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This is a list of musical compositions or pieces of music that have unusual time signatures. "Unusual" is here defined to be any time signature other than simple time signatures with top numerals of 2, 3, or 4 and bottom numerals of 2, 4, or 8, and compound time signatures with top numerals of 6, 9, or 12 and bottom numerals 4, 8, or 16.[1]
The conventions of musical notation typically allow for more than one written representation of a particular piece. The chosen time signature largely depends upon musical context, personal taste of the composer or transcriber, and the graphic layout on the written page. Frequently, published editions were written in a specific time signature to visually signify the tempo for slow movements in symphonies, sonatas, and concerti.
A perfectly consistent unusual metrical pattern may be notated in a more familiar time signature that does not correspond to it. For example, the Passacaglia from Britten's opera Peter Grimes consists of variations over a recurring bass line eleven beats in length but is notated in ordinary 4 4 time, with each variation lasting 2+3⁄4 bars, and therefore commencing each time one crotchet earlier in the bar than the preceding one.[2]
Káťa Kabanová, by Leoš Janáček. Act II is in 2 1 from rehearsal number 20 to just before rehearsal number 24; act III is in 2 1 for four bars before rehearsal number 27 and six bars before rehearsal number 28, followed by a mixture of 2 1 and between rehearsal numbers 28 and 29, and one bar before rehearsal number 36.[17]
Partita No. 6 in E minor, BWV 830, by Johann Sebastian Bach. The last movement, a gigue, is in 2 1 in the Bischoff edition; however, the symbol (the mensuration sign for "tempus perfectum, prolatio minor, diminutum") appears in the first edition of 1731, and = 2 2 in the autograph manuscript.[71] This time signature is unusual for gigues, which are usually in 6 8 or 12 8.[72][73]
Piano Sonata No. 1 by Charles Wuorinen, at measure 162 in part 1 (written 2 .).[64]
Upper number of 7edit
Upper number of 8edit
Note:8 4or8 8may refer to an evenly divided compound duple or quadruple meter. While this is arguably extremely common in music, the notations 8 4 and 8 8 themselves are not, so all divisions of this time signature are listed here
"All You Need Is Love" by the Beatles. The main verse pattern contains a total of 29 beats, split into two 7 4 measures, a single bar of 8 4, followed by a one bar return of 7 4 before repeating the pattern.[106]
Chaconne by Andrew Violette, at measures 55 and 109.[107]
Custer and Sitting Bull by Kyle Gann, in measure 166 of part 3.[108]
Movement I, bars 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 19, 22, 26–27, 29, 38–40, 46, 53, 69, 71, 73, 75, 83, and 85 are in 8 8
Movement IV, bars 204, 207, 210, 213 are in 8 8.
Petrushka by Igor Stravinsky. One bar before and five bars after rehearsal 4 superimposes a bar of 8 8 in piccolo 1 & 2, ob. 1 & 2, and trumpet 1, and piccolo 1 & 2, ob. 1–3, cornet 1 & trumpet 1, respectively against 3 4 in the rest of the orchestra.[127]
Piano Sonata No. 2 ("The Airplane"), by George Antheil. One of the bars is in 8 8.[128]
De Staat by Louis Andriessen. Bars 5, 8, 10, 12–16, 54–57, 83–84, 87–88, 582, 590, 602, 610, 612, 625, 630, 644, 647–48, 650, 663, 695, 707, 851, and 853 are in 8 8.[116]
"Apocalypse in 9 8" by Genesis. Penultimate movement of the "Supper's Ready" suite, rhythm section plays a 9 8 riff as 3+2+4, organ solo plays polymetrically over this (sometimes 4 4, sometimes 7 4.)[139]
"Big Lie Small World", by Sting is in 9 8 with varying division.[140]
20 Caprices and Rhythmic Studies, by Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, in Nos. 15 and 19 (both beamed as 2+2+2+3).[57]
Estancia by Alberto Ginastera. The refrain of "Los peones de hacienda", at rehearsal numbers 62, 65, 67, 68, 69+3, and 70 is marked "9 8 (3 4 – 3 8)"; the remainder is variously in 6 8, 3 4, 5 8, and 7 8.[142]
"Here Comes the Sun" (1969), written by the Beatles' George Harrison. The song features 4 4 in the verses and a compound sequence of 11 8+4 4+7 8 in the bridge, phrasing interludes that Harrison drew from Indian music influences.[184][185][186]
Hesapa ki Lakhota ki Thawapi by Kyle Gann, in several measures.[125]
"Larks' Tongues in Aspic, Pt. 1", by King Crimson. The song is in 5 8 when the violin enters, then switches to 11 8. The song shifts between these metres for the remainder of the song.[188]
"Losing It" by Rush. Intro and verses are composed out of ten bars in 5 8, other parts are in 11 8.[189][190][191]
The race results screen from Mario Kart 64, composed by Kenta Nagata [es].[192]
"War of Kalinga"[205] by Suraj Synthesist is majorly in a 11 8 . The 11 here works with inverted polyrhythm of 2 over 3 for first 8 beats & 3 over 2 for the last 3 beats. Some section also incorporates a 11 played like 5 1⁄2 (five and a half). The change of moods, breakdown and conclusion are suggested with 4 beat or un-timed parts too.[206][207]
"Lauft... Heisst Das Es Lauft Oder Es Kommt Bald..Lauft" by Faust.[218]
"Odd Boy" by Mutant-Thoughts, in the verses.[citation needed]
A próle do bébé No. 2, by Heitor Villa-Lobos. A measure in the fourth movement, "O cachorrinho de borracha". It is divided into 6 8 or 3 4, and 7 8.[66]
American Song Set by Andrew Violette. One of the songs ends in 3 4(18 16) and another song has 18 16 in the piano's right hand against 3 4 in the piano's left hand and voice.[228]
4 Etudes, Op. 2, by Sergei Prokofiev. The second étude uses 18 16 in one hand against 4 4 in the other.[256]
Goldberg Variations, by Johann Sebastian Bach. Variation 26 uses 18 16 in one hand against 3 4 in the other, exchanging hands at intervals until the last five bars where both hands are in 18 16.[257]
"Keep It Greasy" by Frank Zappa on Joe's Garage (the first verse, some bridges and the guitar solo are counted in 19 16 and the second verse is in 21 16).[214]
"The Art Of Dying" by Gojira (2008) cycles from 4 4 to 2 4 to 21 16 (grouped 5+5+5+3+3) and repeats this pattern during the intro and beginning of the song.[264]
3 Danses from L'Oeuvre d'orgue by Jehan Alain, for one measure in the first dance.[265]
Desert Sonata by Kyle Gann has 21 16 in the second movement.[215]
Happy Ending (for David Garland) by Kyle Gann. Bars 63 and 124 are in 21 8, and bar 129 is in 21 16.[110]
American Song Set by Andrew Violette. One of the songs is in 4 4(24 16) and two other songs have some measures in 24 16 in the piano's right hand against 4 4 in the piano's left hand and voice.[228]
Amor dammi quel fazzolettino by Andrew Violette has a passage of 24 16 in the first piano against 6 4 in the second piano.[55]
"Brobdingnagische Gigue", from Intrada, nebst burlesquer Suite, for two violins (the so-called "Gulliver Suite") by Georg Philipp Telemann is in 24 1.[97]
20 Caprices and Rhythmic Studies, by Émile Jaques-Dalcroze has 24 16 in Nos. 3 (as 24 (12 )) and 11 (as 8 .).[57]
"Split Open and Melt" by Phish has a jam section in 33 8.[285]
35edit
"Entertain Me" by Tigran Hamasyan contains a repeating melody in 35 16, overlayed on top of the main 256 32 meter.[221]
"Nairian Odyssey" by Tigran Hamasyan contains a solo section in 35 16, divided variously as 6 4 + 5 16 + 3 8 and 6+8+6+9+6 16.[280]
36edit
American Song Set by Andrew Violette. One of the songs has a measure in 36 16 in the piano's right hand against 6 4 in the piano's left hand and voice and another has the same, but with 3 2 instead of 6 4.[228]
American Song Set by Andrew Violette. One song has a measure of 24 16 in the piano's right hand against 48 32 in the piano's left hand and 4 4 in the voice.[228]
Upper number between 50 and 59edit
51edit
Desert Sonata by Kyle Gann has 51 16 in the first movement.[215]
Driftwood Suite, for piano, by Gardner Read uses 3+1⁄2 4, 4+1⁄2 4, and 5+1⁄2 4.[288]
Hill-Song I and II by Percy Grainger contain measures of 1+1⁄2 4 and 2+1⁄2 4.[289]
Intrada, nebst burlesquer Suite, for two violins (the so-called "Gulliver Suite") by Georg Philipp Telemann. "Reverie der Laputier, nebst ihren Aufweckern" is in 3+2⁄2 4.[97][290]
Lincolnshire Posy by Percy Grainger. Movement V, "Lord Melbourne", uses 1+1⁄2 4 and 2+1⁄2 4.[62]
Intermezzo by Andrew Violette has 3 16, 4 16, 5 4, 5 8, 5 16, 7 8, 7 16, 8 16, 10 16, 11 16, and 20 16.[321]
I Open and Close, the sixth part of Fictions by Richard Barrett, has 1 8, 2 16, 3 16, 3 2, 5 8, 5 16, 7 8, 7 16, 7 32, 8 8, 11 16, 13 16, 15 16, 15 32, and 24 8.[308]
Lemma-Icon-Epigram by Brian Ferneyhough has 1 8, 1 16, 1 32, 1 64 (in an additive time signature), 3 16, 5 8, 5 16, 5 32, 7 8, 7 16, 8 8, 9 16 (in various groupings such as 3+2+2+2), and 11 16.[309]
Lieder vom Wasser, the tenth part of Fictions by Richard Barrett, has 1 8, 1 16, 2 16, 3 16, 3 32, 5 8, 5 16, 5 32, 7 8, 7 16, 8 8, 11 16, 13 16, 15 16, and 43 16.[324]
The Long and the Short by Charles Wuorinen has 1 4, 1 8, 1 16 (in additive time signatures such as 5 4+1 16), 3 16, 4 4 (subdivided as 3 32+7 16+3 8+3 32), 4+1⁄4 4, 5 4, 5 8, 5 16, 7 4, 7 8, 7 16, 7+1⁄4 4, 8 4, 9 32, 11+1⁄2 4, 12 4, 13 32, 24 4, 25 4, and 40 4.[325]
Love Duet by Andrew Violette has 1 4, 5 4, 9 4 (grouped 2+2+2+3), 15 8, 18 8, and 21 8.[326]
Organ Sonata by Andrew Violette has 5 4, 5 8, 18 8, and 24 16.[327]
Pastorale by Andrew Violette has 20 16 and 24 16.[328]
Salve Regina, the second of 4 Madrigals by Andrew Violette, has 5 4, 5 8, 7 4, 7 8, 9 8 (4 4+1 8), 13 8, and 18 8 (3+4+5+6 8).[342]
Sonata for Cello and Piano by Elliott Carter has 5 4, 5 8, 5 16, 7 16, 14 32, and 21 32.[343]
Storm Suite from The Tempest (also known as The Tempest Symphony) has 1 8, 5 4, 5 8, 7 4, and 7 8.[344]
String Quartet No. 1 by Elliott Carter has 2 16 (as part of an additive time signature), 4 16, 5 4, 5 8, 5 16, 7 8, 7 16, 8 16, 9 32 (written as 3 .), 10 8, 10 16, 12 32 (written as 4 .), 14 16, 15 8, 15 16, 18 8, 18 16, 20 16, and 21 8.[345]
String Quartet No. 2 by Elliott Carter has 4 16, 5 4, 5 8, 15 8, 7 16, 10 8, 10 16, 14 16, 15 8, 15 16, and 21 16.[346]
String Quartet No. 3 by Elliott Carter has 3 16, 3 32 (in an additive time signature), 5 4, 5 8, 5 16, 7 8, 7 16, 9 32, 11 16, 12 32 (in an additive time signature), 24 16, 24 32, and 27 32.[347]
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^Bentzon, Niels Viggo (1947). Toccata, Op. 10. Copenhagen: Edition Wilhelm Hansen 26030. p. 5.
^Webern, Anton. "Variations, Op. 27". IMSLP. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ abc"Intrada-Suite for 2 Violins 'Gulliver's Travels', TWV 40:108 (Telemann, Georg Philipp) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
^ abStravinsky, Igor. "Pribaoutki". IMSLP. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
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^"Homenaje a Federico Garcia Lorca, R.43 (Revueltas, Silvestre) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org.
^"Piano Sonata No.3, Op.5 (Brahms, Johannes) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^"Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann, Op.9 (Brahms, Johannes) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ "Salvation is Created (Pavel Chesnokov)" (PDF). cpdl.org. 11 November 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
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^Dream Theater Black Clouds and Silver Linings Authentic Guitar TAB, transcribed by Jordan Baker. 2009, 138
^"Music theory of Bill Wurtz: Asymmetrical meter in "I Wanna Be a Movie Star"| bennorton.com". 30 September 2017.
^Hughey, Jesse (17 November 2010). "Last Night: Wolf Parade and Ogre You Asshole At Granada Theater". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
^Harrison, Gavin; Branam, Terry (2014). Rhythmic Composition. Hudson Limited. pp. 48–55. ISBN 9781480365735.
^"Paul Simon – The Cool, Cool River". Sheet Music Direct. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
^Dave, Brubeck; Quartet, The Dave Brubeck (28 March 2005). "Blue Rondo a La Turk". Musicnotes. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
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^ abHail the Sun (19 February 2013). "Testostyrannosaurus.pdf" (PDF). Hail the Sun. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
^Dave, Brubeck (4 June 2007). "Unisphere". Musicnotes. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
^Liner notes to The Mason Williams Phonograph Record Warner Brothers LP, WS 1729. Burbank: Warner Brothers-Seven Arts Records, 1968
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^Pickard, Joshua (2 September 2022). "Turning 25: Musicians discuss some of their favorite records from 1997". Beats Per Minute. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^Yanni (1993). The Best of Yanni; 11 selections from his top recordings. Hal Leonard Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 9780793517091.
^"Burden Of Lives Full Score: Band & Parts - Full Orchestra - Digital Sheet Music". www.sheetmusicplus.com. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^"Burden Of Lives Full Score: Band & Parts Sheet Music | Suraj Synthesist | Full Orchestra". www.sheetmusicdirect.com. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^"Burden Of Lives Full Score: Band & Parts Sheet Music | Suraj Synthesist | Full Orchestra". www.sheetmusicdirect.com. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
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^ abcdefghHarris, Roy (1932). Concerto for Piano, Clarinet, and String Quartet. Cos Cob Press.
^"12 Etudes in All the Major Keys, Op.35 (Alkan, Charles-Valentin) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^Terentyev, Savva; Hamasyan, Tigran (March 2018). "Tigran Hamasyan, Three Piano Pieces". Terentyev Publisher. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
^"String Quartet No.2, W100 (Villa-Lobos, Heitor) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
^"Ask YES – Friday 26th April 2013 – Chris Squire". 29 April 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^Jisi, Chris (2012). "Esperanza Spalding: E-Harmony". Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
^Hail the Sun (13 January 2013). "Eight Ball, Coroner's Pocket.pdf" (PDF). Hail the Sun. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
^Howard Brubeck (ed.), Dave Brubeck Deluxe Piano Album, (San Francisco: Derry Music Co., 1965), pp. 22–28.
^J. A. Fuller Maitland and W. Barclay Squire (eds.), The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, vol. 2 (Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1899; reprinted New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1963), 34–39.
^"In Nomine à 4, FVB 119 (Bull, John) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org.
^Poe, Randy (20 September 2006). Skydog: The Duane Allman Story. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-87930-891-9. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
^"Bachianas brasileiras No.9, W449 (Villa-Lobos, Heitor) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^"The Daily Vault Music Reviews". Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
^"2 Canzonas with Dances, Op.43 (Medtner, Nikolay) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^"Kyle Gann: Composure". kylegann.com. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
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^Browne, David; Cummings, Corinne; Grow, Kory; Hermes, Will; Marchese, David; Sheffield, Rob; Wolk, Douglas (6 August 2020). "Jerry Garcia's 50 Greatest Songs". Rolling Stone Australia. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^Primus (musical group), Primus Anthology: A thru N: For Guitar and Bass, transcribed by Jeff Jacobsen (New York: Cherry Lane Music, 2000), 17–20. ISBN 1575601540.
^Fripp, Robert (1 April 2020). "Bredonborough". Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021. Happy With What You Have To Be Happy With is very nicely in 11/8 which fits the music and Adrian's particularly upbeat American take on that's life! that's fate! and c'est la vie.
^"The meters of these three measures are 11 8, 4 4, and 7 8, respectively." (Alan Pollack's "Notes On" series, no. 183 Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine).
^ abc"In Re Con Moto et al from Charles Ives | buy now in the Stretta sheet music shop".
^"Rock Meets Classical, Part 4: Classical Concepts in King Crimson's 'Larks Tongues in Aspic'". www.brutalprog.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
^Peart, Neil (7 October 2010). "Rush – Losing It Sheet Music (Digital Download)". Musicnotes. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^"Neil Peart Biography, Drum Videos and Pictures | Famous Drummers". Drumlessons.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^"14 Musical Works in the Most Unusual Time Signatures". CMUSE. 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021. Mario Kart 64 ... by Kenta Nagata, at the race results screen: 11/8
^"Piano Sonata No.2 (Stanchinsky, Aleksey) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^Parish, Alan (3 November 2017). "Sixpence None the Richer's self-titled turns 20". Turn Off the Radio. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
^"The Top 10 Video Game Tracks with Unusual Time Signatures - GameFAQs". Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ abReynish, Tim. "Derek Bourgeois: An Assessment of his music in Two Parts". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^ ab"Pops Concert Program Notes". Howard Performing Arts Center, Andrews University. 8 March 2008. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
^Boilen, Bob (22 March 2022). "New mix: Arcade Fire, Valerie June, the Smile, Andrew Bird, more". All Songs Considered (Podcast). NPR. Event occurs at 19:37. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
^Hartmann, Graham (30 August 2019). "Tool's 15-Minute '7empest' is the Greatest Work of Adam Jones' Career". Loudwire. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
^ ab"Bio". Archived from the original on 24 November 2002. Retrieved 22 March 2021. "Trapped in the Wake of a Dream", for example, boasts verses written in 17/8, choruses in 11/8 and a bridge that mixes both time signatures
^Saull, Jordan (2015). Non-Isochronous Meter: A Study of cross-cultural practice, analytic technique, and implications for jazz pedagogy (PhD). York University. p. 190. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
^Joyce, Mike (5 March 1993). "THE TIMES OF BRUBECK'S LIFE". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
^ abc"13 iconic tracks played in crazy time signatures". Mixdown. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021. Trent Reznor certainly isn't inexperienced when it comes to odd time signatures – "The Becoming" kicks off in 13/8 [...] The first verse, a number of sections in the bridge and the guitar solo in "Keep It Greasy" are counted in the head-scratching signature of 19/16, while the second verse takes things up a notch by going to 21/16.
^ abcdefghijk"Desert Sonata". kylegann.com. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^Beato, Rick. "Prog Rock: How To Count Odd Meters (Odd Time Signatures)". YouTube.
^Andy Wilson (18 June 2009). "1974: Faust: Faust IV". Faust Pages. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021. (aka Lauft (Alt), Psalter, Psalter (slow), 13/8, Psalter (5 May 1994), Psalter)
^Andrew Lloyd Webber, T. S. Eliot – "Cats" Hal Leonard (HL00359466), ISBN 0-88188-447-2
^"Ken Westphal Illustration & Design". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
^ abcdHamasyan, Tigran (17 February 2015). "Mockroot Track by Track". Nonesuch Records. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021. The working title for [Song for Melan and Rafik] was "Forty-Two," because it's actually in the unusual time signature of 42/16 [...] I think if you worked [Entertain Me] out it would be in a time signature of 256/32. There is a melody that is grouped in 35/16 that repeats seven times and then resets. [...] [To Negate is] in the same key as "To Love," but in a different mode—an odd, Armenian mode—and in the time signature of 13/8.
^Himes, Geoffrey (2008). "Lionel Loueke: African American". Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^"'The Alien' Wins Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance". YouTube.
^Toews, Brandon (5 February 2021). "21 Legendary Odd-Time Grooves". Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^"Noisia – The Hole Pt. 1". 3 July 2019. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019 – via YouTube.
^"Hollow". bjork.fr. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^"Moon". bjork.fr. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^Riccio, Gabriel (2020). Gunn, Trey (ed.). The Discipline Era Transcriptions - King Crimson. p. 87.
^"Piano Sonata No.2 (Violette, Andrew) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
^ abJohn McLaughlin, John McLaughlin and the Mahavishnu Orchestra: John McLaughlin's Scores to 28 Classic Recordings (Van Nuys: Alfred Publishing, 2006): 58-64. ISBN 0-7390-4255-6.
^"Esquisses, Op.63 (Alkan, Charles-Valentin) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^"Nocturne No.7, Op.74 (Fauré, Gabriel) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
^"Introduction By Jimmy Lyons (Remastered)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Let me give you the subdivision here, it's: 3-3-2-2-2-1-2-2-2. [...] That's the name of the piece.
^Garone, Anthony (31 May 2015). "Bruford's "Hell's Bells"". Make Weird Music. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
^"Rusty Cage". Underneath the Cover. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
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^Mason, Kerri (7 March 2014). "Nine Inch Nails' "The Downward Spiral" at 20: Classic Track-By-Track". Billboard. Retrieved 15 March 2021. Peaking at 269 BPM and weaving in and out of a maddening 29/8 time signature, it's as ballistic as Reznor has ever been.
^Granville, Andrew (2019). Prime suspects : the anatomy of integers and permutations. Jennifer Granville, Bob Lewis. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-18873-7. OCLC 1101100910.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^The Hirsch Effekt (2018). "Athesie". Holon : Agnosie Gitarre. self-published by the band.
^"Tweet by Splatoon Japan". Twitter (in Japanese). Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^ abBruce, David (2 April 2019). "The Rhythms of Tigran Hamasyan". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021. [Vardavar] also contains a long pattern of 32 notes, or two bars of 4 4, but this is completely split up into more unusual sub-groupings: It's 5+5+3+5+5+4+5. [...] The thirty-five beat cycle [of Nairian Odyssey] is generally divided up into a 6 4, a 5 16, and 3 8.
^Daunt, Ryan George (2018). "Neoteric Drum Set Orchestration: An analysis of Nate Wood's drumming on the music of Tigran Hamasyan". p. 54. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^"Split Open and Melt". Phish.net. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013. "SOAM's" complex improv segment is notorious for its time signature, which involves three sections of eight eighth-notes and then a fourth section with nine eighth-notes in a steady pulse (listen to Fishman's hi-hat)
^"Organbook (Violette, Andrew) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^Davis, Chip (1987). Fresh Aire II. Omaha, Nebraska, United States: Dots and Lines Ink. p. 55.
^"Hill Songs (Grainger, Percy) – IMSLP". imslp.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
^Zohn, Steven (2004). "The Sonate auf Concertenart and Conceptions of Genre in the Late Baroque". Eighteenth-Century Music. 1 (2): 205–247. doi:10.1017/S1478570604000132. ISSN 1478-5706. S2CID 193211504.
^Serene Dominic (2003). Burt Bacharach, song by song. Schirmer Trade Books. ISBN 9780857122599. Bacharach was now calling the shots, and anyone covering this tune after it became a monster hit would grudgingly have to switch from 5/4 to 4/4 and 7/8.
^Bolcom, William (1988). 12 New Etudes for Piano. Edward B. Marks Music Company.
^"BARRETT, Richard : lieder vom wasser". United Music Publishing. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^Wuorinen, Charles (1969). The Long and the Short. New York: Edition Peters, Plate 66379.
^"The Love Duet (Violette, Andrew) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^"Organ Sonata (Violette, Andrew) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^"Pastorale (Violette, Andrew) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
^"Piano Concerto No.5, KSS 27 (Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^"Piano Sonata No.1, KSS 20 (Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
^"Piano Sonata No.1 (Violette, Andrew) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
^Wuorinen, Charles (1976). Piano Sonata No. 2. New York: Edition Peters 66668.
^Wuorinen, Charles (1987). Piano Sonata No. 3. New York: Edition Peters.
^Wuorinen, Charles (2007). Piano Sonata No. 4. New York: Edition Peters 68226.
^Boulez, Pierre (1989). Pli selon pli - No. 1 Don (1989 ed.). London: Universal Edition UE 31742.
^Boulez, Pierre (1977). Pli selon pli (Portrait de Mallarmé) - No. 2, Improvisation I (1957, 1962). Vienna: Universal Edition UE 16641. ISBN 9783702419615. OCLC 1231572206.
^Boulez, Pierre (1958). Pli selon phi - No. 3 Improvisation II. London: Universal Edition 32836.
^Boulez, Pierre (1983). Pli selon pli - No. 4 Improvisation III (1982 ed.). London: Universal Edition 19521.
^Boulez, Pierre (1971). Pli selon pli - No. 5 Tombeau. London: Universal Edition 13616.
^Ferneyhough, Brian (2013). Quirl. London: Edition Peters 72457.
^"Piano Quintet No.1, KSS 26 (Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
^"Madrigals (Violette, Andrew) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^Carter, Elliott (1953). Sonata for Violoncello and Piano. New York: G. Schirmer.
^"BARRETT, Richard : Tract". United Music Publishing. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^Stockhausen, Karlheinz (1957). Nr. 5 Zeitmaße. London: Universal Edition Nr. 12697 LW.
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