 2019   Democratic Republic of the Congo
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 20 March 2019   Kazakhstan
President George Vella 4 April 2019   Malta
President of the State Affairs Commission Kim Jong-un 11 April 2019[as]   North Korea
Emperor Naruhito 1 May 2019   Japan
President Stevo Pendarovski 12 May 2019   North Macedonia
President Volodymyr Zelenskyy 20 May 2019

  Ukraine

President Nayib Bukele 1 June 2019   El Salvador
President Zuzana Čaputová 15 June 2019   Slovakia
(Governor-General) David Hurley 1 July 2019   Australia
President Laurentino Cortizo 1 July 2019   Panama
(Governor-General) David Vunagi 7 July 2019   Solomon Islands
President Gitanas Nausėda 12 July 2019   Lithuania
President Mohamed Ould Ghazouani 1 August 2019   Mauritania
(Governor-General) Susan Dougan 1 August 2019   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
President Kaïs Saïed 23 October 2019   Tunisia
President Prithvirajsing Roopun 2 December 2019   Mauritius
President Abdelmadjid Tebboune[at] 19 December 2019   Algeria
Sultan Haitham bin Tariq[au] 11 January 2020   Oman
President Zoran Milanović[av] 18 February 2020   Croatia
President Umaro Sissoco Embaló[aw] 27 February 2020   Guinea-Bissau
President Luis Lacalle Pou[ax] 1 March 2020   Uruguay
President Katerina Sakellaropoulou 13 March 2020   Greece
President Évariste Ndayishimiye 18 June 2020   Burundi
President Lazarus Chakwera 28 June 2020   Malawi
President Chan Santokhi 16 July 2020   Suriname
President Irfaan Ali 2 August 2020   Guyana
President Luis Abinader 16 August 2020   Dominican Republic
President Wavel Ramkalawan 26 October 2020   Seychelles
President Luis Arce 8 November 2020   Bolivia
President Maia Sandu 24 December 2020   Moldova
President Joe Biden 20 January 2021   United States
President Surangel Whipps Jr. 21 January 2021   Palau
President Sadyr Japarov[ay] 28 January 2021   Kyrgyzstan
Acting President Myint Swe 1 February 2021   Myanmar
Chairman of the Presidential Council Mohamed al-Menfi 15 March 2021   Libya
President Samia Suluhu 17 March 2021   Tanzania
President Thongloun Sisoulith[az] 22 March 2021   Laos
Transitional President[ba] Mahamat Déby Itno 20 April 2021   Chad
Acting Interim President: 25 May 2021 – 7 June 2021
Interim President: 7 June 2021 – present
[bb]
Assimi Goïta 24 May 2021   Mali
(Governor-General) Froyla Tzalam 27 May 2021   Belize
President Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh[bc] 25 June 2021   Mongolia
President Isaac Herzog[bd] 7 July 2021   Israel
Acting President Ariel Henry 20 July 2021   Haiti
(Governor General) Mary Simon 26 July 2021

  Canada

Supreme Leader (unrecognized) Hibatullah Akhundzada 15 August 2021   Afghanistan
President Hakainde Hichilema 24 August 2021   Zambia
Interim President[be] Mamady Doumbouya 5 September 2021   Guinea
(Governor-General) Tofiga Vaevalu Falani 28 September 2021   Tuvalu
President Carlos Vila Nova 2 October 2021   São Tomé and Príncipe
President Alar Karis 11 October 2021   Estonia
(Governor-General) Dame Cindy Kiro 21 October 2021   New Zealand
President José Maria Neves[bf] 9 November 2021   Cape Verde
(Acting Governor-General) Errol Charles 11 November 2021   Saint Lucia
Presidency Transitional Sovereignty Council[2][3] 11 November 2021[4]   Sudan
President Wiliame Katonivere 12 November 2021   Fiji
President Sandra Mason[bg][bh] 30 November 2021   Barbados
President Xiomara Castro 27 January 2022   Honduras
President Gabriel Boric 11 March 2022   Chile
President Vahagn Khachaturyan 13 March 2022   Armenia
President Serdar Berdimuhamedow 19 March 2022   Turkmenistan
Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council Rashad al-Alimi 7 April 2022   Yemen
President Rodrigo Chaves Robles 8 May 2022   Costa Rica
President Yoon Suk-yeol 10 May 2022   South Korea
President Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[bi] 14 May 2022   United Arab Emirates
President José Ramos-Horta[bj] 20 May 2022   East Timor
President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud[bk] 23 May 2022   Somalia
President Bongbong Marcos[bl] 30 June 2022   Philippines
President Ranil Wickremesinghe[bm] 14 July 2022   Sri Lanka
President Nikenike Vurobaravu 23 July 2022   Vanuatu
President Bajram Begaj 24 July 2022   Albania
President Droupadi Murmu 25 July 2022   India
President Gustavo Petro 7 August 2022   Colombia
King Charles III 8 September 2022   Antigua and Barbuda
King   Australia
King   The Bahamas
King   Belize
King   Canada
King   Grenada
King   Jamaica
King   New Zealand
King   Papua New Guinea
King   Saint Kitts and Nevis
King   Saint Lucia
King   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
King   Solomon Islands
King   Tuvalu
King   United Kingdom
President William Ruto 13 September 2022   Kenya
Interim President[bn] Ibrahim Traoré 30 September 2022   Burkina Faso
President Abdul Latif Rashid 17 October 2022   Iraq
Acting President Najib Mikati 31 October 2022   Lebanon
Presidency 16 November 2022   Bosnia and Herzegovina
President Dina Boluarte 7 December 2022   Peru
President Nataša Pirc Musar 23 December 2022   Slovenia
President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva[bo] 1 January 2023   Brazil
Federal Councillor 1 January 2023    Switzerland
(Governor-General) Marcella Liburd 1 February 2023   Saint Kitts and Nevis
President Nikos Christodoulides 28 February 2023   Cyprus
President Petr Pavel 9 March 2023   Czech Republic
President Ram Chandra Poudel 13 March 2023     Nepal
President Christine Kangaloo 20 March 2023   Trinidad and Tobago
President Mohammed Shahabuddin 24 April 2023   Bangladesh
President Wesley Simina 11 May 2023   Micronesia
President Jakov Milatović 20 May 2023   Montenegro
President Bola Tinubu 29 May 2023   Nigeria
President Edgars Rinkēvičs 8 July 2023   Latvia
President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland Abdourahamane Tchiani 26 July 2023   Niger
President Santiago Peña 15 August 2023   Paraguay
Head of the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema 30 August 2023   Gabon
(Governor General) Cynthia A. Pratt 1 September 2023   The Bahamas
President Tharman Shanmugaratnam 14 September 2023   Singapore
Captains Regent Filippo Tamagnini[bp] 1 October 2023   San Marino
Gaetano Troina
President Sylvanie Burton 2 October 2023   Dominica
President David Adeang 30 October 2023   Nauru
President Mohamed Muizzu 17 November 2023   Maldives
President Daniel Noboa 23 November 2023   Ecuador
Acting President Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara 1 December 2023   El Salvador
President Javier Milei 10 December 2023   Argentina
Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah 16 December 2023   Kuwait
President Andry Rajoelina[bq] 16 December 2023   Madagascar
Federal Councillor Beat Jans 1 January 2024    Switzerland
(President) Viola Amherd 1 January 2024    Switzerland
President Hilda Heine[br] 3 January 2024   Marshall Islands
King Frederik X 14 January 2024   Denmark
President Bernardo Arévalo 15 January 2024   Guatemala
President Joseph Boakai 22 January 2024   Liberia
Yang di-Pertuan Agong Ibrahim Iskandar 31 January 2024   Malaysia
President Nangolo Mbumba 4 February 2024   Namibia
President Alexander Stubb 1 March 2024   Finland
President Tamás Sulyok 5 March 2024   Hungary
President Asif Ali Zardari[bs] 10 March 2024   Pakistan
(Chairman of the Presidency) Denis Bećirović 16 March 2023   Bosnia and Herzegovina
Acting President Võ Thị Ánh Xuân[bt] 21 March 2024   Vietnam

States with limited recognition edit

Current edit

Title Name Assumed office Country
President Tsai Ing-wen 20 May 2016   Republic of China (Taiwan)
President Brahim Ghali 12 July 2016   Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
President Vadim Krasnoselsky 16 December 2016   Transnistria
President Muse Bihi Abdi 13 December 2017   Somaliland
President Aslan Bzhania 23 April 2020   Abkhazia
President Ersin Tatar 23 October 2020   Northern Cyprus
President Vjosa Osmani 4 April 2021   Kosovo
President Alan Gagloyev 24 May 2022   South Ossetia

Disputed governments edit

The following heads of state represent governments that are recognized as legitimate by at least one UN member state.

Current edit

Title Name Assumed office Country
Chairman of the Supreme Political Council Mahdi al-Mashat 25 April 2018   Yemen
President of the Coordination Council Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya 14 August 2020   Belarus
President of the Syrian National Coalition Salem al-Meslet 12 July 2021   Syria
President of the National Assembly Dinorah Figuera 5 January 2023   Venezuela

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was titled President of the Supreme Military Council until 25 August 1979.
  2. ^ Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo is the nephew of the previous president, Francisco Macías Nguema.
  3. ^ Paul Biya was previously Prime Minister between 30 June 1975 – 6 November 1982.
  4. ^ Hassanal Bolkiah has been Sultan of Brunei since 5 October 1967, but Brunei was a protectorate of the United Kingdom until 1 January 1984.
  5. ^ Yoweri Museveni was titled Chairman of the National Resistance Council until 29 January 1986
  6. ^ The country was the Kingdom of Swaziland before 2018.
  7. ^ Ali Khamenei was previously President of Iran from 2 October 1981 – 4 June 1989.
  8. ^ In Iran, the Supreme Leader is the head of state and the President is the head of government.
  9. ^ Hans-Adam II was previously Regent from 26 August 1984 – 13 November 1989.
  10. ^ a b Hereditary Prince Alois has been Regent for Hans-Adam II since 15 August 2004.
  11. ^ Harald V was previously Prince-Regent from 1 June 1990 – 17 January 1991.
  12. ^ Haakon was Prince-Regent from 25 November 2003 – 13 April 2004 and 29 March 2005 – 7 June 2005.
  13. ^ Isaias Afwerki has been the leader of Eritrea (initially titled Secretary-general of the Provisional Government) from 29 May 1991, but the country only became independent on 24 May 1993.
  14. ^ Letsie III was previously King of Lesotho between 12 November 1990 – 25 January 1995.
  15. ^ Denis Sassou Nguesso was previously President of the People's Republic of the Congo (as the country was named then) between 8 February 1979 – 31 August 1992.
  16. ^ The monarch was titled Emir until 14 February 2002.
  17. ^ The country was the State of Bahrain before 2002.
  18. ^ Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is the nephew of the previous president, Hassan Gouled Aptidon.
  19. ^ Paul Kagame was Acting President until 22 April 2000.
  20. ^ Bashar al-Assad is the son of the previous president, Hafez al-Assad.
  21. ^ Henri was previously Regent from 3 March 1998 – 7 October 2000.
  22. ^ Ilham Aliyev was previously Prime Minister between 4 August 2003 – 4 November 2003.
  23. ^ Ilham Aliyev is the son of the previous president, Heydar Aliyev.
  24. ^ Albert II was previously Regent from 31 March 2005 – 6 April 2005.
  25. ^ Faure Gnassingbé was previously President between 5 February 2005 – 25 February 2005.
  26. ^ Faure Gnassingbé is the son of the previous president, Gnassingbé Eyadéma.
  27. ^ Daniel Ortega was previously President between 10 January 1985 – 25 April 1990.
  28. ^ Alassane Ouattara was previously Prime Minister between 7 November 1990 – 9 December 1993.
  29. ^ Tupou VI – then titled Prince 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata – was previously Prime Minister between 3 January 2000 – 11 February 2006.
  30. ^ Macky Sall was previously Prime Minister between 21 April 2004 – 19 June 2007.
  31. ^ Vladimir Putin was previously President between 31 December 1999 – 7 May 2008, and Prime Minister between 9 August 1999 – 7 May 2000 and 8 May 2008 – 7 May 2012.
  32. ^ Maduro was Acting President until 19 April 2013.
  33. ^ It is the Holy See and not the Vatican City state that maintains diplomatic relations with states and participates in international organisations. The Holy See and the Vatican City state are two separate and distinct entities. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to the Vatican City state, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. Also it is the Holy See that has United Nations Observer status not the Vatican City state.
  34. ^ Chinese President is a ceremonial figurehead, while General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party holds the highest authority of Paramount leader. The presidency has been held simultaneously by the General Secretary since 1993.
  35. ^ Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was previously Prime Minister between 14 March 2003 – 28 August 2014.
  36. ^ Faustin-Archange Touadéra was previously Prime Minister between 22 January 2008 – 17 January 2013.
  37. ^ Azali Assoumani was previously President between 26 May 2001 – 26 May 2006.
  38. ^ Shavkat Mirziyoyevwas Interim President until 14 December 2016 and was previously Prime Minister between 12 December 2003 – 14 December 2016.
  39. ^ Prem Tinsulanonda was Regent of Thailand from 13 October 2016 – 1 December 2016.
  40. ^ Nana Akufo-Addo is the son of a former president, Edward Akufo-Addo.
  41. ^ Aleksandar Vučić was previously Prime Minister between 27 April 2014 – 30 May 2017.
  42. ^ The country was the People's Republic of Angola before 1992.
  43. ^ Julis Maada Bio was Head of State of Sierra Leone (as Leader of the Supreme Council of State) from 16 January 1996 – 29 March 1996.
  44. ^ Félix Tshisekedi is the son of former Prime Minister Étienne Tshisekedi
  45. ^ Though Kim has held this office since 2016, the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly was the head of state until the 14th State Affairs Commission was formed.
  46. ^ Abdelmadjid Tebboune was Prime Minister of Algeria from 25 May 2017 – 15 August 2017.
  47. ^ Haitham bin Tariq is the cousin of the former Sultan Qaboos bin Said.
  48. ^ Zoran Milanović was Prime Minister of Croatia from 23 December 2011 – 22 January 2016.
  49. ^ Umaro Sissoco Embaló was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 18 November 2016 – 30 January 2018.
  50. ^ Luis Lacalle Pou is the son of former President Luis Alberto Lacalle.
  51. ^ Sadyr Japarov was Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 6 October 2020 – 10 October 2020, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 10 October 2020 – 21 January 2021; and Acting President of Kyrgyzstan from 15 October 2020 – 14 November 2020. Japarov took a leave of absence from the office of Prime Minister from 14 November 2020 – 11 January 2021 to compete in the 2021 Kyrgyz presidential election; Artem Novikov acted for Japarov.
  52. ^ Thongloun Sisoulith was previously Prime Minister between 20 April 2016 – 22 March 2021 and is General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party since 15 January 2021.
  53. ^ As President of the Transitional Military Council until 10 October 2022
  54. ^ Assimi Goïta was Head of State of Mali (as Chairman of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People of Mali) 19 August 2020 – 27 August 2021 and Acting Head of State of Mali 27 August 2021 – 25 September 2020.
  55. ^ Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh was Prime Minister of Mongolia 4 October 2017 – 27 January 2021.
  56. ^ Isaac Herzog is the son of President Chaim Herzog.
  57. ^ As Chairman of the National Committee of Reconciliation and Development until 1 October 2021
  58. ^ José Maria Neves was Prime Minister of Cape Verde 1 February 2001 – 22 April 2016.
  59. ^ Sandra Mason was Acting Governor-General of Barbados 30 May 2012 – 1 June 2012.
  60. ^ Sandra Mason was Governor-General of Barbados 8 January 2018 – 30 November 2021.
  61. ^ Mohamed bin Zayed is the brother of the previous President, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
  62. ^ José Ramos-Horta was Acting Prime Minister of East Timor 26 June 2006 – 10 July 2006, Prime Minister of East Timor 10 July 2006 – 19 May 2007, and President of East Timor 20 May 2007 – 11 February 2008 and 17 April 2008 – 20 May 2012.
  63. ^ Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was President of Somalia 16 September 2012 – 16 February 2017.
  64. ^ Bongbong Marcos is the son of former President and Prime Minister Ferdinand Marcos.
  65. ^ Ranil Wickremesinghe was Prime Minister of Sri Lanka 7 May 1993 – 18 August 1994, 9 December 2001 – 6 April 2004, 9 January 2015 – 26 October 2018, and 15 December 2018 – 21 November 2019. The office of Prime Minister was disputed between Wickremesinghe and Mahinda Rajapaksa 26 October 2018 – 15 December 2018. He was also acting president of Sri Lanka 14 July 2022 – 21 July 2022.
  66. ^ As President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration until 6 October 2022
  67. ^ Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was President of Brazil 1 January 2003 – 31 December 2010.
  68. ^ Filippo Tamagnini was a Captain Regent of San Marino 1 April 2011 – 1 October 2011.
  69. ^ Andry Rajoelina was Head of State of Madagascar (as President of the High Transitional Authority) 17 March 2009 – 25 January 2014, then the elected President 19 January 2019 – 9 September 2023.
  70. ^ Hilda Heine was President of the Marshall Islands 28 January 2016 – 13 January 2020.
  71. ^ Asif Ali Zardari was President of Pakistan 9 September 2008 – 9 September 2013.
  72. ^ Võ Thị Ánh Xuân was Acting President from 18 January 2023 – 2 March 2023.

References edit

  1. ^ Hereditary Prince Alois Archived 21 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Sudan's Constitution of 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Sudan's reinstated PM Hamdok promises a path to democracy". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2023. The 14-point deal between Hamdok and the military, signed in the presidential palace in Khartoum on Sunday, also provides for the release of all political prisoners detained during the coup and stipulates that a 2019 constitutional declaration be the basis for a political transition, according to details read out on state television.
  4. ^ "Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023.