List of percussion instruments

Summary

This is a wide-ranging, inclusive list of percussion instruments.

Collection of percussion instruments

It includes:

These three groups overlap heavily, but inclusion in any one is sufficient for an instrument to be included in this list. However, when only a specific subtype of the instrument qualifies as a percussion instrument, only that subtype is listed here. For example, a samba whistle (or apito) is an unpitched percussion instrument,[contradictory] but a whistle in general is not.

For brevity, synonyms represented in Wikipedia by redirects to a main article are not listed, but may be mentioned as a note. Only the main article names are listed in these cases. For example, apito is listed but samba whistle is merely noted as an alternate name. A distinct instrument or type represented only by a redirect to an article section should however be shown. Instruments represented only by redlinks have no Wikipedia articles as yet but are shown.

See list of percussion instruments by type for some shorter, more focused lists. Use the sorting arrows on the common usage column to group instruments as pitched, unpitched or both. Use the sorting arrows on the Classification column to group instruments according to their Hornbostel–Sachs classification.

Percussion instruments edit

Name(s) Picture Origin Common usage

Pitched
/Unpitched
/Both

Hornbostel–Sachs Classification References and notes
Aburukuwa   Ghana Unpitched 211 Membranophone
Afoxé   Brazil Unpitched 112.122 Idiophone
Agogô   Yoruba Unpitched 111.242 Idiophone Commonly used in Samba.
Agung   Philippines Unpitched 111.241.2 Idiophone
Agung a tamlang   Philippines 111.24 Idiophone
Alarm device   Both May be electronic or mechanical
Alfaia   Brazil Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Alligator drum China Unpitched 211.2 Membranophone
Angklung   Indonesia Pitched 111.232 Idiophone [1]
Anvil   Unpitched 111 Idiophone A similar-sounding alternative is often used due to the weight of the blacksmith's anvil[2]
Apito   Brazil Unpitched 421.221.11 Aerophone Also known as samba whistle. Some apitos produce up to three different tones, but none of these is normally used as a pitched note.[3][failed verification]
Ashiko   Yoruba Unpitched 211.251.1 Membranophone
Atabaque   Brazil Unpitched 211.221.1 Membranophone
Atumpan   Ghana Unpitched 211 . 221 . 1 Membranophone
Axatse   Ghana Unpitched 454.456 Idiophone
Babendil   Philippines Unpitched 111.242.1 Idiophone
Bak   Korea Unpitched 111.12 Idiophone
Balafon   Mali Pitched 111.212 Idiophone
Bamboo clapper   Myanmar Unpitched 321.321.6 Idiophone
Bamboula   Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Bara   West Africa Unpitched 211.11 Membranophone
Bass drum   Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Batá drum   Nigeria Unpitched 211.242.12 Membranophone
Beatboxing   Both 4 Aerophone
Bedug   Indonesia Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Bell   China Both 111.242 Idiophone
Bell plate   Asia Pitched 111.222 Idiophone
Bell tree   Unpitched 111.242.221 Idiophone Often confused with mark tree
Bendir   North Africa Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone
Berimbau   Brazil Pitched Chordophone
Bianzhong   China Pitched Idiophone
Binzasara   Japan Unpitched Idiophone
Bo   Unpitched Idiophone
Bock-a-da-bock Unpitched 111.1 Idiophone
Bodhrán   Ireland Unpitched 211.321 Membranophone
Body percussion   Unpitched Membranophone
Bombo criollo   Unpitched Membranophone A family of Latin American drums derived from the European bass drum
Bombo legüero   Unpitched Membranophone Argentina
Bonang Indonesia Pitched 111.241.2 Idiophone
Bones (instrument)   Unpitched 111.11 Idiophone
Bongo drum   Cuba Unpitched 211.251.2 Membranophone
Boobam   United States Unpitched 211.211.1 Membranophone
Boomwhacker   United States Pitched Idiophone Plastic percussion tubes
Bougarabou   West Africa Unpitched 211.261.2 Membranophone
Bubon Ukraine Unpitched 232.311 Membranophone Type of skinned Tambourine
Buk   Korea Unpitched 211.222.1 Membrarophone
Cabasa   Unpitched 112.122 Idiophone
Cajón   Peru Unpitched 111.24 Idiophone Box Drum
Cajón de rumba   Cuba Unpitched 111.24 Idiophone
Calung   Indonesia Pitched 111.232 Idiophone
Carimbo   Africa Unpitched Membranophone
Candombe drums   Uruguay Unpitched Membranophone
Cannon   Unpitched Pyrophone Used in 1812 Overture
Cantaro   Mexico
Carillon   Low Countries Pitched 111.242.2 Idiophone A type of bell tower inner workings.
Castanets   Unpitched 111.141 Idiophone
Caxirola   Brazil Unpitched Idiophone
Caxixi   West Africa Unpitched 112.13 African basket rattle
Celesta   France Pitched 111.222 Idiophone As a keyboard instrument, not part of the percussion section of the orchestra[4]
Chácaras   Canary Islands Unpitched 111.141 Idiophone
Chenda   India Unpitched 211.212 Membranophone
Chime bar   Pitched 111.221 Idiophone
Chime (bell instrument)   Pitched 111.242.2 Idiophone
Chimta   South Asia Idiophone
China cymbal   Unpitched 111.24 Idiophone
Cimbalom   Hungary Pitched Chordophone
Clapper   Unpitched Idiophone
Clapping   Unpitched Idiophone
Clap stick   Australia Unpitched 111.11 Idiophone
Clash cymbals   Unpitched 111.142 Idiophone Better known as crash cymbals
Claves   Unpitched 111.11 Idiophone
Clavichord   Pitched 314.122-4-8 Chordophone Sound formed by striking the strings, but played as a keyboard instrument
Cocktail drum   Unpitched Membranophone
Conga   Cuba Unpitched 211.221.1 Membranophone
Cowbell   Both 111.242 Idiophone Tuned cowbells are known as almglocken or alpine bells[5]
Crotale   Both 111.24 Idiophone
Crystallophone   Pitched Idiophone
Cuíca   Disputed Pitched 231.11 Friction Membranophone
Cultrun   Chile Unpitched 321.322 Membranophone
Cup chime   Pitched 111.24 Idiophone The only pitched cymbal, it is identical to a bell cymbal in all but usage
Cymbal   Unpitched 111 Idiophone
Dabakan   Philippines Unpitched 211 Membranophone Although shape is variously described as goblet, hourglass, conical, or tubular.
Daf   Iran Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone Also known as Dafli, Dap, Def, Tef, Defi, Gaval, Duf, and larger ones defi or daire
Damaru   South Asia Unpitched 212 Membranophone Type of Pellet drum.
Damphu   Nepal Unpitched Membranophone
Đàn tam thập lục   Vietnam Pitched Chordophone Type of hammered dulcimer.
Davul   Unpitched 211.212 Membranophone
Daxophone   Germany Pitched 132.1 Friction Idiophone Bowed percussion invented by Hans Reichel
Dayereh   Iran Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone Also known as doyra, dojra, dajre, doira, dajreja
Den-den daiko   Japan Unpitched 212 Membranophone Type of Pellet drum.
Derkach Ukraine Unpitched 112.24 Idiophone Type of ratchett
Dhaa Nepal Unpitched 211.212 Membranophone
Dhimay   Nepal Unpitched 211.212 Membranophone
Dholak   South Asia Both 211.222.1 Membranophone Also known as dholki, similar to dohl
Dhol   India Both 211.212.1 Membranophone The bass head is pitched, the treble often unpitched, see pitched percussion instruments easily mistaken for unpitched
Dimdi India Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone
Djembe   Mandinka Unpitched 211.261.1 Membranophone
Dollu   India Unpitched 211.222.1 Membranophone
Đông Sơn drums   Vietnam Bronze drums
Drum   Membranophone
Drum stick   Unpitched 111.11 Idiophone
Drum kit   New Orleans Unpitched Membranophone
Dunun   Mandé Both 211.212.1 Membranophone In ballet style playing, a repeating melody is played on three pitched drums
Egg shaker   Unpitched 112.13 Idiophone
Ekwe   Nigeria Unpitched
[clarification needed]
111.24 Idiophone A type of slit drum
Electronic drum   England Both 53 Electrophone
Esterilla Colombia Unpitched Idiophone
Ferrinho   Cape Verde Unpitched Idiophone
Fiddlesticks   Chordophone
Finger snapping Unpitched Idiophone
Flexatone   Pitched 112.12 Idiophone
Flower drum China Unpitched Idiophone
Fontomfrom   Ghana Membranophone
Found object
Frame drum   Unpitched 211.3 Membranophone
Friction drum   Both Membranophone A drum where a stick or chord is drawn through a hole in the membrane to make a sound.
Frog güiro  
Galgo Korea Unpitched 211.242.1 Membranophone
Gandingan   Philippines Unpitched 111.241.2 Idiophone
Ganzá   Brazil Unpitched 112.13
Gbedu Yoruba Unpitched Membranophone
Gendèr   Indonesia Pitched 111.222 Idiophone
Geophone   France Unpitched Membranophone
Ghatam   India Unpitched Idiophone
Glasschord  
Glass harmonica   United States Pitched 133.2 Idiophone Specifically a friction Idiophone
Glass harp   Ireland Pitched 133.2 Idiophone Specifically a friction Idiophone
Glockenspiel   Pitched 111.212 Idiophone
Goblet drum   Unpitched 211.261 Membranophone Generic type by construction, see also individual instrument names
Goema South Africa Unpitched Membranophone
Gong   Brunei
China
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Myanmar
Tibet
Vietnam
Pitched 111.241.1 Idiophone
Gong bass drum   Japan Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone
Gonguê   Brazil Unpitched 111.242 Idiophone
Gudugudu Yoruba Pitched 211.11 Membranophone
Güira   Dominican Republic Unpitched 112.23 Idiophone
Güiro   Cuba, Panama Unpitched 112.23 Idiophone Also known as scraper
Hammered dulcimer   Pitched Chordophone Listed as a stringed instrument in some classifications
Handbell   England Both 111.242 Idiophone
Handchime   Pitched 111.231 Idiophone
Hand-repique   Brazil 211.211.1 Membranophone
Handpan   Pitched 111.24 Idiophone
Hang   Pitched 111.24 Idiophone
Hi-hat   Unpitched 111.142 Idiophone
Hosho   Zimbabwe Unpitched 112.13 Idiophone
Huiringua Type of slit drum
Hydraulophone  
Hyoshigi   Japan Unpitched 111.11 Idiophone
Igba   Unpitched Membranophone
Ikembe Africa Pitched 122.1 Idiophone Lamellophone
Ikoro   Nigeria Unpitched 111.24 Idiophone
Ilimba Zimbabwe Unpitched 211.11 Membranophone
Jam block   Unpitched 111.2 Idiophone
Janggu / Janggo / Changgo   Korea Pitched 211.242.1 Membranophone
Jawbone   Peru Unpitched 112.211 Idiophone
Jew's harp   China Pitched 121.22 Lamellophone
Jhallari   India Pitched Chordophone
Jingle  
Jori   South Asia pitched Membranophone
Junjung   Serer Unpitched Membranophone
Kakko   Japan Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Kanjira   India Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone
Karyenda  
Kebero   Ethiopia Unpitched Membranophone
Kecer   Indonesia Unpitched 111.142 Idiophone
Kemanak   Indonesia Pitched 111.24 Idiophone
Kempyang and ketuk   Indonesia 111.241.1 Idiophone
Kendang   Southeast Asia Unpitched 211.222.1 Membranophone
Kenong   Indonesia Pitched 111.241.2 Idiophone
Kepyak Indonesia Unpitched 111 Idiophone
Keyboard glockenspiel Pitched 111.222 Idiophone A keyboard instrument, not normally part of a percussion section
Khim   South Asia Pitched Chordophone Type of hammered dulcimer
Khol   India Unpitched Membranophone
Kirikoketa   Basque Idiophone
Kiringi
Kisanji Congo Pitched Lamellaphone
Klong khaek   Thailand Unpitched Membranophone
Klong yao   Thailand Unpitched Membranophone
Kouxian   China Both 121.2 Idiophone
Kpanlogo   Ghana Unpitched 211.221.1 Membranophone
Kulintang   Southeast Asia Pitched 111.241.2 Idiophone
Kundu  , Papua Unpitched 211.222.1 Membranophone Papuan musical instrument
Kus   Persia Membranophone Ancient Persian kettledrum
Lambeg   Ireland Unpitched 211.212 Membranophone
Lion's roar   Unpitched 232.11 Membranophone Has also been referred to as a Chordophone or a Friction drum
Lithophone   Global Pitched Idiophone Either natural or placed rock formations which produce differing tones when struck.
Lujon   United States Pitched 111.222 Idiophone Bass Metalophone
Lummi stick Native American Unpitched 111.11 Idiophone
Madal   Nepal Unpitched Membranophone
Maddale   India Unpitched 211.222 Membranophonre
Madhalam   India Unpitched Mambranophone
Maktoum Unpitched Membranophone
Makuta   Cuba Unpitched Membranophone
Malimbe Congo Pitched 111.212 Idiophone
Mangey Middle East Unpitched Membranophone
Maraca   Venezuela Unpitched 112.13 Idiophone
Maram (drum)   India Membranophone
Marching machine
 
Unpitched 111.212 Idiophone [6]
Marfa
Marimba   Africa
Guatemala
Mexico
Honduras
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Pitched 111.212 Idiophone
Marímbula   Caribbean Pitched 122.1 Idiophone
Mark tree   United States Unpitched 111.232 Idiophone Also known as a chime tree or bar chimes
Mbira   Africa Pitched 122.1 Idiophone African musical instrument, a type of plucked idiophone (lamellophone)
Metallophone   Asia Pitched 111.222 Idiophone
Metronome   Europe unpitched Idiophone Mechanical
Mirwas   Bahrain
Brunei
Indonesia
Oman
Saudi Arabia
Yemen
Both Membranophone
Monkey stick   England Unpitched 112.12 Idiophone Also known as mendoza or lagerphone
Mridangam   India Pitched 211.222.1 Membranophone
Musical saw   Pitched 132.1 Friction Idiophone
Nagara   Asia
Azerbaijan
Dagestan
Iran
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Unpitched Membranophone
Naqara   Mongolia Unpitched Membranophone Large battle drum
Naqareh   Azerbaijan
India
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Unpitched Membranophone
Naqus   Morocco Idiophone
Ngoma drums   Africa Unpitched Membranophone
North Drums   United States Unpitched Membranophone
Ocean drum Unpitched
Octoban   Japan Both 211.211.1 Membranophone
Omele Nigeria
Onavillu   India Pitched Chordophone
Ōtsuzumi   Japan Pitched 211.242.1 Membranophone
Padayani thappu   India Unpitched Membranophone
Pahu   Hawaii Unpitched Membranophone
Pahū pounamu   New Zealand Unpitched Idiophone Traditional Maori gong.
Paiban   China Unpitched 111.11 Idiophone
Paila criolla Cuba Unpitched Membranophone
Pakhavaj   India pitched 211.222.1 Membranophone
Pambai   India Unpitched Membranophone
Pandeiro   Brazil Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone
Pandero jarocho Mexico Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone Octagonal Tambourine
Pantalon   Europe Pitched Chordophone A type of hammered dulcimer.
Pellet drum   Unpitched 212 Membranophone
Pixiphone   England Pitched 111.212 Idiophone
Practice pad   Unpitched
Plasmaphone   United States
Pyrophone  
Quadrangularis Reversum   United States Pitched 111.212 Idiophone
Quintephone  
Rainstick   Mexico Unpitched 112.13 Idiophone Subclassed as a combination Shaken Idiophone and Individual friction vessel
Rakatak   Ghana Unpitched 234.345 Idiophone
Ranat ek   Thailand Pitched Idiophone
Ranat ek lek   Thailand Pitched Idiophone
Ranat thum   Thailand Pitched Idiophone
Ranat thum lek   Thailand Pitched Idiophone
Ratchet   Unpitched 112.24 Idiophone
Rattle   Unpitched 112.13 Idiophone
Ravanne   Mauritius Unpitched
Rebana   Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Both 211.311 Membranophone
Repique   Brazil Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Ring of bells   Pitched Idiophone
Ring-repique Brazil Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Ringing rocks   Idiophone
Riq   Middle East Unpitched Membranophone
Rock gong   Both 111.22 Idiophone A type of constructed Lithophone
Rototom   United States Both 211.311 Membranophone classified it as no handle although it is usually mounted
Sabar   Senegal, The Gambia Unpitched Membranophone
Sakara drum   Yoruba Unpitched Membranophone
Salterio   Europe Pitched Chordophone
Sambal   India Unpitched Membranophone
Samphor   Cambodia Unpitched 211.222.1 Membranophone
Sand blocks   Unpitched 13 Idiophone
Santoor   South Asia Pitched Chordophone
Santur   Iran Pitched Chordophone Type of hammered dulcimer.
Sapp   South Asia
Saron   Indonesia Pitched 111.222 Idiophone Size from smallest to largest is Saron panerus, Saron barung,

Saron demung.

Scabellum   Ancient Rome Unpitched Often used by the aulos players
Semantron   Both Idiophone Used to summon monastics to prayer
Shekere   Brazil
Burkina Faso
Cuba, Gambia
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Mali
Senegal
Unpitched 112.122 Idiophone
Shime-daiko   Japan Unpitched 211.222.1 Membranophone
Shishi-odoshi   Japan
Shōko   Japan Unpitched Idiophone
Sikulu Congo
Silex Piano Pitched Idiophone Lithophone
Singing bowl   Himalayas Pitched 111.242.11 Idiophone
Siren (alarm)   Scotland Both Electrophone
Skrabalai   Lithuania Pitched 111.242.222 Idiophone
Skull Idiophone
Sleigh bells   Unpitched 112.112 Idiophone Jingle bells
Slenthem   Indonesia Pitched 111.222 Idiophone
Slit drum   Both 111.24 Idiophone
Snare drum   Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Song bells   Pitched Idiophone
Sounding stone   China Idiophone
Spoon   Greece, Russia, Turkey Unpitched 111.14 Idiophone
Steelpan   Trinidad & Tobago Pitched 111.241.12 and
111.241.22
Idiophone[7]
Also known as steel drum
Stomp box   Unpitched 111.24 Idiophone
Stone marimba   Pitched Idiophone Lithophone
Suikinkutsu   Japan
Surdo   Brazil Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Suspended cymbal   Unpitched 111.24 Idiophone
Taal / Manjira   India Unpitched 111 Also: manjira, karatalas
Tabla   India Pitched 211.221.2 Membranophone See pitched percussion instruments easily mistaken for unpitched
Tabla tarang   India Pitched Membranophone
Taiko   Japan Unpitched 211 Membranophone Refers to traditional Japanese drums in general.
Talempong   Indonesia Pitched Idiophone
Talking drum   West Africa Pitched 211.242.11 Membranophone Has a sound that mimics the human voice
Tambora   Dominican Republic Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Tamborim   Brazil Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone
Tamborita calentana Mexico Unpitched Membranophone
Tambourine   Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone But the headless tambourine is an idiophone
Tan-tan   Brazil Unpitched 211.211.1 Membranophone
Tap shoe   Unpitched 111.222 Idiophone
Taphon   Thailand Unpitched 211.222.1 Membranophone
Tar (drum)   Saudi Arabia Unpitched 211.311 Membranophone
Tassa   India Unpitched Membranophone Type of kettle drum
Tbilat   Morocco, Saudi Arabia Unpitched Membranophone
Teponaztli   El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico Both 111.24 Idiophone
Thappu India Unpitched Membranophone
Thattai   India Unpitched Idiophone Also known as a patpate.
Thavil   India Unpitched 211.222.1 Membranophone
Thunder sheet   Unpitched 111.221 Idiophone
Tifa (drum)   Maluku Islands
New Guinea
Unpitched 211.221 Membranophone

211.231 Membranophone

211.251 Membranophone

Three kinds: a barrel drum, an hourglass drum and a goblet drum. Not pitched but tone can be changed with wax on drumhead
Timbal   Brazil Unpitched 211.251.1 Membranophone
Timbales   Cuba Unpitched 211.212.2 Membranophone
Timpani   Pitched 211.11-922 Membranophone Also called kettle drums
Tingsha   Tibet Unpitched 111.142 Idiophone
Tom-tom drum   Pitched 211.211.1 Membranophone
Tombak   Iran Unpitched 211.261.1 Membranophone Persian, also known as tombak, donbak and dombak, and as Tombakh Naar in Kashmir
Triangle   Cajuns Unpitched 111 Idiophone
Triccaballacca Italy Unpitched Idiophone
Tsuzumi   Japan Pitched 211.242.1 Membranophone
Tsymbaly   Ukraine Pitched Chordophone Type of hammer dulcimer.
Tubular bells   Pitched 111.232 Idiophone
Tumba Unpitched Membranophone
Turntable   Both 53 Electrophone
Tumdak'   India Unpitched Membranophone
Turkish crescent   Unpitched Idiophone
Txalaparta   Basque Pitched 111.222 Idiophone
Udu   Nigeria Unpitched Idiophone Also classed as an implosive Aerophone.
Vehicle horn   Both Aerophone
Vibraphone   United States Pitched 111.222 Idiophone
Vibraslap   United States Unpitched 112 Idiophone
Washboard   Cajuns, United States Unpitched 132.1 Idiophone
Whip   Unpitched 111.11 Idiophone Also known as slapstick
Whistle   Unpitched Aerophone
Wind chime   Unpitched 111.232 Idiophone Borderline as pitched or unpitched, as a melody can sometimes be perceived
Wind machine   Unpitched 13 Idiophone
Wobble board Australia
Wood block   Unpitched 111.24 Idiophone
Wood scraper block  
Wooden fish   China Both 111.24 Idiophone [5][8]
Xylophone   Ghana, Uganda, Zambia Pitched 111.212 Idiophone The xylophone is a musical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars struck by mallets
Xylorimba   Pitched 111.212 Idiophone
Yangqin   China Pitched Chordophone Type of hammered dulcimer.
Yuka Congo Unpitched Membranophone Made from a hollowed out avocado trunk with a leather membrane.
Zabumba   Brazil Unpitched 211.212.1 Membranophone
Zatula Ukraine Unpitched 112.2 Idiophone
Zill   Asia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey Unpitched 111.142 Idiophone Also known as finger cymbal

See also edit

Top-level articles edit

Subgroups of percussion instruments edit

Categories edit

Only the more significant subcategories are shown

  • Category:Percussion instruments
    • Category:Membranophones
      • Category:Drums
    • Category:Idiophones
      • Category:Cymbals
    • Category:Pitched percussion instruments
    • Category:Percussion instruments by means of sound production
    • Category:Percussion instruments by playing technique
    • Category:Percussion instruments by usage

References edit

  1. ^ "Wonderful Indonesia - Angklung : Harmony in a Bamboo Orchestra". Archived from the original on 2014-09-28.: The tubes are carefully whittled and cut by a master craftsperson to produce certain notes when the bamboo frame is shaken or tapped.
  2. ^ Blades, James; Holland, James (2001). "Anvil". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01068. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  3. ^ "Brazilian Samba". prezi.com. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
  4. ^ "Celesta". Yamaha. Retrieved 3 March 2024: Although treated as a member of the percussion section in orchestral terms, the celesta is played by a pianist, the part being normally written on two bracketed staves.
  5. ^ a b "Profile: tuned percussion" Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine. There are lots of tuned percussion instruments. Among the most common are the xylophone, marimba, the glockenspiel, the cowbells and the temple blocks. Other authorities cited here however say that temple blocks are not considered pitched instruments.
  6. ^ "Marching machine". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
  7. ^ Revision of the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments by the MIMO Consortium
  8. ^ "Temple blocks". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Although temple blocks are not considered pitched instruments, they can produce discernable pitches, and some temple blocks are actually tuned to the pentatonic scale. Other authorities cited here however say that temple blocks are tuned percussion.