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List of indigenous languages of South America

Summary

This article lists the indigenous languages of South America. Extinct languages are marked by dagger signs (†).

Demographics by country edit

Demographics of Indigenous languages of South America by country as of 2012, as reported by Crevels (2012):[1]

Language Alternate names Family Branch Population Speaker number Degree of endangerment Country Other countries
Mapudungun Mapuche Araucanian 113,680 8,413 seriously endangered   Argentina Chile
Aymara Aymaran 4,104 ? endangered   Argentina Chile, Bolivia, Peru
Gününa Yajich Gününa Küne, Pampa Chonan 1,585 – extinct (1960–1970)   Argentina
Selk'nam Ona Chonan 696 – extinct (1970s)   Argentina Chile †
Tehuelche Aonek’enk, P’e:nk’enk Chonan 10,590 3 moribund   Argentina
Teushen Tehuesh Chonan – – extinct (early 1900s)   Argentina
Mocoví Moqoyt La’qa:tqa Guaicuruan 15,837 2,780 endangered   Argentina
Pilagá PitelaGa Laqtak Guaicuruan 4,465 3,494 potentially endangered   Argentina
Toba Namqom Guaicuruan 69,452 30,410 endangered   Argentina Paraguay
Vilela Lule-Vilelan 50 2 moribund   Argentina
Chorote Yofuáha, Yowúwa Matacoan 2,613 1,692 endangered   Argentina Paraguay
Nivaclé Nivaklé, Chulupí, Ashluslay Matacoan 553 224 seriously endangered   Argentina Paraguay
Wichí Mataco, ’Weenhayek in Bolivia Matacoan 40,036 28,631 potentially endangered   Argentina Bolivia
Santiagueño Quechua Quechuan – 60,000 – 80,000 endangered   Argentina
Ava Guaraní Guaraní in Bolivia, Guaraní Occidental in Paraguay Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 21,807 5,139 endangered   Argentina Bolivia
Guaraní Correntino Guaraní Goyano Tupían Tupí-Guaranían – 100,000 – 1,000,000 potentially endangered   Argentina
Mbyá Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 8,223 3,908 endangered   Argentina Paraguay, Brazil
Tapieté Ñandevá in Paraguay Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 524 178 seriously endangered   Argentina Bolivia, Paraguay
Kunza Atacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, Lipe Isolate 3,044 – extinct   Argentina Chile †
Yahgan Yámana Isolate – – extinct (late 1900s)   Argentina Chile
Quechua Quechuan 2,125,000 1,540,833 potentially endangered   Bolivia Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Argentina
Aymara Aymaran 1,470,000 1,008,825 potentially endangered   Bolivia Peru, Chile, Argentina
Chipaya Uru-Chipayan 2,134 1,800 endangered   Bolivia
Uchumataqu Uru Uru-Chipayan 230 – extinct (2004)   Bolivia
Chholo Uru-Chipayan ? 1? extinct   Bolivia
Puquina Puquinan – – extinct   Bolivia Peru †
Kallawaya Mixed – ? seriously endangered   Bolivia
Machineri Arawakan 30 13 seriously endangered   Bolivia Brazil
Baure Arawakan 886 67 seriously endangered   Bolivia
Moxo (Mojeño), Trinitario Arawakan 30,000 3,140 endangered   Bolivia
Moxo (Mojeño), Ignaciano Arawakan 2,000 1,080 seriously endangered   Bolivia
Paunaca Arawakan ? 5 moribund   Bolivia
Moré Itene Chapacuran 64 44 seriously endangered   Bolivia
Chácobo Pano-Tacanan Tacanan 516 380 endangered   Bolivia
Pacahuara Pano-Tacanan Tacanan 46 6 moribund   Bolivia
Yaminahua Pano-Tacanan Tacanan 93 51 seriously endangered   Bolivia Peru, Brazil
Ese Ejja Pano-Tacanan Tacanan 732 518 endangered   Bolivia Peru
Araona Pano-Tacanan Tacanan 158 111 seriously endangered   Bolivia
Cavineña Pano-Tacanan Tacanan 1,683 601 endangered   Bolivia
Tacana Pano-Tacanan Tacanan 7,345 1,153 / 50–500 seriously endangered   Bolivia
Maropa Reyesano Pano-Tacanan Tacanan 4,919 53 / 12 moribund   Bolivia
Yuki Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 208 140 seriously endangered   Bolivia
Sirionó Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 268 187 endangered   Bolivia
Guarayo Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 11,953 8,433 potentially endangered   Bolivia
Guaraní Chiriguano Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 125,159 43,633 potentially endangered   Bolivia Argentina
Tapieté Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 41 29 seriously endangered   Bolivia Argentina, Paraguay
'Weenhayek Mataco, Wichí in Argentina Matacoan 1,797 1,929 endangered   Bolivia Argentina
Ayoreo Zamucoan 1,398 1,398 endangered   Bolivia Paraguay
Canichana Isolate 404 4 / 0? extinct   Bolivia
Movima Isolate 12,230 1,173 seriously endangered   Bolivia
Cayubaba Isolate 664 23 / <3 moribund   Bolivia
Itonama Isolate 2,791 389 / < 2 moribund   Bolivia
Mosetén Mosetenan 1,588 948 endangered   Bolivia
Tsimane' Chimane Mosetenan 8,615 6,351 potentially endangered   Bolivia
Leko Isolate 4,186 132 / 20 moribund   Bolivia
Yurakaré Isolate 2,829 1,809 endangered   Bolivia
Besïro Chiquitano Macro-Gê Chiquitano 195,624 4,615 seriously endangered   Bolivia Brazil
Banawá Yafí Banawá Arawan 100 (2006) 100 seriously endangered   Brazil
Deni Arawan 875 (2006) 875 endangered   Brazil
Jamamadí Yamamadí, Kanamantí Arawan 884 (2006) 800 endangered   Brazil
Jarawara Jarauara Arawan 180 (2006) 180 endangered   Brazil
Kulina Culina, Madihá, Madiha, Madija Arawan 3,500 (2006) 3,000 endangered   Brazil Peru
Paumari Palmari Arawan 892 (2006) 290 (2000) seriously endangered   Brazil
Zuruahã Sorowaha, Suruwaha Arawan 136 (2007) 136 seriously endangered   Brazil
Apurinã Popingaré, Kangitê, Kaxiriri, Cacharary Arawakan 3,256 (2006) 2,000 endangered   Brazil
Asháninka Kampa, Axíninka Arawakan 869 (2004) 813 endangered   Brazil Peru
Baniwa Baniwa do Içana, Baniva, Baniua, Walimanai, Wakuenai Arawakan 5,811 (2005) 5,811 potentially endangered   Brazil Colombia, Venezuela
Baré Arawakan 10,275 (2005) 2 moribund   Brazil Venezuela
Enawê-Nawê Salumã Arawakan 445 (2006) 445 endangered   Brazil
Kaixana Caixana Arawakan 505 (2006) 1 moribund   Brazil
Kinikinau Guaná Arawakan 250 (2005) 11 (2007) moribund   Brazil
Kuripako Curripaco, Curipaco, Coripaco Arawakan 1,332 (2005) 1,332 endangered   Brazil Colombia, Venezuela
Machineri Manchineri, Yine Arawakan 937 (2004) 937 endangered   Brazil Bolivia
Mehinako Mehinaku, Meinaku Arawakan 227 (2006) 200 seriously endangered   Brazil
Palikur Paliku’ene, Aukwayene, Aukuyene Arawakan 1,330 (2006) 1,300 endangered   Brazil French Guiana
Parecí Paresí, Arití, Halití Arawakan 2,005 (2008) 1,000 endangered   Brazil
Tariana Tariano Arawakan 1,914 (2002) 100 seriously endangered   Brazil Colombia
Terêna Terena, Tereno Arawakan 19,961 19,000 potentially endangered   Brazil
Wapixana Wapishana, Wapisiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana Arawakan 7,000 (2008) 4,000? endangered   Brazil Guyana
Warekena Werekena, Uarequena Arawakan 806 (206) 20 seriously endangered   Brazil Venezuela
Waurá Waujá, Uará Arawakan 321 (2008) 321 endangered   Brazil
Yawalapití Iaualapití Arawakan 222 (2006) 10? moribund   Brazil
Bakairí Bacairí, Kurâ Cariban 950 (1999) 950 endangered   Brazil
Galibí Galibí do Oiapoque, Kari’na, Kaliña Cariban 66 only elders seriously endangered   Brazil Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana
Hixkaryana Hyxkaryana Cariban 631 (2006) 600 endangered   Brazil
Ikpeng Txicão, Txikão Cariban 342 (2006) 342 endangered   Brazil
Ingarikó Akawayo, Kapon Cariban 1,170 (2007) 1,170 endangered   Brazil Guyana, Venezuela
Kalapalo Calapalu Cariban 506 (2006) 506 endangered   Brazil
Katxuyana-Xikuyana Kaxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxuyana, Caxuiana Cariban 230 (2006) 150 seriously endangered   Brazil
Kuikuro Cuicuro Cariban 509 (2006) 600 endangered   Brazil
Makuxí Macuxi, Macushi, Pemon Cariban 23,433 (2006) 15,000 potentially endangered   Brazil Venezuela
Matipú Cariban 103 (2006) 10 moribund   Brazil
Nahukwá Nahukuá, Nafuquá Cariban 124 (2006) 124 seriously endangered   Brazil
Naruvoto Cariban 78 (2003) ? seriously endangered   Brazil
Patamona Kapon, Akawayo Cariban 87 (2006) ? seriously endangered   Brazil Guyana, Venezuela
Taurepang Taulipang, Pemon, Arekuna Cariban 582 (2002) 500 seriously endangered   Brazil Guyana, Venezuela
Tiriyó Trio, Tarëno, Tirió, Tirio, Tarona, Yawi, Pianokoto Cariban 1,156 (2006) 1,156 endangered   Brazil Suriname
Waimirí-Atroarí Kinã, Kinja Cariban 1,120 (2005) 1,120 endangered   Brazil
Waiwai Wai Wai, TunayanaWaiwai, Katuena Cariban 2,914 (2005) 2,914 potentially endangered   Brazil Guyana
Wayana Waiana, Uaiana, Aparaí Cariban 288 (2006) 288 endangered   Brazil Suriname, French Guiana
Yekuana Ye’kuana, Yekwana, Yecuana, Makiritare, Maquiritare, Maiongong, So’to Cariban 430 (2000) 430 endangered   Brazil Venezuela
Kuyubim Kujubí, Cojubím, Kaw Ta Yo Chapacuran 55 (2006) 2 (2001) moribund   Brazil
Miguelenho Uomo Chapacuran 50 1 moribund   Brazil
Moré Chapacuran 30 (2002) 12 (2002) seriously endangered   Brazil Bolivia
Oro Win Oro Towati Chapacuran 56 (2006) 5 moribund   Brazil
Torá Chapacuran 312 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Wari' Pakaa Nova, Pacaás Novos Chapacuran 2,721 (2006) 2,721 potentially endangered   Brazil
Kadiweu Kadiweo, Caduveo, Cadiuéu, Ejiwajigi, Mbaya-Guaicuru Guaicuruan 1,629 (2006) 1,600 endangered   Brazil
Kanamarí Canamarí, Tüküná, Tâkâna Harakmbut-Katukinan 1,654 (2006) most? endangered   Brazil
Katawixí Catawixi, Catauixi, Catawishi Harakmbut-Katukinan 10? (1986) 10? seriously endangered   Brazil
Katukina do Biá Pedá Djapá, Tüküná Harakmbut-Katukinan 450 (2007) 1 (1976) possibly extinct   Brazil
Tsohom Djapá Tucano Harakmbut-Katukinan 100 (1985) 30? seriously endangered   Brazil
Bororo Eastern Bororo, Boe, Boe Wadáru Macro-Gê Bororo 1,390(2006) 1,390 endangered   Brazil
Umutina Omotina, Barbados Macro-Gê Bororo 445 (2009) – extinct   Brazil
Chiquitano Linguará, Anenho Macro-Gê Chiquitano 737 (2006) 50 seriously endangered   Brazil Bolivia
Guató Macro-Gê Guató 370 (2006) 5 moribund   Brazil
Apinajé Apinayé, Apinaié, Timbira Ocidentais Macro-Gê Gêan 1,525 (2006) 1,500 endangered   Brazil
Canela Kanela, Kanela Ramkokamekrá, Kanela Apanyekra Macro-Gê Gêan 2,502 (2006) 2,502 endangered   Brazil
Gavião Perkatêjê Gavião, Parkatêjê, Gavião do Pará, Gavião do Mãe Maria Macro-Gê Gêan 476 (2006) 476 endangered   Brazil
Gavião Pukobiê Pykopjê, Gavião do Maranhão, Timbira Macro-Gê Gêan 494 (2006) 494 endangered   Brazil
Kaingang Caingangue, Kanhgág Macro-Gê Gêan 28,000 (2006) 18,500 potentially endangered   Brazil
Krahô Craô, Kraô, Mehim, Timbira Macro-Gê Gêan 2,184 (2006) 2,184 endangered   Brazil
Kren-Yê Macro-Gê Gêan 30 (1999) 1 (1981) extinct   Brazil
Krikatí Krinkatí, Krikatí-Timbira, Timbira Macro-Gê Gêan 682 (2005) 682 endangered   Brazil
Mebêngokrê Kayapó, Xikrin, Put Karot Macro-Gê Gêan 7,266 (2006) 7,266 potentially endangered   Brazil
Panará Krenhakarore, Krenakore, Krenakarore, Kreen-Akarore, Índios Gigantes Macro-Gê Gêan 374 (2008) 374 endangered   Brazil
Kisêdjê Suyá, Suiá, Mëkisêdjê Macro-Gê Gêan 351 (2006) 351 endangered   Brazil
Tapayuna Suyá Orientais, Novos Suyá, Beiço-de-Pau Macro-Gê Gêan 58 (1995) 58? seriously endangered   Brazil
Xakriabá Xacriabá, Xikriabá Macro-Gê Gêan 7,665 (2006) 0? possibly extinct   Brazil
Xavante A’uwe, Awen Macro-Gê Gêan 13,303 (2007) 13,303 potentially endangered   Brazil
Xerente Akwê, Akwen, Acuen Macro-Gê Gêan 2,569 (2006) 2,569 potentially endangered   Brazil
Xokleng Shokleng, Xokrén, Laklanô, Bugres, Botocudos, Aweikoma, Kaingang de Santa Catarina, Aweikoma-Kaingang Macro-Gê Gêan 887 (2004) 100 seriously endangered   Brazil
Arikapú Aricapú Macro-Gê Jabutí 30 (2006) 1 moribund   Brazil
Djeoromitxí Jeoromitxí, Jabutí Macro-Gê Jabutí 165 (2006) 30 (2008) seriously endangered   Brazil
Yatê Iatê, Fulniô, Carnijó Macro-Gê Yatê 2,930 (1999) 1,000 endangered   Brazil
Javaé Karajá Macro-Gê Karajá 1,208 (2006) 800? endangered   Brazil
Karajá Carajá, Iny Macro-Gê Karajá 2,532 (2006) 2,250 endangered   Brazil
Xambioá Karajá do Norte, Ixybiowa, Iraru Mahãdu Macro-Gê Karajá 269 (2006) 10 moribund   Brazil
Krenak Crenaque, Crenac, Krenac, Nakrehé, Krenak-Nakrehé, Borun; Botocudos; Aimorés Macro-Gê Krenakan 204 (2006) 10 moribund   Brazil
Maxakalí Maxacalí, Monacó, Kumanuxú, Tikmuún Macro-Gê Maxakalí 1,271 (2006) 1,271 endangered   Brazil
Pataxó Pataxó do Norte, Pataxó do Sur, Hã Hã Hãe Macro-Gê Maxakalí 2,219 (2005) – extinct (late 1900s)   Brazil
Ofayé Ofaié, Opayé, Ofayé-Xavante Macro-Gê Ofayé 61 (2006) 12 seriously endangered   Brazil
Rikbaktsá Erikbaktsá, Erigpaktsá, Orelhas de Pau, Canoeiros Macro-Gê Rikbaktsá 1,117 (2006) 900 endangered   Brazil
Mura Muran 9,299 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Pirahã Mura-Pirahã Muran 389 (2006) 389 endangered   Brazil
Dâw Kamã Nadahup 120 120 seriously endangered   Brazil
Hup Hupdá, Hupdé, Hupdá Makú Nadahup 1,500 1,500 endangered   Brazil Colombia
Kuyabi Kuyawi Nadahup 20 20 seriously endangered   Brazil
Nadëb Nadöbö, Anodöb, Makunadöbö, Guariba, Guariba Tapuyo, Kabori, Xiriwai Nadahup 350 350 endangered   Brazil
Yuhup Nadahup 617 617 endangered   Brazil Colombia
Latundê Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) Nambikwaran 19 19 seriously endangered   Brazil
Lakondê Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) Nambikwaran 7 1 seriously endangered   Brazil
Mamaindê Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) Nambikwaran 250 250 endangered   Brazil
Negarotê Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) Nambikwaran 80 80 seriously endangered   Brazil
Tawandê Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte) Nambikwaran few 1 moribund   Brazil
Southern Nambikwara Nambikwara do Sul Nambikwaran 721 721 seriously endangered   Brazil
Sabanê Nambikwaran 140 3 moribund   Brazil
Arara Shawãdawa Arara do Acre, Shawanauá Panotacanan Panoan 332 (2004) 9 (2000) moribund   Brazil
Katukina-Kanamari Katukina [Tüküná, Pi:Dyapa], Kanamarí [Tüküna Kanamarí, Canamari], Tsohom-Dyapa [Tsunhum-Djapá, Tyonhwak Dyapa], Katukina do Acre, Katukina Pano Panotacanan Panoan 2,239 (2008) 2,239 potentially endangered   Brazil
Kaxararí Caxarari, Kaxariri Panotacanan Panoan 322 (2009) 300? seriously endangered   Brazil
Kaxinawá Caxinauá, Cashinahuá, Cashinahua, Hantxa Kuin, Huni Kuin Panotacanan Panoan 4,500 (2004) 4,500 potentially endangered   Brazil Peru
Korubo Panotacanan Panoan 26 (2007) 26 seriously endangered   Brazil
Kulina do Acre Kulina Pano, Culina Panotacanan Panoan 125 (2006) only elders seriously endangered   Brazil
Marubo Panotacanan Panoan 1,252 (2006) 1,252 endangered   Brazil
Matís Panotacanan Panoan 322 (2008) 322 endangered   Brazil
Matsés Panotacanan Panoan 1,592 (2006) 1,500 endangered   Brazil Peru
Maya Quixito Panotacanan Panoan 400 400 endangered   Brazil Peru?
Nukini Nuquini, Nukuíni Panotacanan Panoan 600 (2003) – extinct   Brazil
Poyanawa Poianáua Panotacanan Panoan 403 (1999) 2 moribund   Brazil
Shanenawá Katukina, Shanenawá Panotacanan Panoan 361 (2006) 300 endangered   Brazil
Yaminawa Jaminawa, Iauminawa Panotacanan Panoan 855 (2006) 600 endangered   Brazil Bolivia, Peru
Yawanawá Yauanauá, Iauanauá Panotacanan Panoan 519 (2006) 519 endangered   Brazil
Arapaso Arapaço Tucanoan 569 0? possibly extinct   Brazil
Bará Waimajã, Waípinõmakã Tucanoan 21 (2005) 21 seriously endangered   Brazil Colombia
Barasana Barasano, Pãnerã, Hanera, Panenoá Tucanoan 34 (2005) 34 seriously endangered   Brazil Colombia
Desano Desana, Dessano, Wira, Umúkomasá Tucanoan 2,204 (2005) 700 endangered   Brazil Colombia
Karapanã Carapanã, Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna Tucanoan 63 (2005) 63 seriously endangered   Brazil Colombia
Kotiria Wanano, Wanana, Guanano, Uanano Tucanoan 735 (2005) 650 endangered   Brazil Colombia
Kubeo Cubeo, Cobewa, Kubéwa, Pamíwa Tucanoan 381 (2005) 150–200 seriously endangered   Brazil Colombia
Makuna Macuna, Yeba-Masã Tucanoan 32 (2005) 32 seriously endangered   Brazil Colombia
Mirity-Tapuya Miriti-Tapuia, Buia-Tapuya Tucanoan 75 (2005) 0? possibly extinct   Brazil
Piratapuya Piratapuia, PiraTapuia, Piratapuyo, Waíkana Tucanoan 1,433 (2005) 700 seriously endangered   Brazil Colombia
Siriano Siria-Masã Tucanoan 71 (2005) 71? seriously endangered   Brazil Colombia
Tukano Tucano, Ye’pãmasa, Dasea Tucanoan 6,241 (2005) 7,000 potentially endangered   Brazil Colombia
Tuyuka Tuyuca, Tuiuca, Dokapuara, Utapinõmakãphõná Tucanoan 825 (2005) 800? endangered   Brazil Colombia
Yurutí Jurití Tucanoan ? 0? possibly extinct   Brazil Colombia
Karitiana Tupían Arikem 320 (2005) 320 endangered   Brazil
Awetí Aueti Tupían Awetí 160 (2008) 160 seriously endangered   Brazil
Aruá Tupían Monde 36 12 seriously endangered   Brazil
Cinta Larga Tupían Monde 645 645 endangered   Brazil
Gavião Gavião de Rondônia, Ikõlej, Ikõleey, Ikõro Tupían Monde 523 (2004) 523 endangered   Brazil
Zoró Pageyn Tupían Monde 599 (2008) 599 endangered   Brazil
Paiter Suruí-Paiter, Suruí de Rondônia Tupían Monde 1,007 (2006) 1,007 endangered   Brazil
Salamãi Sanamãika, Mondé Tupían Monde ? 2 moribund   Brazil
Kuruaya Kuruaia, Curuaia Tupían Mundurukú 129 (2006) 3 moribund   Brazil
Mundurukú Mundurucú Tupían Mundurukú 10,065 (2002) 8,000 endangered   Brazil
Puruborá Tupían Puruborá 62 (2006) 2 moribund   Brazil
Karo Arara, Arara Karo, Arara de Rondônia, Arara Tupi, Ntogapíd, Itoga-púk, Ramarama, Uruku, Urumi, Ytangá Tupían Ramaraman 208 (2006) 200 seriously endangered   Brazil
Sateré-Mawé Sataré-Maué, Sateré, Mawé Tupían Sateré-Mawé 9,156 (2008) 6,219 endangered   Brazil
Ajurú Wayurú, Wayoró Tupían Tuparían 94 (2006) 8 seriously endangered   Brazil
Akuntsú Akunt’su, Akunsu Tupían Tuparían 5 (2009) 5 moribund   Brazil
Makurap Macurap Tupían Tuparían 381 (2006) 50 seriously endangered   Brazil
Sakurabiat Mekens, Mekém, Sakirabiat Tupían Tuparían 84 (2006) 22 (2008) seriously endangered   Brazil
Tuparí Tupían Tuparían 433 (2006) 150 (2005) seriously endangered   Brazil
Amanayé Amanaié, Ararandeuara Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 192 (2001) 0? possibly extinct   Brazil
Anambé Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 132 (2000) 6 (2000) moribund   Brazil
Apiaká Apiacá Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 1,000 (2009) 1 (2008) moribund   Brazil
Araweté Araueté Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 339 (2006) 339 endangered   Brazil
Akwawa varieties: Asuriní do Tocantins, Parakanã, Suruí do Tocantins Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 1,548 1,548 endangered   Brazil
Asuriní do Tocantins Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 384 (2006) 384 endangered   Brazil
Parakanã Apiterewa Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 900 (2004) 900 endangered   Brazil
Suruí do Tocantins Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 264 (2006) 264 endangered   Brazil
Asuriní do Xingu Awaeté Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 125 (2006) 125 seriously endangered   Brazil
Avá-Canoeiro Canoeiro, Carijó, Índios Negros, Cara Preta Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 16 16? seriously endangered   Brazil
Diahoi Jiahui, Jahói, Djahui, Diahkoi, Diarroi Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 88 1 moribund   Brazil
Guajá Awá, Avá Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 283 (2005) 283 endangered   Brazil
Guajajara Tenetehára, Ze’egete Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 19,471(2006) 14,000 potentially endangered   Brazil
Juma Yuma Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 5 5 moribund   Brazil
Ka'apor Urubu-Kaapor, Kaaporté Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 991 (2006) 991 endangered   Brazil
Kayabí Kaiabí, Caiabí Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 1,619 (2006) 1,000 endangered   Brazil
Kaiowa Kaiova, Paï-Tavyterã Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 20,000 (2003) most? endangered   Brazil Paraguay
Kamaiurá Camaiurá Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 492 (2006) 400 (2008) endangered   Brazil
Karipuna dialect [pt] (part of the Kagwahiva languages) Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 14 (2004) 10 moribund   Brazil
Kokama Kocama, Cocama Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 9,000(2003) 5 (1993) moribund   Brazil Peru, Colombia
Mbyá Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 6,000 (2003) 6,000 potentially endangered   Brazil Argentina, Paraguay
Ñandeva Ava-Guaraní or Chiripá in Paraguay Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 13,000 (2008) 13,000 potentially endangered   Brazil Paraguay
Nheengatu Yeral, Língua Geral, Língua Geral Amazônica Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 3,000 (1977) endangered   Brazil Venezuela
Omagua Kambeba, Kambewa, Cambeba Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 347 few? moribund   Brazil Peru
Parintintin Kagwahiwa Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 284 (2006) 10 moribund   Brazil
Tapirapé Tapi’irape Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 564 (2006) 564 endangered   Brazil
Tembé Timbé, Tenetehára, Turiwara Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 1,425 (2006) 60 seriously endangered   Brazil
Tenharim Kagwahiwa Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 699 (2006) 350 seriously endangered   Brazil
Tupinamba Coastal Tupi Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 2,590 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau Amondawa, Jupaú, Kawahíb Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 183 (2006) 183 seriously endangered   Brazil
Wajãpi Wayãpy, Waiãpi, Guaiapi, Wayampi, Oyampi Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 905 (2008) 905 endangered   Brazil French Guiana
Xetá Hetá Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 86 (2006) 8 moribund   Brazil
Zo'é Poturu, Jo’é Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 177 (2003) 177 seriously endangered   Brazil
Xipaya Xipaia, Shipaya Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 595 (2002) 2 (2003) moribund   Brazil
Yudjá Yuruna, Juruna, Jurûna Tupían Yuruna 362 (2006) 300? seriously endangered   Brazil
Witoto Huitoto, Uitoto Witotoan Witotoan proper 42 ? possibly extinct (in Brazil)   Brazil Peru, Colombia
Miranha Mirãnha, Miraña Witotoan Boran 836 (2006) – extinct   Brazil Colombia
Sánuma Sanïma, Sánïma, Sánema Yanomaman 462 (2006) 462 endangered   Brazil Venezuela
Yanam Ninam, Xirianá Yanomaman 466 (2006) 466 seriously endangered   Brazil Venezuela
Yanomam Yanomae Yanomaman 4,000 (2006) 4,000 potentially endangered   Brazil Venezuela
Yanomami Yanomamï, Yanomamõ, Yanomama, Yanoama Yanomaman 6,000 (2006) 6,000 potentially endangered   Brazil Venezuela
Chamacoco Ishir Zamucoan 1,572 (2002) 1,572 endangered   Brazil Paraguay
Aikanã Aikaná, Masaká, Kasupá, Huarí, Mondé, Tubarão Isolate 200 150 seriously endangered   Brazil
Atikum Aticum, Wamoé Isolate 5,852 (1999) – extinct (1960s)   Brazil
Iranxe Irantxe, Manoki Isolate 276 (2006) 10 seriously endangered   Brazil
Myky Menky, Munku Isolate 80 (2000) 80? seriously endangered   Brazil
Kanoê Canoé, Kapixaná Isolate 95 (2002) 3 moribund   Brazil
Kwazá Koaiá, Coaiá, Quaia Isolate 40 (2008) 25 seriously endangered   Brazil
Ticuna Tikuna, Tukuna, Magüa Isolate 35,000 (2008) 35,000 potentially endangered   Brazil Colombia, Peru
Trumai Isolate 147 (2006) 51 (2007) seriously endangered   Brazil
Tuxá Isolate 3,927 2 (1961) extinct (1960s)   Brazil
Arara do Aripuanã Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Rio Branco Unclassified 209 (2005) – extinct   Brazil
Isolados do Massaco Unclassified 100? 100? seriously endangered   Brazil
Isolados do Tanarú Unclassified 1 1 moribund   Brazil
Kambiwá Cambiuá Unclassified 2,820 2 (1961) extinct   Brazil
Kantaruré Unclassified 493 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Kapinawá Capinauá Unclassified 3,294 – extinct   Brazil
Kariri Cariri, Kipea, Kiriri, Dzubukuá; Tumbalalá Unclassified ? 1,469 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Kiriri Katembri, Kariri, Kariri de Mirandela Unclassified 1,612 1 (1960s) extinct   Brazil
Máku Macu, Mako Unclassified ? – extinct (2000–2002)   Brazil
Pankararu Pancararu, Pankararé Unclassified 6,515 – extinct   Brazil
Potiguara Potyguara Unclassified 11,424 – extinct   Brazil
Tapeba Tapebano, Perna-de-Pau Unclassified 5,741 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Tingui-Botó Unclassified 302 – extinct   Brazil
Tremembé Unclassified 2,049 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Truká Unclassified 4,169 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Wassú Unclassified 1,560 (2003) – extinct   Brazil
Xokó Chocó Unclassified 364 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Kariri-Xocó Unclassified 1,763 (2000) – extinct   Brazil
Xukuru-Kariri Unclassified 2,652 (2006) – extinct   Brazil
Xukuru Unclassified 9,064 (2006) – extinct (early 1960s)   Brazil
Huilliche Chesungun Araucanian 2,000 (1982) few elders moribund   Chile
Mapudungun Mapuche Araucanian 604,349 250,000 endangered   Chile Argentina
Aymara Aymaran 48,501 24,000 endangered   Chile Bolivia, Peru, Argentina
Selk'nam Ona Chonan – – extinct   Chile Argentina †
Quechua Quechuan 6,175 1,000 ? endangered   Chile Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia
Kunza Atacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, Lipe Isolate 21,015 – extinct (1960)   Chile Argentina †, Bolivia †
Yahgan Yámana, Háusi Kútə Isolate 1685 / 70 1 moribund   Chile Argentina †
Kawésqar Qawasqar, Alacaluf Isolate 2622 / 101 20 moribund   Chile
Achagua Arawakan 283 (2001) 283 seriously endangered   Colombia Venezuela †
Baniva Baniva del Guainía Arawakan ? few? seriously endangered   Colombia Venezuela, Brazil
Cabiyarí Kabiyari, Kawiyarí, Kawiri, Cauyari, Cabuyari Arawakan 311 (2001) 311 seriously endangered   Colombia
Curripaco Curripaco-Baniva, Kurripako, Baniva del Isana Arawakan 7,827 (2001) 7,000? potentially endangered   Colombia Venezuela, Brazil
Wayuunaiki Guajiro, Goajiro Arawakan 149,827 (2001) 149,827 potentially endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Piapoco Piapoko, Tsáçe Arawakan 4,926 (2001) 4,926 potentially endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Tariana Tariano Arawakan 445 (2001) 0? possibly extinct   Colombia Brazil
Yucuna-Matapí Yukuna Arawakan 770 (221) 770 endangered   Colombia Brazil?
Awa Pit Awapit, Awá, Awa-Cuaiquer, Cuaiquer, Kwaiker Barbacoan 15,364 (2001) < 15,364 endangered   Colombia Ecuador
Guambiano Coconuco, Guanaca Barbacoan 23,462 (2001) 23,462 endangered   Colombia
Totoró Barbacoan 4,130 (2001) 4 moribund   Colombia
Carijona Karijona, Tsahá Cariban 307 (2001) < 10 moribund   Colombia
Opón-Carare Cariban ? – extinct   Colombia
Yuko Yukpa, Yucpa, Japrería Cariban 3,651 (2001) 3,651 potentially endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Arhuaco Ika, Ijka, Bíntukua Chibchan 14,799 (2001) 14,799 potentially endangered   Colombia
Barí Motilón Chibchan 3,617 (2001) 3,617 potentially endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Chimila Ette Taara Chibchan 900 (2001) 900 endangered   Colombia
Cuna Kuna, Tule Chibchan 1,231 (2001) 1,231 endangered   Colombia PA
Damana Sanka, Malayo, Arsario, Wiwa Chibchan 1,922 (2001) 1,922 endangered   Colombia
Kogui Kawgian, Kággaba, Kogi Chibchan 9,911 (2001) 9,911 potentially endangered   Colombia
Uwa-Tunebo Uw Kuwa, U’wa Chibchan 7,231 (2001) 7,231 potentially endangered   Colombia Venezuela †
Emberá Pede Epenã, Epérã Pedée, Pede, Chamí, Catío, Katío, Sambú Chocoan 88,747 (2001) 88,747? potentially endangered   Colombia Ecuador, PA
Waunana Waunán, Waunméu, Waumeo, Chocó, Noanama Chocoan 8,177 8,177 potentially endangered   Colombia PA
Zenú Chocoan 34,566 – extinct   Colombia
Cuiba Cuiva, Kuiva Guahiboan 2,445 (2001) 2,445 endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Sikuani Hiwi, Jive, Guahibo, Vichadeño, Amorúa, Tigrero Guahiboan 23,006 (2001) 23,006 potentially endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Guayabero Mitua, Jiw Guahiboan 1,118 (2001) 1,118 endangered   Colombia
Hitnu Jitnu, Macaguane-Hitnu Guahiboan 441 (2001) 441? endangered   Colombia
Pepojivi Playero, Guahibo Playero Guahiboan < 200 (1982) < 200 seriously endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Hup Hupda, Hupdë Nadahup 235 235 seriously endangered   Colombia Brazil
Kakua Cakua Nadahup 220 220 seriously endangered   Colombia
Nukak Nadahup 390 390 endangered   Colombia
Yuhup Yuhuo Makú Nadahup 200 200 seriously endangered   Colombia Brazil
Yagua Yawa Peba-Yaguan 297 (2001) 297 endangered   Colombia Peru
Inga Ingano Quechuan 19,079 (2001) 8,000 endangered   Colombia
Piaroa Sáliba-Piaroan 773 (2001) 773 endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Sáliba Sáliva Sáliba-Piaroan 1,929 (2001) < 1,929 endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Bará Waimaja, Waimasa, Waymasa, Waimaha, Barasano del Norte Tucanoan 109 (2001) 109 seriously endangered   Colombia Brazil
Barasana Barasano, Barasano del Sur, Pãnerã, Banera Yae Tucanoan 1,890 (1997) 1,890 endangered   Colombia Brazil
Carapana Karapana Tucanoan 464 (2001) 464 endangered   Colombia Brazil
Cubeo Kubeo Tucanoan 6,647 (2001) 6,647 potentially endangered   Colombia Brazil
Desano Tucanoan 2,457 (2001) 2,457 endangered   Colombia Brazil
Koreguaje Coreguaje, Ko’reuaju Tucanoan 2,212 (2001) 2,212 endangered   Colombia
Macaguaje Makaguaje Tucanoan 50 (2001) 0? possibly extinct   Colombia
Macuna Makuna Tucanoan 1,009 (2001) 1,009 endangered   Colombia Brazil
Piratapuyo Piratapuya Tucanoan 630 (2001) 630 endangered   Colombia Brazil
Pisamira Pápiwa Tucanoan 61 (2001) 25 seriously endangered   Colombia Brazil
Siona SionaSecoya Tucanoan 734 (2001) 500 (2003) endangered   Colombia Ecuador, Peru
Siriano Tucanoan 749 (2001) 749 endangered   Colombia Brazil
Taiwano Taibano, Eduria Tucanoan 22 (2001) 22 moribund   Colombia
Tanimuca-Letuama Opaina, Ufaina, Retuarã Tucanoan 1,952 (2001) < 1,952 endangered   Colombia
Tatuyo Tucanoan 331 (2001) 331 endangered   Colombia
Tucano Tucanoan 6,996 (2001) 6,996 potentially endangered   Colombia Brazil
Tuyuca Tucanoan 642 (2001) 642 endangered   Colombia Brazil
Wanano Guanano, Kotiria Tucanoan 1,395 (2001) 1,395 endangered   Colombia Brazil
Yauna Tucanoan 103 (2001) 103? seriously endangered   Colombia
Yurutí Tucanoan 687 (2001) 687 endangered   Colombia Brazil
Cocama Kokama, Cocama, Cocamilla Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 792 (2001) few semi-speakers moribund   Colombia Peru, Brazil
Nonuya Witotoan Witotoan proper 228 (2001) 2 moribund   Colombia
Ocaina Witotoan Witotoan proper 137 137 seriously endangered   Colombia Peru
Witoto Witoto, Witoto Murui, Witoto Mïnïca, Witoto Muinane Witotoan Witotoan proper 7,343 7,343 potentially endangered   Colombia Peru, Brazil †?
Bora Witotoan Boran 701 (2001) <500 seriously endangered   Colombia Peru
Miraña Witotoan Boran 715 (2001) <100 seriously endangered   Colombia Brazil
Muinane Bora Muinane Witotoan Boran 547 50–100? seriously endangered   Colombia
A'ingae Cofán, Kofán Isolate 1,143 (2000) 379 (2008) endangered   Colombia Ecuador
Andoke Andoque Isolate 597 (2001) 597 endangered   Colombia
Kamsá Camsá, Kamëntsa Isolate 4,773 (2001) 4,773 potentially endangered   Colombia
Nasa Yuwe Paéz Isolate 138,501 (2001) 60,000 endangered   Colombia
Ticuna Tikuna Isolate 7,102 (2001) 7,102 potentially endangered   Colombia Peru, Brazil
Tinigua Isolate 1? 1 (2008) moribund   Colombia
Carabayo Yuri Unclassified 217 (2001) 217 seriously endangered   Colombia
Wãnsöhöt Puinave Unclassified 6,604 (2001) 6,604 potentially endangered   Colombia Venezuela
Awapit Barbacoan 3,283 2,100 endangered   Ecuador Colombia
Cha'palaa Cha’palaachi, Chachi, Cayapa Barbacoan 5,465 5,871 endangered   Ecuador
Tsafiqui Tsafiki, Tsáchila, Tsachela, Colorado Barbacoan 1,484 1,872 endangered   Ecuador
Epera Pedede Êpera, Epena Pedee, Siapedie, Emberá, Emberá del Sur, Emberá Chami Chocoan 65 52 seriously endangered   Ecuador Colombia
Achuar-Shiwiara Achiar Chicham Jivaroan 2,404 2,943 endangered   Ecuador Peru
Shiwiar Chicham Jivaroan 612 579 endangered   Ecuador
Shuar Chicham Jivaroan 52,697 42,261 potentially endangered   Ecuador
Quichua Cañar, Azuay, Cotopaxo, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, Imbabura, Loza, Napo, Pastaza, and Salasaca dialects Quechuan 408,395 451,783 potentially endangered   Ecuador Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia
Secoya Siona-Secoya, Pai Coca Tucanoan 240 85 seriously endangered   Ecuador Colombia, Peru
Pai Coca Siona, Kokakañú Tucanoan 304 260 seriously endangered   Ecuador
Teteté Tucanoan ? 2 (1969) possibly extinct   Ecuador
Záparo Kayapi Zaparoan 346 176 seriously endangered   Ecuador
A'ingae Cofán Isolate 1,044 638 endangered   Ecuador Colombia
Huao Wao, Waorani, Waotededo, Wao Tiriro, Auca, Sabela Isolate 1,534 1,616 endangered   Ecuador
Lokono Arawak Arawakan 15,500 (2000) 1,500 seriously endangered   Guyana Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela
Wapishana Arawakan 6,900 (2000) < 6,900 endangered   Guyana Brazil
Mawayana Arawakan ? few rememberers extinct   Guyana Suriname, Brazil †
Akawayo Kapon Cariban 5,000 (2000) < 5,000 endangered   Guyana Venezuela, Brazil
Arekuna Pemon Cariban 400–500 400–500 endangered   Guyana Venezuela, Brazil
Kari'na Carib Cariban 3,000 (2000) few hundred seriously endangered   Guyana French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil
Makushi Pemon Cariban 7,750 (2000) < 7,750 endangered   Guyana Venezuela, Brazil
Patamona Kapon Cariban 5,000 (2000) < 5,000 endangered   Guyana Venezuela, Brazil
Waiwai Cariban 240 240 seriously endangered   Guyana Brazil
Warao Isolate 5,000 (2000) few seriously endangered   Guyana Venezuela, Brazil
Taruma Saluma, Saloema, Charuma Unclassified ? few moribund   Guyana Suriname †, Brazil †
Lokono Arawak Arawakan 2,000 500-700 endangered   Suriname French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela
Mawayana Arawakan 60-80 < 5 moribund   Suriname
Akuriyo Cariban 40-50 3 moribund   Suriname
Kari'na Carib Cariban 3,000 1,200 seriously endangered   Suriname Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil
Sikïiyana Cariban 60-70 < 12 moribund   Suriname
Trio Cariban 1,300 1,300 endangered   Suriname Brazil
Tunayana Katuena Cariban 80-90 10 moribund   Suriname
Wayana Cariban 450 450 endangered   Suriname French Guiana, Brazil
Arawak Lokono Arawakan 1,500 375 seriously endangered   French Guiana Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela
Palikur Arawakan 1,500 < 1500 endangered   French Guiana Brazil
Aparaí Cariban ? few seriously endangered   French Guiana Brazil
Galibi Kari’na, Kali’na Cariban 4,000 2,400 endangered   French Guiana Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil
Wayana Cariban 1,000 1,000 endangered   French Guiana Suriname, Brazil
Emérillon Teko Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 400 400 endangered   French Guiana
Wayãpi Wajãpi, Wayampi Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 750 750 endangered   French Guiana Brazil
Angaité Enlhet-Enenlhet 3,730 1,030 endangered   Paraguay
Enlhet Enlhet Norte, Enslet, Enthlit, Enlhet-Lengua, Lengua Enlhet-Enenlhet 7,316 6,439 endangered   Paraguay
Enxet Enxet Sur Enlhet-Enenlhet 5,930 3,842 endangered   Paraguay
Guaná Kashika Enlhet-Enenlhet 258 29 seriously endangered   Paraguay
Sanapaná Sa’apan, Kasnapan Enlhet-Enenlhet 2,327 984 endangered   Paraguay
Toba-Enenlhet including Toba-Maskoy Enlhet-Enenlhet 1,509 1,253 endangered   Paraguay
Toba-Maskoy Enlhet-Enenlhet 764 12 moribund   Paraguay
Toba-Qom Qom-Lik, Emok-Lik, Takshika, Toba in Argentina Guaicuruan 1,499 1,183 endangered   Paraguay Argentina
Maká Maca Matacoan 1,307 1,042 endangered   Paraguay
Manjuy Manjui, Chorote in Argentina; three varieties: Iyo’wuhwa, Iyojwa’ja [Yohwaha], and Montaraz [Wikinawos, Manjuy] Matacoan 452 365 endangered   Paraguay Argentina
Nivaclé Nivaklé, Chulupí, Ashluslay Matacoan 12,169 10,109 endangered   Paraguay Argentina
Aché Axé, Aché-Guayaki, Guayakí Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 1,242 911 endangered   Paraguay
Ava-Guaraní Chiripá, Ava-Chiripá, Chiripá-Guaraní, Avakatu-ete, Ñandeva in Brazil Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 13,872 6,308 endangered   Paraguay Brazil
Guaraní-Ñandeva Ñandeva, Tapieté Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 2,021 1,550 endangered   Paraguay Argentina, Bolivia
Guaraní Occidental Ava-Guaraní in Argentina, Guaraní (Chiriguano) in Bolivia Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 2,359 574 seriously endangered   Paraguay Argentina, Bolivia
Mbyá Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 14,624 10,016 endangered   Paraguay Argentina, Brazil
Pãi-Tavyterã Kaiova, Kaiowa, Avá Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 13,391 6,364 endangered   Paraguay Brazil
Ayoreo Moro, Pyta Jovai Zamucoan 2,100 1,756 endangered   Paraguay Bolivia
Chamacoco Ishir, Yshyrö; 2 varieties: Ybytoso, Ybytoso Zamucoan   Paraguay
Ybytoso Zamucoan 1,553 1,174 endangered   Paraguay Brazil
Tamárâho Zamucoan 106 85 endangered   Paraguay Brazil
Madija Madiha, Kulina, Kurina Arawan 300 300 endangered   Peru Brazil
Asháninca Asháninka Arawakan 88,703 (2007) 88,703 potentially endangered   Peru
Ashéninca Ashéninka, Axininca, Ashéninca Pajonal Arawakan 20,000 20,000 potentially endangered   Peru
Campa Caquinte Poyenisati Arawakan 500 500 endangered   Peru
Chamicuro Chamekolo Arawakan 126 (1993) 8 (2008) moribund   Peru
Iñapari Arawakan 68 (1993) 4 (1998) moribund   Peru
Machiguenga Matsiguenga, Matsigenka, Niagantsi Arawakan 8,679 (1993) 5,000 endangered   Peru
Nanti Cugapacori, Kugapakori Arawakan 450 450 endangered   Peru
Nomatsiguenga Inato, Ina’o, Inthome, Intsome Arawakan 5,531 (1993) 5,531 potentially endangered   Peru
Resígaro Arawakan 14 (1993) 2 moribund   Peru
Yanesha' Amuesha Arawakan 10,000 8,000 potentially endangered   Peru
Yine Piro, Apurinã, Yinerï Tokanï Arawakan 2,553 (1993) 2,553 potentially endangered   Peru
Aymara Aymaran 434,372 (2007) < 434,372 potentially endangered   Peru
Cauqui Aymaran ? 9 (2005) moribund   Peru
Jaqaru or Cauqui Aymaran 3,000? 725? endangered   Peru
Shawi Chayahuita Cahuapanan 21,424 (2007) 14,000 endangered   Peru
Shiwilu Jebero, Xebero Cahuapanan 642 (1993) < 30 seriously endangered   Peru
Harakmbut Harakmbut Hate, Harakmbut Ate, Amarakaeri Harakmbut-Katukinan 1,206 (1993) 1,206 endangered   Peru
Cholón or Seeptsá Hibitocholonan ? 2 (1986) possibly extinct   Peru
Achuar-Shiwiar Shiwiar-Maina Jivaroan 2,500 (2008) 2,500 endangered   Peru Ecuador
Awajún Aguajún, Ahuajún, Aguaruna Jivaroan 55,366 (2007) 55,366 potentially endangered   Peru
Huambisa Jivaroan 8,000 8,000 potentially endangered   Peru
Amahuaca Ameuhaque, Amaguaco Pano-Tacanan Panoan 247 (1993) 100? seriously endangered   Peru Brazil
Capanahua Capabaquebo, Kapanawa, Capacho Pano-Tacanan Panoan 275 (2006) 100? seriously endangered   Peru
Cashibo-Cacataibo Uni Pano-Tacanan Panoan 2,191 (1993) 2,191 endangered   Peru
Cashinahua Caxinahua, Kaxinawa, Hantxa Kuin, Pano-Tacanan Panoan 957 (1993) 957 endangered   Peru Brazil
Matsés Matsés-Mayoruna, Mayoruna Pano-Tacanan Panoan 2,500 2,500 endangered   Peru Brazil
Nahua Yura, Yora, Yurahahua Pano-Tacanan Panoan 450 450 endangered   Peru Bolivia
Sharanahua Marinahua, Mastanahua, Parquenahua Pano-Tacanan Panoan 438 <438 endangered   Peru Brazil
Shipibo-Konibo Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo Pano-Tacanan Panoan 22,517 (2007) 22,517 endangered   Peru
Wariapano Huariapano, Panobo Pano-Tacanan Panoan ? – probably extinct (1991)   Peru
Yaminahua Pano-Tacanan Panoan 400 400 endangered   Peru Bolivia, Brazil
Ese Ejja Huarayo, Guarayo, Chama Pano-Tacanan Tacanan 782 (1993) 782 endangered   Peru Bolivia
Yagua Yawa, Iahua Peba-Yaguan 5,000 4,000 endangered   Peru Colombia
Quechua Quechuan 3,262,137 (2007) < 3,262,137 potentially endangered   Peru Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina
Orejón Maihuna, Coto, Payagua, Tutapi Tucanoan 300 100 seriously endangered   Peru
Secoya Siona-Secoya Tucanoan 329 (1993) 329 endangered   Peru Ecuador
Cocama-Cocamilla Xibitoana, Huallaga, Pampadeque Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 10,705 1,000 seriously endangered   Peru Colombia, Brazil
Omagua Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 630 (1976) 2 (2010) moribund   Peru Brazil
Huitoto Witoto Witotoan Witotoan proper 3,000 1,000 endangered   Peru Colombia, Brazil †?
Ocaina Witotoan Witotoan proper 150 50 seriously endangered   Peru Colombia
Bora Witotoan Boran 3,000 2,000 endangered   Peru Colombia, Brazil
Andoa-Shimigae Zaparoan ? 2 (2008) moribund   Peru Ecuador
Arabela Chiripuno Zaparoan 500 50 (2001) seriously endangered   Peru
Cahuarano Cahuarana Zaparoan ? 5 (1975) extinct   Peru
Iquito Amacacore, Quiturran, Puca-Uma Zaparoan 500 25–50 seriously endangered   Peru
Candoshi Candoshi-Shapra Isolate 1,586 (1993) 1,586 endangered   Peru
Munichi Muniche Isolate ? 8 (2008) moribund   Peru
Ticuna Isolate 8,000 8,000 potentially endangered   Peru Brazil, Colombia
Urarina Kacha Ere, Shimacu, Itucale, Cimarrón Isolate 2,000 (2003) 2,000 potentially endangered   Peru
Vacacocha Aushiri Isolate ? 2? (2008) moribund   Peru
Aguano Unclassified (Arawakan)? 40 families (1959) extinct   Peru
Culle Culli Unclassified – – extinct (1950s)   Peru
Mashco Mashco-Piro Unclassified 200–600 200–600 endangered   Peru Brazil
Taushiro Pinche Unclassified 20 1 (2008) moribund   Peru
Achagua Arawakan – – extinct   Venezuela Colombia
Añu Paraujano Arawakan 11,205 (2001) 20 seriously endangered   Venezuela
Baniva Baníwa, Banibo, Baniva-Yavitero, Baniva del Guainía Arawakan 2,408 (2001) 608 endangered   Venezuela Colombia, Brazil
Baré Arawakan 2,815 (2001) 239 / few moribund   Venezuela Brazil
Kurripako Curripaco, Wakuénai, Baniva-Kurripako, Baniwa del Isana Arawakan 4,925 (2001) 3,743 potentially endangered   Venezuela Colombia, Brazil
Lokono Arhwak, Aruaco Arawakan 428 (2001) 130 seriously endangered   Venezuela French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana
Mandahuaca Mandawaka Arawakan ? – possibly extinct   Venezuela Brazil
Piapoko Piapoco, Tsáçe Arawakan 1,939 (2001) 1,745 potentially endangered   Venezuela Colombia
Warekena Guarequena Arawakan 513 (2001) 160 seriously endangered   Venezuela Brazil
Wayuunaiki Guajiro, Wayuu Arawakan 293,777 (2001) 293,777 potentially endangered   Venezuela Colombia
Yavitero Baniva-Yavitero, Banibo Arawakan ? 1 (2000) possibly extinct   Venezuela
Akawayo Kapon Cariban 245 (2001) 180 endangered   Venezuela Guyana, Brazil
Chaima Cariban 4,084 (2001) 63 seriously endangered   Venezuela
E'ñepa Panare, Mapoyo Cariban 4,269 (2001) 4,184 potentially endangered   Venezuela
Kariña Kariñá, Kari’na, Galibi Cariban 16,686 (2001) < 5,000 endangered   Venezuela French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana
Kumanagoto Cariban 553 (2001) 49 seriously endangered   Venezuela
Makushi Macushi, Makuxi Cariban 83 (2001) not known endangered   Venezuela Guyana, Brazil
Mapoyo Mapoio, Wánai Cariban 365 (2001) 12 moribund   Venezuela
Patamona Kapón Cariban 200 200? endangered   Venezuela Guyana, Brazil
Pemon Arekuna, Taurepan(g), Kamarakoto Cariban 27,157 (2001) 23,083 potentially endangered   Venezuela Guyana, Brazil
Pémono Cariban ? 1 possibly extinct   Venezuela
Piritugoto Cariban 236 (2001) 50 seriously endangered   Venezuela
Yawarana Yavarana, Yabarana Cariban 292 (2001) 151 seriously endangered   Venezuela
Ye'kuana Ye’kwana, De’kwana, Maquiritare, Maiongong Cariban 6,523 (2001) 6,200 endangered   Venezuela Brazil
Yukpa Yucpa, Japrería Cariban 7,522 (2001) < 7,522 potentially endangered   Venezuela Colombia
Barí Motilón Chibchan 1,520 (1992) 1,520 endangered   Venezuela Colombia
Tunebo Uwa-Tunebo Chibchan ? ? possibly extinct   Venezuela Colombia
Kuiva Cuiva, Cuiba Guahiboan 454 (2001) 440 endangered   Venezuela Colombia
Hiwi Jivi, Guahibo, Sikuani Guahiboan 14,750 (2001) 12,000 potentially endangered   Venezuela Colombia
Pepojivi Playero, Guahibo Playero Guahiboan 200 200 seriously endangered   Venezuela Colombia
Mako Wirú, Wirö Sáliba-Piaroan 1,130 (2001) most endangered   Venezuela
Piaroa Wothüha, Wotjüja, Wu’tjuja Sáliba-Piaroan 14,494 (2001) 13,000 endangered   Venezuela Colombia
Sáliba Sáliva Sáliba-Piaroan 265 (2001) 36 seriously endangered   Venezuela Colombia
Yeral Geral, Nheengatu, Ñengatú Tupían Tupí-Guaranían 1,294 (2001) 650 endangered   Venezuela Brazil
Ninam Yanam Yanomaman ? ? seriously endangered   Venezuela Brazil
Sanïma Sanema, Sanuma Yanomaman 3,035 (2001) 3,035 potentially endangered   Venezuela Brazil
Yanomae Yanomam, Yanomamë, Yanomama Yanomaman ? ? potentially endangered   Venezuela Brazil
Yanomamï Yanoamï, Yanoamae Yanomaman 12,234 (2001) 12,234 potentially endangered   Venezuela Brazil
Hodï Hoti, Jodi, Ho Isolate 767 (2001) 767 endangered   Venezuela
Pumé Yaruro Isolate 8,222 7,400 endangered   Venezuela
Sapé Kariana, Kaliana, Caliana Isolate 20 (2008) few elders moribund   Venezuela
Uruak Arutani, Awake Isolate 29 (2001) 29 seriously endangered   Venezuela Brazil?
Warao Isolate 36,028 (2001) 32,400 potentially endangered   Venezuela Guyana
Puinave Wãnsöhöt Unclassified 1,307 (2001) 550 endangered   Venezuela Colombia

Languages by classification edit

Jolkesky (2016) edit

Jolkesky (2016) lists 43 language families and 66 language isolates (and/or unclassified languages) in South America – a total of 109 independent families and isolates.[2]: 783–806 

Andoke-Urekena
Arawa
Barbakoa
Bora-Muinane
Chacha-Cholon-Hibito
Chapakura-Wañam
Charrua
Chibcha
Choko
Chon
Duho
Guahibo
Harakmbet-Katukina
Jaqi
Jirajara †
Jivaro
Karib
Kawapana
Kechua
  • Kechua I
    • Kechua Pacaraos
    • Kechua I, Central
      • Wallaga
        • Kechua Ambo-Pasco
        • Kechua Cajatambo
        • Kechua Wallaga
        • Kechua Wamalies
        • Kechua Junin
        • Kechua Tusi Pasco
      • Wankay
        • Kechua Waylla Wanka
        • Kechua Jauja-Wanka
      • Waylay
        • Kechua Conchucos, Southern
        • Kechua Conchucos, Northern
        • Kechua Corongo
        • Kechua Waylas
        • Kechua Siwas
      • Yauyos
        • Kechua Yauyos
  • Kechua II
    • Kechua Chincha †
    • Kechua Cusco, Classical †
    • Kechua IIa
      • Kechua Cajamarca-Lambayeque
        • Kechua Cajamarca
        • Kechua Lambayeque
      • Kechua Laraos-Lincha
        • Kechua Laraos
        • Kechua Lincha
    • Kechua IIb
      • Kechua Chachapoyas
      • Kechua San Martin
      • Kichua, Equatorial
        • Inga
        • Kichua Chimborazo
        • Kichua Imbabura
        • Kichua Kañar-Loja
        • Kichua Napo
        • Kichua Pastaza
        • Kichua Pichincha
        • Kichua Salasaca
        • Kichua Tena
    • Kechua IIc
      • Kechua Ayacucho
      • Kechua Cusco-Boliviano
        • Kechua Apolo
        • Kechua Arequipa
        • Kechua Boliviano
        • Kechua Cusco, Modern
        • Kechua Puno
      • Kechua Santiagueño
Lengua-Maskoy
Macro-Arawak
Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru
Macro-Jê
Mapudungun
Moseten-Tsimane
Mura-Matanawi
Nambikwara
Otomako-Taparita †
Pano-Takana
Peba-Yagua
Puinave-Nadahup
Puri †
Tallan †
Timote-Kuika
Tinigua-Pamigua
Tukano
Tupi
Uru-Chipaya
Warpe †
Witoto-Okaina
Yanomami
Zamuko
Zaparo
Isolates

Campbell (2012) edit

Lyle Campbell (2012) proposed the following list of 53 uncontroversial indigenous language families and 55 isolates of South America – a total of 108 independent families and isolates.[3]

Aikaná (Aikanã, Huarí, Warí, Masaká, Tubarão, Kasupá, Mundé, Corumbiara)
Andaquí †
Andoque (Andoke, Cho'oje, Patsiaehé)
Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipurean, Maipuran)
Arawan (Arauán, Arahuan, Arawa)
Atacameño † (Cunza, Kunza, Atacama, Lipe Lican Antai)
  • (local varieties: Apatama, Casabindo, Churumata, Cochinoca)
Awaké (Ahuaqué, Oewacu, Arutani, Uruák)
Aymaran (Jaqi, Aru)
Baenan † (Baena, Baenã)
Barbacoan
Extinct
Barbacoa; Cara (Kara, Caranqui, Karanki, Imbaya); Pasto (Muellamués (Muellama)), Sindagua (Malla), and Coconuco
Betoi † (Betoy, Jirarra, Jirarru)
Boran (Bora-Muinane)
Bororoan
Cahuapanan (Jebero, Kawapanan, Kahuapanan; earlier called Maina, Mainan)
Camsá (Sibundoy, Sebondoy, Coche, Kamsá, Kamemtxa, Kamse, Camëntsëá, Mocoa, Quillacinga)
Cañar-Puruhá †
Candoshi (Candoxi, Maina, Kandoshi, Shapra, Murato, Roamaina)
Canichana † (Canesi, Kanichana, Canisiana)
Cariban
Cayuvava † (Cayuwaba, Cayubaba, Kayuvava)
Chapacuran (Chapakuran, Txapakuran)
Charrúan †
Chibchan
Chipaya-Uru (Uru-Chipaya, Uruquilla)
Chiquitano (Besïro, Chiquito, Tarapecosi)
Chocoan
Cholonan † (Hibito-Cholon)
Chonan (Tehuelchean, Chon family)
Chono †
Cofán (Kofan, A'ingaé)
Culle † (Culli, Ilinga, Linga)
Esmeralda † (Esmeraldeño, Tacame)
Gamela † (Barbados, Curinsi, Acobu)
Guach' †
Guaicuruan (Waikuruan, Waykuruan)
Guajiboan (Guahiboan)
Guamo †
Guató
Harákmbut-Katukinan
Huarpean † (Warpean)
Irantxe (Iranxe, Iranche, Iranshe, Mynky, Münkü, Menki, Manoki, Myky)
Itonama (Saramo, Machoto)
Jabutían (Yabutían)
Jêan (Gêan, Jê family)
Jirajaran †
Jivaroan
Jotí (Yoana, Yuana, Yuwana, Waruwaru (Waruwádu), Chicano, Chikano, Joti, Jodi, Hotí, Hodï)
Kaliana (Sapé, Calianá, Cariana, Chirichano)
Kamakanan †
Kapixaná (Kanoê, Capixana)
Karajá (Caraja, Xambioá, Chamboa, Ynã, Karayá)
Karirían † (Karirí family)
Krenakan (Botocudoan, Aimoré language complex)
Kwaza (Koayá, Koaiá, Quaiá, Arara)
Leco † (Lapalapa, Leko, Rik'a, Ateniano)
Lule-Vilelan †
Máko † (Maco, Makú, Macu)
Makúan (Makú family, Makú-Puinavean, Puinavean, Vaupés-Japura, Nadahup family, Guaviaré-Japurá family)
Mapudungun (Mapudungu, Araucano, Mapuche, Maputongo, Chiledugu, "Auca")
Mascoyan (Mascoian, Maskoyan, Lengua-Mascoy, Enlhet-Enenlhet)
Matacoan (Mataco-Mataguayan, Mataguayan)
Matanauí † (Matanawí, Mitandua, Moutoniway)
Maxakalían
Mochica † (Yunga, Yunca, Chimú, Mochica, Muchic)
Mosetenan (Mosetén-Chimane)
Movima (Mobima, Moyma, Movime)
Munichi † (Muniche, Munichino, Otanabe)
Muran
Nambikwaran (Nambicuaran, Nambiquaran, Nambikuaran)
Natú † (Peagaxinan)
Ofayé † (Opayé, Ofayé-Xavante, Opaié-Shavante, Ofaié)
Omurano † (Humurana, Numurana)
Otomacoan †
Paezan
Pankarurú † (Pancararu, Pancarurú, Brancararú, Pankarará, Pankarú, Pancaru, Pancaré, Pankaravu, Pankaroru)
Pano-Takanan
Payaguá †
Puquina † (Pukina)
Purían † (Puri-Coroado)
Qawasqaran (Alacalufan)
Quechuan
Rikbaktsá (Aripaktsá, Erikbatsa, Erikpatsa, Canoeiro)
Sabela (Huao, Wao, Auca, Huaorani, Huarani, Waorani, Auishiri)
Sáliban (Sálivan, Sáliba-Piaroan)
Sechura-Catacaoan † (Sec)
Taruma (Taruamá)
Taushiro (Pinchi, Pinche)
Tequiraca (Tekiraka, Aushiri, Auishiri, Avishiri, Avixiri, Abiquira, Abishira, Abigira, Agouisiri, Ixignor, Vacacocha)
Tikuna-Yurí
Timotean † (Timote-Cuica)
Tiniguan †
Trumai (Trumaí, Tramalhy)
Tukanoan (Tucanoan)
Tupían
Tuxá † (Tushá, Todela)
Urarina (Simacu, Kachá, Itucale, Urariña, Oruarina)
Wamoé † (Uamué, Huamoi, Umán, Uame, Huamoé, Araticum, Atikum, Aticum)
Warao (Guarao, Warau, Warrau, Guaruno, Waraw, Araote, Faraute)
Witotoan (Huitotoan)
Xukurú † (Xucuru, Ichikile, Shukurú)
Yagan (Yahgan, Yaghan, Yamana, Yámana, Tequenica, Yapoo)
Yaguan (Peban, Peba-Yaguan family)
  • Yagua (Yihamwo, Nijyamïï, Nikyejaada, Yahua, Llagua, Yava, Yegua, Mishara)
  • Peba † (Nijamvo)
  • Yameo † (Llameo, Camuchivo, Masamae, Mazan, Parara)
Yanomaman (Yanomamian)
Yaruro (Pumé, Llaruro, Yaruru, Yuapín)
Yaté (Fulnio, Furniô, Fórnio, Carnijó, Iaté, Yathé)
Yuracaré (Yuracare, Yurucar, Yuracar, Yurujure, Cuchi, Enete)
Yurumanguí † (Yurimanguí)
Zamucoan
Zaparoan

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Crevels, Mily (2012). "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 167–234. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
  2. ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  3. ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.

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