List of potentially habitable exoplanets

Summary

This is a list of potentially habitable exoplanets. The list is mostly based on estimates of habitability by the Habitable Exoplanets Catalog (HEC), and data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive. The HEC is maintained by the Planetary Habitability Laboratory at the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo.[1] There is also a speculative list being developed of superhabitable planets.

Surface planetary habitability is thought to require an orbit at the right distance from the host star for liquid surface water to be present, in addition to various geophysical and geodynamical aspects, atmospheric density, radiation type and intensity, and the host star's plasma environment.[2]

List edit

This is a list of exoplanets within the circumstellar habitable zone that are under 10 Earth masses and smaller than 2.5 Earth radii, and thus have a chance of being rocky.[3][1] Note that inclusion on this list does not guarantee habitability, and in particular the larger planets are unlikely to have a rocky composition.[4] Earth is included for comparison.

Note that mass and radius values prefixed with "~" have not been measured, but are estimated from a mass-radius relationship.

Previous candidates edit

Some exoplanet candidates detected by radial velocity that were originally thought to be potentially habitable were later found to most likely be artifacts of stellar activity. These include Gliese 581 d & g,[42][43][44] Gliese 667 Ce & f,[25][45] Gliese 682 b & c,[33] Kapteyn b,[46][47] and Gliese 832 c.[48]

HD 85512 b was initially estimated to be potentially habitable,[49][50] but updated models for the boundaries of the habitable zone placed the planet interior to the HZ,[51][52] and it is now considered non-habitable.[1] Kepler-69c has gone through a similar process; though initially estimated to be potentially habitable,[53] it was quickly realized that the planet is more likely to be similar to Venus,[54] and is thus no longer considered habitable.[1] Several other planets, such as Gliese 180 b, also appear to be examples of planets once considered potentially habitable but later found to be interior to the habitable zone.[1]

Similarly, Tau Ceti e and f were initially both considered potentially habitable,[55] but with improved models of the circumstellar habitable zone, as of 2022 PHL does not consider either planet potentially habitable.[1][failed verification] Kepler-438b was also initially considered potentially habitable; however, it was later found to be a subject of powerful flares that can strip a planet of its atmosphere, so it is now considered non-habitable.[1]

K2-3d and K2-18b were originally considered potentially habitable, and the latter remains listed in the HEC,[1] but recent studies have shown them to be gaseous sub-Neptunes and thus unlikely to be habitable.[56][57][58][59][60][61]

KOI-1686.01 was also considered a potentially habitable exoplanet after its detection in 2011, until proven a false positive by NASA in 2015.[62] Several other KOIs, like Kepler-577b and Kepler-1649b, were considered potentially habitable prior to confirmation, but with new data are no longer considered habitable.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog". Planetary Habitability Laboratory. University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  2. ^ Lammer, H.; Bredehöft, J. H.; Coustenis, A.; Khodachenko, M. L.; et al. (2009). "What makes a planet habitable?" (PDF). The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 17 (2): 181–249. Bibcode:2009A&ARv..17..181L. doi:10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z. S2CID 123220355. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  3. ^ a b Méndez, A.; González-Espada, W. (2016). Searching for Habitable Worlds: An Introduction. IOP Concise Physics. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-68174-401-8. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  4. ^ Chen, Jingjing; Kipping, David (2017). "Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds". The Astrophysical Journal. 834 (1): 17. arXiv:1603.08614. Bibcode:2017ApJ...834...17C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/17. S2CID 119114880.
  5. ^ a b Caballero, J. A.; Reiners, Ansgar; Ribas, I.; Dreizler, S.; Zechmeister, M.; et al. (12 June 2019). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two temperate Earth-mass planet candidates around Teegarden's Star" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 627: A49. arXiv:1906.07196. Bibcode:2019A&A...627A..49Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935460. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 189999121.
  6. ^ "Exoplanet-catalog". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  7. ^ Dransfield, Georgina; Timmermans, Mathilde; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; Dévora-Pajares, Martín; Aganze, Christian; Barkaoui, Khalid; Burgasser, Adam J.; Collins, Karen A.; Cointepas, Marion; Ducrot, Elsa; Günther, Maximilian N.; Howell, Steve B.; Murray, Catriona A.; Niraula, Prajwal; Rackham, Benjamin V. (2023-10-28). "A 1.55 R$_{\oplus}$ habitable-zone planet hosted by TOI-715, an M4 star near the ecliptic South Pole". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 527 (1): 35–52. arXiv:2305.06206. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1439. ISSN 0035-8711.
  8. ^ "Earth-Size, Habitable Zone Planet Found Hidden in Early NASA Kepler Data". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  9. ^ a b c d Delrez, Laetitia; et al. (9 January 2018). "Early 2017 observations of TRAPPIST-1 with Spitzer". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 3577–3597. arXiv:1801.02554. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.3577D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty051. S2CID 54649681.
  10. ^ a b c d Grimm, Simon L.; et al. (5 February 2018). "The nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 613: A68. arXiv:1802.01377. Bibcode:2018A&A...613A..68G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732233. S2CID 3441829.
  11. ^ Astudillo-Defru, Nicola; Forveille, Thierry; Bonfils, Xavier; Ségransan, Damien; Bouchy, François; Delfosse, Xavier; et al. (2017). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XLI. A dozen planets around the M dwarfs GJ 3138, GJ 3323, GJ 273, GJ 628, and GJ 3293". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 602. A88. arXiv:1703.05386. Bibcode:2017A&A...602A..88A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630153. S2CID 119418595.
  12. ^ Delrez, L.; Murray, C. A.; et al. (September 2022). "Two temperate super-Earths transiting a nearby late-type M dwarf". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 667: A59. arXiv:2209.02831. Bibcode:2022A&A...667A..59D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244041. S2CID 252110654.
  13. ^ "Exoplanet-catalog". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  14. ^ a b Suárez Mascareño, A.; González-Alvarez, E.; et al. (November 2022). "Two temperate Earth-mass planets orbiting the nearby star GJ 1002". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 670: A5. arXiv:2212.07332. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244991. S2CID 254353639.
  15. ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-296e". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  16. ^ Kossakowski, D.; Kürster, M.; et al. (January 2023). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, Wolf 1069 b: Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of a nearby, very low-mass star". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 670: A84. arXiv:2301.02477. Bibcode:2023A&A...670A..84K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245322.
  17. ^ Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Amado, Pedro J.; Barnes, John; et al. (2016). "A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri". Nature. 536 (7617): 437–440. arXiv:1609.03449. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..437A. doi:10.1038/nature19106. PMID 27558064. S2CID 4451513.
  18. ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-62f". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  19. ^ "Exoplanet-catalog". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  20. ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-452 b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  21. ^ "Targets of Note: Kepler-452 b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  22. ^ Mullally, Fergal; Thompson, Susan E.; Coughlin, Jeffrey L.; Burke, Christopher J.; Rowe, Jason F. (2018). "Kepler's Earth-like Planets Should Not be Confirmed without Independent Detection: The Case of Kepler-452b". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (5): 210. arXiv:1803.11307. Bibcode:2018AJ....155..210M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aabae3. S2CID 55481591.
  23. ^ Burke, Christopher J.; Mullally, F.; Thompson, Susan E.; Coughlin, Jeffrey L.; Rowe, Jason F. (2019). "Re-evaluating Small Long-period Confirmed Planets from Kepler". The Astronomical Journal. 157 (4): 143. arXiv:1901.00506. Bibcode:2019AJ....157..143B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aafb79. S2CID 119047713.
  24. ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-62e". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  25. ^ a b Feroz, F.; Hobson, M. P. (2014). "Bayesian analysis of radial velocity data of GJ667C with correlated noise: evidence for only two planets". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437 (4): 3540–3549. arXiv:1307.6984. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437.3540F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2148. S2CID 119287992.
  26. ^ Harakawa, Hiroki; et al. (2022). "A super-Earth orbiting near the inner edge of the habitable zone around the M4.5 dwarf Ross 508". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 74 (4): 904–922. arXiv:2205.11986. Bibcode:2022PASJ...74..904H. doi:10.1093/pasj/psac044.
  27. ^ Wenz, John (15 November 2017). "A potentially habitable planet has been discovered just 11 light-years away". Astronomy. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  28. ^ Schanche, N.; et al. (2022). "TOI-2257 b: A highly eccentric long-period sub-Neptune transiting a nearby M dwarf". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 657: A45. arXiv:2111.01749. Bibcode:2022A&A...657A..45S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142280. S2CID 240419956.
  29. ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-22 b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  30. ^ "Exoplanet catalog-Exoplanet exploration-Kepler-1701b".
  31. ^ "Exoplanet-catalog-Exoplanet exploration-Kepler-1606b".
  32. ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: K2-9b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  33. ^ a b Feng, Fabo; et al. (8 January 2020). "Search for Nearby Earth Analogs. II. Detection of Five New Planets, Eight Planet Candidates, and Confirmation of Three Planets around Nine Nearby M Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 246 (1): 11. arXiv:2001.02577. Bibcode:2020ApJS..246...11F. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab5e7c. S2CID 210064560.
  34. ^ Díaz, Rodrigo F.; et al. (2016). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 585: A134. arXiv:1510.06446. Bibcode:2016A&A...585A.134D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526729. S2CID 118531921.
  35. ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: Kepler-296 f". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  36. ^ Cadieux, Charles; Plotnykov, Mykhaylo; et al. (2024). "New Mass and Radius Constraints on the LHS 1140 Planets -- LHS 1140 b is Either a Temperate Mini-Neptune or a Water World". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 960 (1): L3. arXiv:2310.15490. Bibcode:2024ApJ...960L...3C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad1691.
  37. ^ Damasso, M.; et al. (2022), "A quarter century of spectroscopic monitoring of the nearby M dwarf Gl 514", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 666: A187, arXiv:2204.06376, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243522, S2CID 248157318
  38. ^ Suárez Mascareño, A.; et al. (2017). "HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. V. A super-Earth on the inner edge of the habitable zone of the nearby M dwarf GJ 625". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 605. A92. arXiv:1705.06537. Bibcode:2017A&A...605A..92S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730957. S2CID 119003137.
  39. ^ LePage, Andrew (22 May 2017). "Habitable Planet Reality Check: Is GJ 625b a Super-Earth or a Super-Venus?". drewexmachina.com. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  40. ^ "GJ 625". hzgallery.org. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  41. ^ "Comparison of the L 98-59 exoplanet system with the inner Solar System". www.eso.org. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  42. ^ Robertson, Paul; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Endl, Michael; Roy, Arpita (3 July 2014). "Stellar activity masquerading as planets in the habitable zone of the M dwarf Gliese 581". Science. 345 (6195): 440–444. arXiv:1407.1049. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..440R. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.767.2071. doi:10.1126/science.1253253. PMID 24993348. S2CID 206556796.
  43. ^ Hatzes, A. P. (2016). "Periodic Hαvariations in GL 581: Further evidence for an activity origin to GL 581d". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 585: A144. arXiv:1512.00878. Bibcode:2016A&A...585A.144H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527135. S2CID 55623630.
  44. ^ Dodson-Robinson, Sarah E.; Delgado, Victor Ramirez; Harrell, Justin; Haley, Charlotte L. (2022). "Magnitude-squared Coherence: A Powerful Tool for Disentangling Doppler Planet Discoveries from Stellar Activity". The Astronomical Journal. 163 (4): 169. arXiv:2201.13342. Bibcode:2022AJ....163..169D. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac52ed. S2CID 246430514.
  45. ^ Robertson, Paul; Mahadevan, Suvrath (October 2014). "Disentangling Planets and Stellar Activity for Gliese 667C". The Astrophysical Journal. 793 (2): L24. arXiv:1409.0021. Bibcode:2014ApJ...793L..24R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/793/2/L24. S2CID 118404871.
  46. ^ Robertson, Paul (11 May 2015). "Stellar activity mimics a habitable-zone planet around Kapteyn's star". The Astrophysical Journal. 805 (2): L22. arXiv:1505.02778. Bibcode:2015ApJ...805L..22R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/805/2/L22. S2CID 117871083.
  47. ^ Bortle, Anna; et al. (2021). "A Gaussian Process Regression Reveals No Evidence for Planets Orbiting Kapteyn's Star". The Astronomical Journal. 161 (5): 230. arXiv:2103.02709. Bibcode:2021AJ....161..230B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abec89. S2CID 232110395.
  48. ^ Gorrini, P.; et al. (2022). "Detailed stellar activity analysis and modelling of GJ 832". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 664: A64. arXiv:2206.07552. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243063. S2CID 249674385.
  49. ^ Kaltenegger, L.; Udry, S.; Pepe, F. (2011). "A Habitable Planet around HD 85512?". arXiv:1108.3561 [astro-ph.EP].
  50. ^ Mendez, Abel (1 August 2012). "Five Potential Habitable Exoplanets Now" (Press release). Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  51. ^ Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar; et al. (2013). "Habitable Zones Around Main-Sequence Stars: New Estimates". The Astrophysical Journal. 765 (2): 131. arXiv:1301.6674. Bibcode:2013ApJ...765..131K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/765/2/131. S2CID 76651902.
  52. ^ Mendez, Abel (29 January 2013). "A New Habitable Zone" (Press release). Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  53. ^ Barclay, Thomas; et al. (2013). "A super-Earth-sized planet orbiting in or near the habitable zone around Sun-like star". The Astrophysical Journal. 768 (2): 101. arXiv:1304.4941. Bibcode:2013ApJ...768..101B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/2/101. S2CID 51490784.
  54. ^ Kane, Stephen R.; et al. (2013). "A Potential Super-Venus in the Kepler-69 System". The Astrophysical Journal. 770 (2): L20. arXiv:1305.2933. Bibcode:2013ApJ...770L..20K. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/770/2/L20. S2CID 9808447.
  55. ^ Mendez, Abel (28 December 2012). "Two Nearby Habitable Worlds?" (Press release). Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  56. ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: K2-3d". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  57. ^ "Confirmed Planet Overview Page: K2-18 b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  58. ^ Garner, Rob (2019-09-11). "Hubble Finds Water Vapor on Habitable-Zone Exoplanet for 1st Time". NASA. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
  59. ^ Damasso, Mario; et al. (2018). "Eyes on K2-3: A system of three likely sub-Neptunes characterized with HARPS-N and HARPS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 615. A69. arXiv:1802.08320. Bibcode:2018A&A...615A..69D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732459. S2CID 58923147.
  60. ^ Kosiarek, Molly R.; et al. (2019). "Bright Opportunities for Atmospheric Characterization of Small Planets: Masses and Radii of K2-3 b, c, and d and GJ3470 b from Radial Velocity Measurements and Spitzer Transits". The Astronomical Journal. 157 (3): 97. arXiv:1812.08241. Bibcode:2019AJ....157...97K. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf79c. S2CID 119440420.
  61. ^ Benneke, Björn; et al. (2019). "Water Vapor and Clouds on the Habitable-zone Sub-Neptune Exoplanet K2-18b". The Astrophysical Journal. 887 (1): L14. arXiv:1909.04642. Bibcode:2019ApJ...887L..14B. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab59dc. S2CID 209324670.
  62. ^ "Kepler Candidate Overview Page: KOI-1686.01". NASA Exoplanet Archive. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. Retrieved 28 December 2015.

External links edit

  • "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog" (PHL/UPR Arecibo)
  • Habitable Exoplanets Catalogue ranks alien worlds on suitability for life