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List of rulers of Malwa

Summary

Following is a list of rulers of Malwa since the Vedic period to 1950:

Malwa region in 1780

Ancient Period (c. 1500 BCE – 100 BCE) edit

Malava dynasty (c. 1200 – 850 BCE) edit

  • King Aswapati and his queen was Malavi (Malwa named after Malavi), their descendants dynasty first ruled Malwa.[1][2][3]

Heheya Kingdom of Avanti (c. 1100 – 682 BCE) edit

Sahasrajit was the eldest son of Yadu whose descendant were Haihayas. After Kartavirya Arjuna, his grandsons Talajangha and his son, Vitihotra had occupied Ayodhya which was ruled by Rama's ancestor Sagara's father Bahuka who was also known as Asita. Talajangha, his son Vitihotra were killed by King Sagara. Their descendants (Madhu and Vrshni) exiled to Kroshtas, a division of Yadava Dynasty.

  1. Sahasrajit
  2. Satajit
  3. Mahahaya, Renuhaya and Haihaya (the founder of Haihaya Kingdom). (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Mandhatri)
  4. Dharma was the son of Haihaya.
  5. Netra
  6. Kunti
  7. Sohanji
  8. Mahishman was the founder of Mahishmati on the banks of River Narmada.
  9. Bhadrasenaka (Bhadrasena) (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Trishanku)
  10. Durmada (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Harischandra)
  11. Durdama
  12. Bhima
  13. Samhata
  14. Kanaka
  15. Dhanaka
  16. Krtavirya, Krtagni, Krtavarma and Krtauja. (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Rohitashva)
  17. Sahasrabahu Kartavirya Arjuna was the son of Krtavirya who ruled 88 years and was finally killed by Lord Parashurama.
  18. Jayadhwaja, Vrshabha, Madhu and Urujit were left by Parshurama and 995 others were killed by Lord Parashurama. Pajanya was adopted by Kroshta king Devamidha
  19. Talajangha (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Asita)
  20. Vithihotra (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Sagara)
  21. Madhu
  22. Vrshni

Bhil's regin (c. 850 – 400 BCE) edit

Dhanna Bhil dynasty

Bhil King Dhanna and his descendants dynasty ruled Malwa before feudatories to Malavas until 400s BCE. The descendants of Raja Dhanna Bhil challenged the ruler of Delhi in 730 BC. The last ruler of the Bhil dynasty was Putra-raja.[6][7]

Doshra Bhil's rule

Bhil queen Doshra was allegedly the ruler of Malwa state comprising a large portion of the present-day western and central Madhya Pradesh, and parts of south-eastern Rajasthan and northern Maharashtra, whose ansestors had ruled Malwa for 289 years.[8]

Pradyota dynasty of Avanti (c. 682 – 544 BCE) edit

List of rulers-
List of Pradyota dynasty Rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE) Period
Pradyota Mahasena 682–659 BCE 23
Palaka 659–635 BCE 24
Visakhayupa 635–585 BCE 50
Ajaka 585–564 BCE 21
Varttivarddhana 564–544 BCE 20
  • Varttivarddhana was last ruler of dynasty dethroned by Bimbisara in 544 BCE.

Magadha Empire (c. 413 – 73 BCE) edit

 
Magadha dnesties expansion

Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413 – 345 BCE) edit

Rulers-
List of Shishunga dynasty rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE)
Shishunaga 413–395 BCE
Kalashoka 395–377 BCE
Kshemadharman 377–365 BCE
Kshatraujas 365–355 BCE
Nandivardhana 355–349 BCE
Mahanandin 349–345 BCE

Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE) edit

Rulers-
List of Nanda dynasty rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE)
Mahapadma Nanda 345–340 BCE
Pandukananda 340–339 BCE
Pandugatinanda 339–338 BCE
Bhutapalananda 338–337 BCE
Rashtrapalananada 337–336 BCE
Govishanakananda 336–335 BCE
Dashasiddhakananda 335–334 BCE
Kaivartananda 334–329 BCE
Dhana Nanda 329–322 BCE

Maurya Empire (c. 322 – 185 BCE) edit

Rulers-
Ruler Reign Notes
Chandragupta Maurya 322–297 BCE Founder of first Indian united empire.
Bindusara   297–273 BCE Known for his foreign diplomacy and crushed of Vidarbh revolt.
Ashoka   268–232 BCE Greatest emperor of dynasty. His son Kunala was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. Also known for Kalinga war victory.
Dasharatha Maurya   232–224 BCE Grandson of Ashoka.
Samprati 224–215 BCE Brother of Dasharatha.
Shalishuka   215–202 BCE
Devavarman 202–195 BCE
Shatadhanvan 195–187 BCE The Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
Brihadratha 187–184 BCE Assassinated by his Commander-in-chief Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE.

Shunga Empire (c. 185 – 73 BCE) edit

Rulers-
List of Shunga dynasty rulers
Ruler Reign (BCE)
Pushyamitra Shunga 185–149 BCE
Agnimitra 149–141 BCE
Vasujyeshtha 141–131 BCE
Vasumitra 131–124 BCE
Bhadraka 124–122 BCE
Pulindaka 122–119 BCE
Ghosha 119–108 BCE
Vajramitra 108–94 BCE
Bhagabhadra 94–83 BCE
Devabhuti 83–73 BCE

Classical Period (c. 100 BCE – 600 CE) edit

Satavahana Empire (c. 100 BCE – 200 CE) edit

Himanshu Prabha Ray provides the following chronology, based on archaeological and numismatic evidence:[9]

Kushan Empire (c. 1 – 375 CE) edit

Ruler Reign Notes
Heraios   1–30 King or clan chief of the Kushans. Founder of the dynasty.
Kujula Kadphises   30–80 United the Yuezhi confederation during the 1st century, and became the first Kushan emperor.
Vima Takto Soter Megas   80–90 Alias The Great Saviour. His empire covered northwestern Gandhara and greater Bactria towards China, where Kushan presence has been asserted in the Tarim Basin. Under his reign, embassies were also sent to the Chinese court.
Vima Kadphises   90–127 The first great Kushan emperor. He introduced gold coinage, in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage. Most of the gold seems to have been obtained through trade with the Roman Empire.
Kanishka I the Great   127–144 Came to rule an empire in Bactria extending to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain. His conquests and patronage of Buddhism played an important role in the development of the Silk Road, and in the transmission of Mahayana Buddhism from Gandhara across the Karakoram range to China.
Huvishka   144–191 His rule was a period of retrenchment and consolidation for the Empire.
Vasudeva I   191–232 He was the last great Kushan emperor, and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the Sassanians as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the Indo-Sassanians or Kushanshahs from around 240.
Kanishka II   232–245 It is likely he lost part of his empire to the Kushano-Sassanians.
Vashishka   245–250
Kanishka III   250–275
Vasudeva II   275–310
Chhu 310–325
Vasudeva III c.300? Kings whose existence is uncertain.
Vasudeva IV
Vasudeva V
Shaka Kushan/Shaka I   325–350
Kipunada   350–375 May have been a subject of Samudragupta from Gupta Empire.

Western Saka dynasty (c. 119 – 395 CE) edit

Abhira interregnum-

Restored Satraps-

Bharshiva dynasty (Nagas of Padmavati) (c. 175 – 325 CE) edit

  • Vrisha-naga

(Possibly ruled at Vidisha in the late 2nd Century).

  • Vrishabha or Vrisha-bhava

(May also be the name of a distinct king who succeeded Vrisha-naga).

  • Bhima-naga (210–230 CE)

(Probably the first king to rule from Padmavati)

  • Skanda-naga
  • Vasu-naga
  • Brihaspati-naga
  • Vibhu-naga
  • Ravi-naga
  • Bhava-naga
  • Prabhakara-naga
  • Deva-naga
  • Vyaghra-naga
  • Ganapati-naga

Gupta Empire (c. 335 – 550 CE) edit

List of complete Gupt rulers-
Ruler Reign Notes
Sri-Gupta I   240–290 Founder of the dynasty.
Ghatotkacha   290–319
Chandra-Gupta I   319–335 His title Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") suggests that he was the first emperor of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the Licchavi princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power.
Samudra-Gupta   335–375 Defeated several kings of northern India, and annexed their territories to his empire. He also marched along the south-eastern coast of India, advancing as far as the Pallava kingdom. In addition, he subjugated several frontier kingdoms and tribal oligarchies. His empire extended from Ravi River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to central India in the south-west; several rulers along the south-eastern coast were his tributaries.
Kacha   4th-century Rival brother/king, possibly an usurper, there are coins who attest him as ruler; possibly identical with Samudra-Gupta.
Rama-Gupta 375–380
Chandra-Gupta II Vikramaditya   380–415 Continued the expansionist policy of his father Samudragupta: historical evidence suggests that he defeated the Western Kshatrapas, and extended the Gupta empire from the Indus River in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to the Narmada River in the south.
Kumara-Gupta I   415–455 He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, which extended from Gujarat in the west to Bengal region in the east.
Skanda-Gupta   455–467 It is stated that he restored the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family, which has led to suggestions that during his predecessor's last years, the Empire may have suffered reverses, possibly against the Pushyamitras or the Hunas. He is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors.
Puru-Gupta 467–472
Kumara-Gupta II Kramaditya   472–479
Buddha-Gupta   479–496 He had close ties with the rulers of Kannauj and together they sought to run the Alchon Huns (Hunas) out of the fertile plains of Northern India.
Narasimha-Gupta Baladitya   496–530
Kumara-Gupta III 530–540
Vishnu-Gupta Candraditya   540–550
Bhanu-Gupta ? A lesser-known king with uncertain position in the list.

Aulikara Empire of Dashapura (c. 300 – 560 CE) edit

Rulers of First Aulikara dynasty-

  • Jayavarma
  • Simhavarma
  • Naravarma
  • Vishvavarma
  • Bandhuvarma

Rulers of Second Aulikara dynasty-

  • Drumavardhana
  • Jayavardhana
  • Ajitavardhana
  • Vibhishanavardhana
  • Rajyavardhana
  • Prakashadharma
  • Yashodharman (c. 515–545 CE)

Early Medieval Period (c. 600 – 1300 CE) edit

Harsha Empire (c. 606–647 CE) edit

  • Harshavardhana (606–647), unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years, he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India.

Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (c. 725 – 1036 CE) edit

Paramara dynasty of Malwa (c. 800 – 1305 CE) edit

According to historical Kailash Chand Jain, "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."[10]

The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

Late Medieval Period (c. 1300 – 1700 CE) edit

Delhi Sultanate (c. 1305 – 1401 CE) edit

Malwa Sultanate (c. 1401 – 1562 CE) edit

The Ghurid/Ghorid dynasty (c. 1401–1436 CE) edit

  1. Dilawar Khan (1401–1406)
  2. Husam-ud-Din Hoshang Shah (1406–1435)
  3. Taj-ud-Din Muhammad Shah I (1435–1436)

The Khalji dynasty (c. 1436–1531 CE) edit

  1. Ala-ud-Din Mahmud Shah I (1436–1469)
  2. Ghiyas-ud-Din Shah (1469–1500)
  3. Nasir-ud-Din Shah (1500–1510)
  4. Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II (1510–1531)

Interregnum period edit

  1. Bahadur Shah (the sultan of Gujarat) (1531–1537)
  2. Humayun (Mughal emperor) (1535–1540)

Later rulers edit

  1. Qadir Shah (1540–1542)
  2. Shuja'at Khan (the governor of Sher Shah Suri) (1542–1555)
  3. Baz Bahadur (1555–1562)

Mughal Empire (c. 1562–1720 CE) edit

  • Mughals ruled Malwa from (1562–1720 CE)

Modern Period (c. 1700 – 1947 CE) edit

Maratha Empire and Maratha States (c. 1713 – 1948 CE) edit

 
India 1780

Territory under Maratha control in 1760 (yellow)

Peshwas region (c. 1713 – 1858 CE) edit

Technically they were not monarchs, but hereditary prime ministers, though in fact they ruled instead of the Chhatrapati (Maratha emperor) after death of Chattrapati Shahu, and were hegemon of the Maratha confederation.

  • Balaji Vishwanath (1713–2 April 1720) (b. 1660, died 2 April 1720)
  • Peshwa Bajirao I (17 April 1720 – 28 April 1740) (b. 18 August 1700, died 28 April 1740)
  • Balaji Bajirao (4 July 1740 – 23 June 1761) (b. 8 December 1721, d. 23 June 1761)
  • Madhavrao Ballal (1761–18 November 1772) (b. 16 February 1745, d. 18 November 1772)
  • Narayanrao Bajirao (13 Dec 1772–30 August 1773) (b. 10 August 1755, d. 30 August 1773)
  • Raghunath Rao Bajirao (5 Dec 1773–1774) (b. 18 August 1734, d. 11 December 1783)
  • Sawai Madhavrao (1774–27 October 1795) (b. 18 April 1774, d. 27 October 1795)
  • Baji Rao II (6 Dec 1796–3 June 1818) (d. 28 January 1851)
  • Nana Sahib (1 July 1857 – 1858) (b. 19 May 1825, d. 24 September 1859)

Dhar State (c. 1730 – 1947 CE) edit

Reign start Reign end Name Birth-death
1728 1732 Udaji Raje I Pawar
1732 1736 Anand Raje I Pawar (b. ... – died 1749)
1736 1761, 6 January Yeshwant Raje I Pawar (1724–1761)
1761, 6 January 1782 Khande Raje Pawar (b. c.1758 – died 1782)
1782 1807, 10 June Anand Raje II Pawar (1782–1807)
1807, Dec 1810 Ramchandra Raje I Pawar (1807–1810)
1807, Dec 1810 Maina Bai (f) (regent)
1810 1833, October Ramchandra Raje II Pawar (1805–1833)
1834, 21 April 1857, 23 May Yeshwant Raje II Pawar (1823–1857)
1857, 23 May 1858, 19 Jan Anand Raje III Pawar (1st time) (1844–1898)
1858, 19 Jan 1860, 1 May state abolished
1860, 1 May 1898, 29 July Anand Raje III Pawar (2nd time) (1844–1898)
1898, 29 July 1926 Udaji Raje II Pawar "Baba Sahib" (1886–1926)
1926 1931 Laxmibai Sahiba (f) (regent)
1926 1989 Anand Raje IV Pawar (1920–1989)

Holkar rulers of Indore (c. 1731 – 1948 CE) edit

British Colonial rule (1854–1947 CE) edit

 
The Central India Agency in the Indian Empire in 1942

The Central India Agency was created in 1854, by amalgamating the Western Malwa Agency with other smaller political offices. Malwa became a part of the Central Provinces in 1861. Malwa Agency, a subdivision of the British Central India Agency, was created in 1895; it consisted of the princely states of Alirajpur, Barwani, Dhar, Jaora, Jhabua, Jobat, and Kathimau, and several petty states.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ P. K. Basant (2012), The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa, p.85
  2. ^ Upinder Singh (2008), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, p.227
  3. ^ Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294
  4. ^ Kaalpurush Sahasrarjun. (n.d.). (n.p.): Atmaram & Sons.
  5. ^ Thapar, Romila (1996). Ancient Indian Social History Some Interpretations, New Delhi: Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-0808-X, p.282
  6. ^ Thompson, Charles S. (1895). Rudiments of the Bhili Language ... United Printing Press.
  7. ^ Chacko, Pariyaram M. (1 February 2005). Tribal Communities and Social Change. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-81-321-0346-2.
  8. ^ Dugar, Nidhi (17 April 2023). 10 Indian Tribes and the Unique Lives They Lead. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5708-047-7.
  9. ^ Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). "On the Edge of Empire: Form and Substance in the Satavahana Dynasty". In Alcock, Susan E.; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (eds.). Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780521770200.
  10. ^ Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 329. ISBN 978-81-208-0824-9.

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