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List of snooker players investigated for match-fixing

Summary

Snooker has seen corruption allegations since its inception as a professional sport. Professional player and commentator Willie Thorne considered match-fixing endemic to snooker, noting that he himself was offered a bribe to throw a match.[1] The earliest known case of corruption in the game involved Joe Davis, pioneer of the professional sport and winner of the first 15 world championships, who is believed to have "carried" weaker opponents in multi-session matches to maximise gate revenue.[2] In 1968, The Sunday Times published an article titled "Great TV Snooker Frame-up", which exposed the fixing of non-tournament televised matches for "the artificial production of climaxes". Players Ray Edmonds, John Spencer, Gary Owen and Fred Davis recounted how there had been an understanding that if they were playing a televised match, end with a deciding frame, and that they would play in a way to ensure dramatic tension. Davis said that he regarded these matches as "five frames of comedy: I hate taking part in something that's not genuine".[3]

A Chinese man sat down holding a snooker cue
A Chinese man sat down holding a snooker cue
Liang Wenbo (left) and Li Hang (right) received lifetime bans for match-fixing

Players have sometimes been coerced into fixing results. Thai players in particular have been targeted by cartels. James Wattana once received a death threat as part of a match-fixing attempt,[4] while Thanawat Thirapongpaiboon was the victim of a firebomb attack on his Rotherham home after the governing body opened an investigation into him and fellow Thai player Passakorn Suwannawat.[5]

Match-fixing is difficult to prove. Only four arrests have taken place in the sport's history—Silvino Francisco, Stephen Lee and Scottish practice partners Stephen Maguire and Jamie Burnett—but no criminal prosecution has ever been brought. In 2022, the sport was rocked by the biggest scandal in its history when a match-fixing ring was unmasked, which led to ten Chinese players—Liang Wenbo, Li Hang, Lu Ning, Yan Bingtao, Zhao Xintong, Zhao Jianbo, Chang Bingyu, Bai Langning, Chen Zifan and Zhang Jiankang—being banned for match-fixing offences. Ringleaders Liang and Li both received lifetime bans—the first ever handed out—from the sport. The only other players the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) have successfully prosecuted for match-fixing are Stephen Lee, Leo Fernandez, Yu Delu, Cao Yupeng, David John, Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon and amateur player John Sutton. Four other players—Quinten Hann, John Higgins, Joe Jogia, and Jamie Jones—have served bans on match-fixing related charges.

Players investigated for match-fixing edit

Name Match Outcome Ref
Event Date Opponent Score
Silvino Francisco Masters
Last 16 		29 January 1986 Tony Knowles 1–5 Arrested, but later released without charge. [6][7][8][9]
Masters
Last 16 		23 January 1989 Terry Griffiths 1–5
Peter Francisco World Championship
Last 32 		15–16 April 1995 Jimmy White 2–10 Found guilty of bringing the game into disrepute, and was banned for five years. Cleared of match-fixing. [10][11]
Quinten Hann China Open
Last 32 		31 March 2005 Ken Doherty 2–5 Hann was found in breach of rule 2.8, which states "a member shall not directly or indirectly solicit, attempt to solicit or accept any payment or any form of remuneration of benefit in exchange for influencing the outcome of any game of snooker or billiards." He was banned for eight years in 2006 and fined £10,000. [12][13][14][15]
Stephen Lee Malta Cup
League stage 		8 February 2008 Joe Swail 5–1 WPBSA concluded that the match was not fixed. [16][17][18][nb 1]
4 February 2008 Neil Robertson 1–5 Lee was found guilty of breaching Rule 2.9 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations by accepting payment to influence the outcome of a match. The case was heard by Sports Resolutions UK from 9–11 September 2013. Lee received a twelve-year ban, which is back-dated to the beginning of his suspension on 12 October 2012 and will run until 12 October 2024. Lee also incurred £125,000 in costs awarded against him after an unsuccessful appeal.
5 February 2008 Ken Doherty 2–4
7 February 2008 Marco Fu 1–5
UK Championship 13–14 December 2008
Round 1 		Stephen Hendry 9–7
15–16 December 2008
Round 2 		Mark King 9–5
China Open
Last 32 		1 April 2009 Mark Selby 1–5
World Championship
Last 32 		22 April 2009 Ryan Day 4–10
Peter Ebdon Northern Ireland Trophy
Last 32 		26 August 2008 Liang Wenbo 0–5 Investigated by the Gambling Commission over suspicious betting patterns. [22]
Jamie Burnett UK Championship
Last 32 		15 December 2008 Stephen Maguire 3–9 Arrested, but later released without charge. [23]
Stephen Maguire UK Championship
Last 32 		15 December 2008 Jamie Burnett 9–3 Arrested, but later released without charge. [23]
Stephen Lee UK Championship 5–8 December 2009 Unknown Arrested and charged. Charges later dropped. [24][25][26]
John Higgins World Series of Snooker 2010 Matches did not go ahead Found guilty of 'giving the impression' he would breach betting rules, and of failing to report the approach. Higgins was banned for six months, fined £75,000 and ordered to pay £10,000 in costs. [27]
Jimmy Michie Shoot-Out
Round 1 		28 January 2011 Marcus Campbell 21–32
(points) 		Investigated by the WPBSA over suspicious betting patterns, but no charges were brought. [28]
Marcus Campbell Shoot-Out
Round 1 		28 January 2011 Jimmy Michie 32–21
(points) 		Investigated by the WPBSA over suspicious betting patterns, but no charges were brought. [28]
Joe Jogia Shoot-Out
Round 1 		28 January 2012 Matthew Selt Jogia withdrew Following an investigation into suspicious betting patterns Jogia was found guilty of breaching Rule 2.1.4.1, which states "It shall be a breach of these rules for a member to engage in any other conduct that is corrupt or fraudulent, or creates an actual or apparent conflict of interest for the member, or otherwise risks impairing public confidence in the integrity and/or the honest and orderly conduct of the Tour and/or any Tournament or Match." Jogia was banned for two years (spanning the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons) and ordered to pay £2,000 in costs. [29]
Thepchaiya Un-Nooh PTC – Event 3
Last 128 		8 September 2012 Steve Davis 0–4 Investigated by the WPBSA over unusual betting patterns, but no charges were brought. [30][31]
Stephen Lee Premier League
League stage 		11 October 2012 John Higgins 2–4 Lee was suspended and investigated by the WPBSA and the Gambling Commission over suspicious betting patterns, but no charges were brought. [25][32]
Thanawat Thirapongpaiboon Australian Open
Qualifying round 2 		1 June 2013 Noppon Saengkham 1–5 The tie between Thanawat and Ross Muir at the Shanghai Masters in 2013 was investigated by the WPBSA and the Gambling Commission over unusual betting patterns, but in January 2014 the WPBSA closed the investigation after they found no evidence to link either player to the suspicious betting activity. The investigation into Thanawat was reopened in August 2015, following suspicious betting patterns regarding his match against Martin O'Donnell at the Paul Hunter Classic. Following a third investigation in 2022, Thanawat pleaded guilty to breaching Rule 2.1.2.1 by fixing the outcomes of six matches between 2013 and 2015. Thanawat was banned for nine years, reduced to six for his "guilty" plea. Of that period, he will serve two years nine months of his ban unconditionally, with the remaining three years and three months suspended, provided he assists the WPBSA in its anti-corruption work. His ban will run from 15th June 2022 until 14th March 2025, provided he complies with the terms of his sentence. He was ordered to pay £1,925 towards the WPBSA costs. [33][34][35]
Shanghai Masters
Qualifying round 1 		7 August 2013 Ross Muir 0–5
China Open
Qualifying round 1 		16 February 2014 Ding Junhui 0–5
Welsh Open
Last 128 		19 February 2014 Martin Gould 0–4
UK Championship
Last 128 		25 November 2014 Stuart Bingham 0–6
Paul Hunter Classic
Last 128 		28 August 2015 Martin O'Donnell 2–4
Passakorn Suwannawat Shanghai Masters
Qualifying round 1 		7 August 2013 Mohamed Khairy 4–5 Investigated by the WPBSA and the Gambling Commission over unusual betting patterns but no charges were brought. [34][36]
John Sutton International Championship
Qualifying round 		24 September 2014 Jamie Burnett 0–6 Sutton was found guilty by the WPBSA Disciplinary Committee of violating sections 2.1.2.1 and 2.1.3.1 of its Members Rules, in relation to match-fixing and misuse of inside information for betting purposes. Sutton received a six-year ban, which is back-dated to the beginning of his suspension on 9 February 2015 and ordered to pay £5,000 in costs. [37][38]
Lu Ning European Tour – Event 5
Last 128 		13 December 2014 Oliver Lines 2–4 Along with two other unknown matches in the 2014–15 snooker season, an independent tribunal found Lu guilty of fixing the results of four matches in total, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations. He was also found guilty of betting on matches. Lu was sentenced to a ban of five years and four months, reduced from eight years for his guilty plea, which will run until 6 April 2028. He was also ordered to pay £7,500 towards costs. His matches in the 2014–15 season are the earliest recorded matches to be fixed by a member of the Chinese match-fixing ring. [39][40][41]
European Masters
Qualifying 		23 July 2022 Robert Milkins 0–5
Yu Delu Indian Open
Qualifying round 		12 February 2015 Martin McCrudden 4–3 Yu Delu was found guilty of breaching Rule 2.1.2.1 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations by accepting payment to fix the outcome of a match. Yu admitted breaches of WPBSA Members Rules before a three-person independent tribunal chaired by David Casement QC held on 2 November 2018, following an investigation by the WPBSA Integrity Unit working with Sportradar Integrity Services and the UK Gambling Commission. Yu was sentenced to a twelve-year ban reduced to ten years and nine months, which is back-dated to the beginning of his suspension on 25 May 2018 and will run until 24 February 2029. Yu was also ordered to pay £20,823.80 in costs. [42][43]
Paul Hunter Classic
Last 128 		29 August 2015 Dominic Dale 1–4
Welsh Open
Last 128 		15 February 2016 Ian Glover 4–3
European Masters
Qualifying round 		4 August 2017 Michael Georgiou 1–4
Shanghai Masters
Last 32 		15 November 2017 Kurt Maflin 3–5
Cao Yupeng Welsh Open
Last 128 		15 February 2016 Ali Carter 1–4 Cao Yupeng was found guilty of breaching Rule 2.1.2.1 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations by accepting payment to fix the outcome of a match. Cao admitted breaches of WPBSA Members Rules before a three-person independent tribunal chaired by David Casement QC held on 21 September 2018, following an investigation by the WPBSA Integrity Unit working with Sportradar Integrity Services and the UK Gambling Commission. Cao was sentenced to an eight-year ban reduced to six, which is back-dated to the beginning of his suspension on 25 May 2018 and ran until 24 November 2020. The remaining period of the ban was suspended provided Cao assists the WPBSA in its anti-corruption work. He was also ordered to pay £15,558 in costs. Cao returned to the main tour in the 2021–22 season. [42][43]
Indian Open
Qualifying round 		30 May 2016[44] Stuart Bingham 0–4
UK Championship
Last 128 		24 November 2016 Stephen Maguire 1–6
Leo Fernandez World Championship
Qualifying round 1 		6 April 2016 Gary Wilson 4–10 Fernandez was found guilty by the WPBSA Disciplinary Committee of violating section 2.1.2.1 of its Members Rules, which prohibits its members "to fix or contrive, or to be a party to any effort to fix or contrive, the result, score, progress, conduct or any other aspect of the Tour and/or any Tournament or Match", in relation to suspicious betting on who would commit the first foul in the first frame of the match. Fernandez admitted his involvement in delivering the foul shot in the first frame of the match in question for other persons to make money through betting. He was banned from the sport for 15 months, set to run from 27 May 2016—when the interim suspension pending the investigation too effect—until 27 August 2017 and ordered to pay £2,000 in costs. As a condition of his sentence Fernandez had to assist the WPBSA in its anti-corruption education work. [45][46]
Yan Bingtao Paul Hunter Classic
Last 16 		28 August 2016 Dominic Dale 1–4 An independent tribunal found Yan guilty of fixing the results of four matches in total, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations. He was also found guilty of betting on matches. Yan was sentenced to a ban of five years, reduced from seven and a half years for his guilty plea, which will run until 11 December 2027. He was also ordered to pay £7,500 towards costs. [39][40][41]
Welsh Open
Last 32 		3 March 2022 Ricky Walden 2–4
Turkish Masters
Last 16 		11 March 2022 Oliver Lines 4–5
British Open
Last 32 		29 September 2022 Jordan Brown 3–4
Zhao Xintong — — — — An independent tribunal found Zhao guilty of fixing the results of two matches in total, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations. Zhao was a party to fixing the results of two matches in which Yan Bingtao played on 3 March and 11 March 2022 at the Welsh Open and Turkish Masters respectively (see above). He was also found guilty of betting on matches. Zhao was sentenced to a ban of one year and eight months, reduced from two and a half years for his guilty plea, which will run until 1 September 2024. He was also ordered to pay £7,500 towards costs.
David John International Championship
Qualifying round 		29 September 2016 Graeme Dott 1–6 David John was found guilty of breaching Rule 2.1.2.1 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations by accepting payment to fix the outcome of a match. John admitted breaches of WPBSA Members Rules following an investigation by the WPBSA Integrity Unit supported by Sportradar and the UK Gambling Commission SBIU. The case against John was heard on 11 January 2019 by the WPBSA Disciplinary Committee. John was sentenced to a seven-year ban reduced to five years and seven months, which was back-dated to the beginning of his suspension on 22 May 2018 and ran until 21 December 2023. John was also ordered to pay £17,000 in costs. [47][48]
China Open
Qualifying round 		24 January 2017 Joe Perry 0–5
Jamie Jones International Championship
Qualifying round 		29 September 2016 David John 1 Jamie Jones was found guilty of breaching Rule 4.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations by failing to report the approach to David John in the manipulation of the outcome of the match between John and Graeme Dott at the International Championship Qualifiers in 2016. Jones admitted breaches of WPBSA Members Rules following an investigation by the WPBSA Integrity Unit supported by Sportradar and the UK Gambling Commission SBIU. The case against Jones was heard on 11 January 2019 by the WPBSA Disciplinary Committee. Jones was sentenced to a sixteen-month ban reduced to twelve months, which is back-dated to the beginning of his suspension on 11 October 2018 and ran until 10 October 2019. Jones was also ordered to pay £9,000 in costs. He returned to the Snooker main tour in the 2020–21 season. [47][48]
Graeme Dott 6
Zhang Jiankang European Masters
Qualifying 		22 July 2022 Jack Lisowski 1–5 An independent tribunal found Zhang guilty of fixing the result of his match against Jack Lisowski at the European Masters, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations. He was also found guilty of betting on matches. Zhang was sentenced to a ban of two years and eleven months, reduced from four years and five months for his guilty plea, which will run until 1 December 2025. He was also ordered to pay £7,500 towards costs. [39][40][41]
Chen Zifan European Masters
Qualifying 		24 July 2022 Aaron Hill 1–5 Despite plans to fix the results of three matches being abandoned in two cases, an independent tribunal found Chen guilty of fixing or conspiring to fix the results of three matches in total, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations. Chen was sentenced to a ban of five years, reduced from seven and a half years for his guilty plea, which will run until 20 December 2027. He was also ordered to pay £7,500 towards costs. [39][40][41]
British Open
Last 32 		9 August 2022 Mink Nutcharut 4–2
Northern Ireland Open
Qualifying 		23 August 2022 Ng On-yee 4–1
Zhao Jianbo Northern Ireland Open
Qualifying 		26 August 2022 Aaron Hill 0–4 An independent tribunal found Zhao guilty of fixing the result of his match against Aaron Hill at the Northern Ireland Open, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations. He was also found guilty of betting on matches. Zhao was sentenced to a ban of two years and four months, reduced from three years and six months for his guilty plea, which will run until 7 April 2025. He was also ordered to pay £7,500 towards costs. [39][40][41]
Bai Langning British Open
Qualifying 		26 September 2022 Zhao Xintong 1–4 Even though Bai backed out of the plan to fix the result of his match at the British Open against Zhao Xintong, an independent tribunal found Chen guilty of conspiring to fix the result of one match, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations. Bai was sentenced to a ban of two years and eight months, reduced from four years for his guilty plea, which will run until 6 August 2025. He was also ordered to pay £7,500 [39][40][41]
Chang Bingyu British Open
Last 32 		28 September 2022 Jamie Jones 1–4 An independent tribunal found Chang guilty of fixing the result of his match against Jamie Jones at the British Open, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations. He was also found guilty of betting on matches. Zhou was sentenced to a ban of two years, reduced from three for his guilty plea, which will run until 7 December 2024. He was also ordered to pay £7,500 towards costs. [39][40][41]
Liang Wenbo — — — — An independent tribunal found Liang guilty of fixing or conspiring to fix the results of five matches in total, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations, and of inducing players to fix the results of nine matches, in violation of Rule 2.1.2.4. He was also found guilty of betting on matches, threatening Chang Bingyu, destroying evidence, and not cooperating with the investigation. Liang received a lifetime ban and was ordered to pay £43,000 towards costs. [39][40][41]
Li Hang — — — — An independent tribunal found Li guilty of fixing or conspiring to fix the results of seven[nb 2] matches in total, in breach of Rules 2.1.2.1 and 2.2 of the WPBSA Members Rule and Regulations, and of inducing players to fix the results of seven matches, in violation of Rule 2.1.2.4. He was also found guilty of betting on matches, destroying evidence, and not cooperating with the investigation. Li received a lifetime ban and was ordered to pay £43,000 towards costs. [39][40][41]
Mark King Welsh Open
Qualifying round 		13 February 2023 Joe Perry 0–4 King was suspended with immediate effect on 18 March 2023, following irregular betting patterns reported to the WPBSA. [49][50]

Chinese match-fixing ring edit

Between October 2022 and January 2023, amid the biggest match-fixing investigation in the sport's history,[51][52] the WPBSA suspended ten Chinese players—Liang Wenbo, Li Hang, Lu Ning, Yan Bingtao, Zhao Xintong, Zhao Jianbo, Chang Bingyu, Bai Langning, Chen Zifan and Zhang Jiankang—and subsequently brought match-fixing charges against all of them.[53][54][55] In total, they were charged with fixing or conspiring to fix the results of 24 matches between 2014 and October 2022. In addition to the 22 matches listed below, Lu Ning was also charged with fixing two other matches in the 2014–15 snooker season.[41]

The bulk of the match-fixing was arranged by Liang Wenbo and Li Hang, sometimes working with each other and, at other times, independently. The two players had a slightly different modus operandi; whilst Li was often cautious and conducted his fixes with a view to evading detection, Liang's focus was on maximising financial gain and he often intimidated or threatened the younger players. The inquiry heard from three players who were ultimately not charged: Cao Yupeng, Xu Si and Yuan Sijun. Cao was approached twice by Liang but he and his wife declined to carry out the fixes. Xu Si also refused to fix a result when Liang approached him. Yuan was regarded as an "unimpressive" witness, but ultimately no charges were brought against him.[41]

The cases were heard by an independent disciplinary tribunal, and in June 2023 all ten players were successfully prosecuted on various match-fixing charges in 20 of the 24 matches. Seven of the ten players were all also found guilty of betting offences. Liang and Li both received lifetime bans from the sport, whilst the other eight players received bans ranging from five years and four months to one year and eight months, backdated to the beginning of their suspensions. Liang and Li were each required to pay £43,000 in costs, and the other eight were each required to pay £7,500 in costs.[39][40]


  † Result was not fixed
Charges brought against Chinese match-fixing ring[41]
Event Date Player Score Opponent
European Tour – Event 5
Last 128		 13 December 2014 Lu Ning 2–4 Oliver Lines   Conspiring to match-fix
Inducing another to match-fix
Paul Hunter Classic
Last 16		 28 August 2016 Yan Bingtao 1–4 Dominic Dale   Conspiring to match-fix
Inducing another to match-fix
UK Championship
Last 128		 25 November 2021 Yan Bingtao 6–0 Ng On-yee Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
Home Nations Series 10 October 2021 –
6 March 2022		 Yan Bingtao — — Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
Welsh Open
Last 32		 3 March 2022 Yan Bingtao 2–4 Ricky Walden     Conspiring to match-fix
Inducing another to match-fix
Turkish Masters
Last 16		 11 March 2022 Yan Bingtao 4–5 Oliver Lines     Conspiring to match-fix
Inducing another to match-fix
European Masters
Qualifying		 22 July 2022 Zhang Jiankang 1–5 Jack Lisowski   Conspiring to match-fix
Inducing another to match-fix
European Masters
Qualifying		 23 July 2022 Lu Ning 0–5 Robert Milkins     Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
European Masters †
Qualifying		 24 July 2022 Chen Zifan 1–5 Aaron Hill       Conspiring to match-fix
    Inducing another to match-fix
British Open
Qualifying		 9 August 2022 Chen Zifan 4–2 Mink Nutcharut       Conspiring to match-fix
    Inducing another to match-fix
Northern Ireland Open †
Qualifying		 23 August 2022 Chen Zifan 4–1 Ng On-yee     Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
Northern Ireland Open †
Qualifying		 23 August 2022 Cao Yupeng 4–1 Dylan Emery Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
Northern Ireland Open
Qualifying		 25 August 2022 Yuan Sijun 3–4 Jimmy White Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
Northern Ireland Open
Qualifying		 26 August 2022 Zhao Jianbo 0–4 Aaron Hill         Conspiring to match-fix
      Inducing another to match-fix
British Open †
Qualifying		 26 September 2022 Bai Langning 1–4 Zhao Xintong       Conspiring to match-fix
    Inducing another to match-fix
British Open †
Last 64		 27 September 2022 Lu Ning 4–1 Zhou Yuelong Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
British Open †
Last 64		 28 September 2022 Yan Bingtao 4–0 Andy Lee   Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
British Open
Last 32		 28 September 2022 Chang Bingyu 1–4 Jamie Jones       Conspiring to match-fix
    Inducing another to match-fix
British Open
Last 32		 29 September 2022 Yan Bingtao 3–4 Jordan Brown     Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
British Open
Last 16		 29 September 2022 Yuan Sijun 4–3 Anthony Hamilton Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
British Open †
Last 32		 29 September 2022 Xu Si 0–4 Judd Trump Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix
Scottish Open †
Qualifying		 13 October 2022 Cao Yupeng 4–2 Yuan Sijun Conspiring to match-fix
  Inducing another to match-fix

Notes edit

  1. ^ At Stephen Lee's original hearing, £40,000 in costs were awarded against him.[18] This was increased to £75,000 after Lee unsuccessfully appealed,[19] and he incurred a further £30,000 in costs after an earlier appeals panel was forced to recuse itself after finding him to be an unreliable witness.[20] The remainder of his appeal saw a further £20,000 awarded against him, bringing the total amount to £125,000.[21]
  2. ^ The WPBSA statement following the judgement against Li Hang incorrectly stated that he had been found guilty of fixing the results of five matches, and this was widely reported by the media such as the BBC. Paragraph 261 of the judgement clearly states that Li was found guilty of fixing the results of seven matches, comprising charges 11b–11h.

References edit

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  2. ^ Everton, Clive (1993). The Embassy Book of World Snooker. The Book People. p. 12.
  3. ^ Everton, Clive. "Television snooker". Billiards and Snooker. pp. 3–7.
  4. ^ Peart, Harry (5 March 1999). "Thai snooker ace defies death threat". BBC. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  5. ^ Nunns, Hector (22 September 2013). "Shanghai Masters winner Ding Junhui warns that Chinese are set to dominate". The Times. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
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  10. ^ Hodgson, Guy (9 May 1995). "Snooker: Francisco banned for five years". The Independent. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  11. ^ Downer, Chris (2012). Crucible Almanac. pp. 40–41.
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