List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain Knowpia

The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) edit

Embryonic vertebrate subdivisions of the developing human brain

hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

Myelencephalon edit

Medulla oblongata
- Medullary pyramids
- Arcuate nucleus
- Olivary body
  - Inferior olivary nucleus
- Rostral ventrolateral medulla
- Caudal ventrolateral medulla
- Solitary nucleus (Nucleus of the solitary tract)
- Respiratory center-Respiratory groups
  - Dorsal respiratory group
  - Ventral respiratory group or Apneustic centre
    - Pre-Bötzinger complex
    - Botzinger complex
    - Retrotrapezoid nucleus
    - Nucleus retrofacialis
    - Nucleus retroambiguus
    - Nucleus para-ambiguus
- Paramedian reticular nucleus
- Gigantocellular reticular nucleus
- Parafacial zone
- Cuneate nucleus
- Gracile nucleus
- Perihypoglossal nuclei
- Area postrema
- Medullary cranial nerve nuclei
- Chemoreceptor trigger zone

Metencephalon edit

Pons
- Pontine nuclei
- Pontine cranial nerve nuclei
  - Chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V)
  - Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V)
  - Abducens nucleus (VI)
  - Facial nerve nucleus (VII)
  - Vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII)
  - Superior salivatory nucleus
- Pontine tegmentum
  - Pontine micturition center (Barrington's nucleus)
  - Locus coeruleus
  - Pedunculopontine nucleus
  - Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
  - Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus
  - Nucleus incertus
- Parabrachial area
  - Medial parabrachial nucleus
  - Lateral parabrachial nucleus
  - Subparabrachial nucleus (Kölliker-Fuse nucleus)
    - Pontine respiratory group
- Superior olivary complex
  - Medial superior olive
  - Lateral superior olive
  - Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
- Paramedian pontine reticular formation
- Parvocellular reticular nucleus
- Caudal pontine reticular nucleus
- Cerebellar peduncles
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum

Midbrain (mesencephalon) edit

Cross-section of the midbrain.

Tectum
- Corpora quadrigemina
  - Inferior colliculi
  - Superior colliculi
Pretectum
Tegmentum
- Periaqueductal gray
- Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Midbrain reticular formation
- Dorsal raphe nucleus
- Red nucleus
- Ventral tegmental area
  - Parabrachial pigmented nucleus
  - Paranigral nucleus
  - Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
- Caudal linear nucleus
- Rostral linear nucleus of the raphe
- Interfascicular nucleus
- Substantia nigra
  - Pars compacta
  - Pars reticulata
- Interpeduncular nucleus
Cerebral peduncle
- Crus cerebri
Mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei
- Oculomotor nucleus (III)
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus
- Trochlear nucleus (IV)
Mesencephalic duct (cerebral aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius)

Forebrain (prosencephalon) edit

Diencephalon edit

Diencephalon

Thalamus edit

Anterior nuclear group
- Anteroventral nucleus (a.k.a. ventral anterior nucleus)
- Anterodorsal nucleus
- Anteromedial nucleus
Medial nuclear group
- Medial dorsal nucleus
- Midline nuclear group
- Paratenial nucleus
- Reuniens nucleus
- Rhomboidal nucleus
- Intralaminar nuclear group
- Centromedian nucleus
- Parafascicular nucleus
- Paracentral nucleus
- Central lateral nucleus
Lateral nuclear group
Ventral nuclear group
Metathalamus
- Medial geniculate body
- Lateral geniculate body
Thalamic reticular nucleus

Hypothalamus (limbic system) (HPA axis) edit

Anterior
- Medial area
  - Parts of preoptic area
    - Medial preoptic nucleus
      - INAH 1
      - INAH 2
      - INAH 3
      - INAH 4
    - Median preoptic nucleus
  - Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  - Paraventricular nucleus
  - Supraoptic nucleus (mainly)
  - Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
- Lateral area
  - Parts of preoptic area
    - Lateral preoptic nucleus
  - Anterior part of Lateral nucleus
  - Part of supraoptic nucleus
- Other nuclei of preoptic area
  - Median preoptic nucleus
  - Periventricular preoptic nucleus
Tuberal
- Medial area
- Lateral area
  - Tuberal part of Lateral nucleus
  - Lateral tuberal nuclei
Posterior
- Medial area
  - Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies)
  - Posterior nucleus
- Lateral area
  - Posterior part of Lateral nucleus
Surface
- Median eminence
- Mammillary bodies
- Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
Optic chiasm
Subfornical organ
Periventricular nucleus
Tuber cinereum
- Tuberal nucleus
- Tuberomammillary nucleus
Tuberal region
Mammillary nucleus

Pituitary gland (HPA axis) edit

Telencephalon (cerebrum) Cerebral hemispheres edit

red: frontal lobe

orange: parietal lobe

yellow: occipital lobe

green: temporal lobe

blue: cerebellum

black: brainstem

Subcortical edit

Hippocampus (Medial Temporal Lobe)
- Dentate gyrus
- Cornu ammonis (CA fields)
Amygdala (limbic system) (limbic lobe)
- Central nucleus (autonomic nervous system)
- Medial nucleus (accessory olfactory system)
- Cortical and basomedial nuclei (main olfactory system)
- Lateral and basolateral nuclei (frontotemporal cortical system)
Extended amygdala
- Stria terminalis
  - Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Claustrum
Basal ganglia
- Striatum
  - Dorsal striatum (a.k.a. neostriatum)
    - Putamen
    - Caudate nucleus
  - Ventral striatum
    - Nucleus accumbens
    - Olfactory tubercle
- Globus pallidus (forms nucleus lentiformis with putamen)
  - Ventral pallidum
- Subthalamic nucleus
Basal forebrain

Rhinencephalon (paleocortex) edit

Cerebral cortex (neocortex) edit

Frontal lobe
- Cortex
- Gyri
- Brodmann areas: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 25, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47
Parietal lobe
- Cortex
- Gyri
  - Postcentral gyrus (Primary somesthetic area)
- Other
  - Precuneus
- Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3 (Primary somesthetic area); 5, 7, 23, 26, 29, 31, 39, 40
Occipital lobe
- Cortex
  - Primary visual cortex (V1)
  - V2
  - V3
  - V4
- Gyri
  - Lateral occipital gyrus
- Other
  - Cuneus
- Brodmann areas 17 (V1, primary visual cortex); 18, 19
Temporal lobe
- Cortex
  - Primary auditory cortex (A1)
  - Secondary auditory cortex (A2)
  - Inferior temporal cortex
  - V5/MT
  - Posterior inferior temporal cortex
- Gyri
- Brodmann areas: 20, 21, 22, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42
- Other
  - Medial superior temporal area (MST)
Insular cortex
Cingulate cortex
- Anterior cingulate
- Posterior cingulate
- Retrosplenial cortex
- Indusium griseum
- Subgenual area 25
- Brodmann areas 23, 24; 26, 29, 30 (retrosplenial areas); 31, 32

Neural pathways edit

Superior longitudinal fasciculus
- Arcuate fasciculus
Uncinate fasciculus
Perforant pathway
Thalamocortical radiations
Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure
Amygdalofugal pathway
Interthalamic adhesion
Posterior commissure
Habenular commissure
Fornix
Mammillotegmental fasciculus
Incertohypothalamic pathway
Cerebral peduncle
Medial forebrain bundle
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Myoclonic triangle
Solitary tract
Major dopaminergic pathways from dopaminergic cell groups
- Mesocortical pathway
- Mesolimbic pathway
- Nigrostriatal pathway
- Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Serotonergic pathways
- Raphe Nuclei
Norepinephrine Pathways
- Locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups
Epinephrine pathways from adrenergic cell groups
Glutamate and acetylcholine pathways from mesopontine nuclei

Motor systems / Descending fibers edit

Neurotransmitter pathways edit

Dural meningeal system edit

Cerebrospinal Fluid
Brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Meningeal coverings
Epidural space
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space
- Arachnoid septum
- Superior cistern
- Cistern of lamina terminalis
- Chiasmatic cistern
- Interpeduncular cistern
- Pontine cistern
- Cisterna magna
- Spinal subarachnoid space
Ventricular system
- Lateral ventricles
  - Angular bundle
  - Anterior horn
  - Body of lateral ventricle
  - Inferior horn
  - Posterior horn
    - Calcar avis
  - Subventricular zone
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Foramina

The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the midbrain.^[1] The classification of structures as part of the limbic system is historical and originates from the position of the structures at the boundary between two functionally distinct components (hence, the name limbus, meaning border) and the structures' shared roles in emotional processes (see limbic system for more details). Hence, there is overlap of structures in the limbic system and in other classifications of brain structures. The following areas have been considered part of the limbic system.^[2]^[3]

Cortical areas:
- Limbic lobe
- Orbitofrontal cortex: a region in the frontal lobe involved in the process of decision-making
- Piriform cortex: part of the olfactory system
- Entorhinal cortex: related to memory and associative components
- Hippocampus and associated structures: play a central role in the consolidation of new memories
- Fornix: a white matter structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures, particularly the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei
Subcortical areas:
- Septal nuclei: a set of structures that lie in front of the lamina terminalis, considered a pleasure zone
- Amygdala: located deep within the temporal lobes and related with a number of emotional processes
- Nucleus accumbens: involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
Diencephalic structures:
- Hypothalamus: a center for the limbic system, connected with the frontal lobes, septal nuclei, and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle, with the hippocampus via the fornix, and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus; regulates many autonomic processes
- Mammillary bodies: part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus
- Anterior nuclei of thalamus: receive input from the mammillary bodies and involved in memory processing

Other areas that have been included in the limbic system include the:

Stria medullaris
Central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden

References edit

^ Schacter, Daniel L. 2012. Psychology.sec. 3.20
^ Swenson, Rand. "Chapter 9 - Limbic System". Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2015.:
^ Rajmohan V, Mohandas E (2007). "The limbic system". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (2): 132–139. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.33264. PMC 2917081. PMID 20711399.

External links edit

Brain at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (view tree for regions of the brain)
BrainMaps.org
BrainInfo (University of Washington)
"Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works". Johns Hopkins Medicine. 14 July 2021.
"Brain Map". Queensland Health. 12 July 2022.