(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The oldest mosques in the world can refer to the oldest, surviving building or to the oldest mosque congregation. There is also a distinction between old mosque buildings in continuous use as mosques and others no longer used as mosques. In terms of congregations, there are early established congregations that have been in continuous existence, and early congregations that ceased to exist.
The major regions, such as Africa and Eurasia, are sorted alphabetically, and the minor regions, such as Arabia and South Asia, are sorted by the dates in which their first mosques were reportedly established, more or less, barring those that are mentioned by name in the Quran.
To be listed here a site must:
be the oldest mosque in a country, large city (top 50), or oldest of its type (denomination, architectural, etc.);
be the oldest congregation of its type (denomination).
Mentioned in the Quranedit
The following are treated as the oldest mosques or sanctuaries[1] mentioned in the Quran:[2]
Al-Masjid al-Aqṣá,[2] the former Qiblah,[15] site of the significant event of Night Journey(Isra and Mi'raj)[16], considered the third holiest site in Islam. The Qur'an does not specify the precise location of "the furthest place of prayer", and its meaning was debated by early Islamic scholars.[17][18][19][20] Eventually, a consensus emerged its identification with the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.[19][21]
The term Al-Aqsa properly refers to the whole Temple Mount compound (seen as a single mosque).[note 1] The mosque compound should not be confused with the silver-domed congregational mosque or prayer hall facing Mecca, commonly referred to in English as Al-Aqsa Mosque, and also known as Al-Qibli Mosque (see below).
The first mosque built by Muhammad in the 7th century CE, possibly mentioned as the "Mosque founded on piety since the first day"[28] in the Quran.[citation needed] Largely rebuilt in the late 20th century.
Believed to be the first mosque in the Maghreb. The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction starting in 836 under the Aghlabids, with further restorations and additions in later periods.[34]
There are some doubts about the exact foundation date: usually attributed to 698 but it could have been a bit later in 734.[36][37] The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction in 864 under the Aghlabids,[38] with further modifications and renovations in later eras.[36]
Some doubts exist about the story of its foundation in 859.[42] A possible alternative date is 877, based on an inscription discovered in the 20th century.[43][44] The present building dates from multiple later expansions and reconstructions, with the oldest elements dating to the 10th century.[42] It underwent its most important expansion under the Almoravids between 1135 and 1143.[45]
Like the Qarawiyyin Mosque, there are doubts about the story of its foundation. The oldest parts of the present building date from the 10th century.[42] It was mostly reconstructed by the Almohads between 1203 and 1207.[46]
Oldest Islamic monument in Tripoli,[47] though its history is not well-known.[48] Likely built by the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz in 973, though it may be older.[47] An inscription records that it was reconstructed in 1610–1611 (1019 AH).[48]
Founded in 1082 under the Almoravids, decoration completed or redone in 1136 by another Almoravid ruler. Important renovation and additions took place in 1236 under the first Zayyanid ruler.[49]
Opened in October 1983 by the Shi'ite community of Buenos Aires and with the support of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Argentina. It is a very simple building with a subtle Islamic style in its facade.[66]
Second holiest site in Islam (after Al-Haram Mosque) and Muhammad's mosque, which houses his tomb in what was initially his and his wife Aisha's house. Largely rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the late 20th century, whilst retaining at its heart the earlier construction of the Ottomans, and landmark green dome atop the prophet's mausoleum.
Original foundation attributed by some to 7 AH (628–629 CE).[80] A construction or renovation dated to 1529 CE is recorded by an inscription above the mihrab.[80][81]
The Huaisheng Mosque is the main mosque of Guangzhou. It has been rebuilt many times over its history. According to tradition it was originally built over 1,300 years ago in 627 CE by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, who was an uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was named in memory of Muhammad.
Although the oldest stones date from the 18th century,[88] the mosque was founded in 742[89] Built in 742, but oldest mosque in China is the Beacon Tower mosque of Guangzhou being built in 627.[90]
The second oldest mosque in Taiwan. The original building was built in 1949, then moved to a new location where the second building was built in 1951, and the third and final building built in 1992.
Built by Arab traders at ancient port of Ghogha, Bhavnagar district in the state of Gujarat. The qibla (direction to be faced while offering namaaz) of the mosque is faced to Bait al Mukaddas (Jerusalem). The mosque is abandoned by devotees after the qibla was changed to Makkah in AD 623 and another mosque constructed at the same time.[93][94][95][96][97]
Considered to be the first mosque to be built in Tamil Nadu, and the second mosque in India. Constructed by Yemeni merchants and trade settlers in the Pandiya Kingdom and ordered by Bazan ibn Sasan, Governor of Yemen at the time of Muhammad.[100]
This is the oldest mosque of Pakistan which is located in Bhambore.[104] Also believed to be the first mosque in South Asia.[105] Built after the conquest of Sindh.
Built by Khan Jahan Ali, it is considered to be the second-oldest mosque in Bangladesh. The fortified structure contains eighty-one domes, sixty stone pillars and eleven mihrabs.
Fourth holiest site and the national mosque of Syria. It was originally built after the Muslim conquest of the city in 634. The current structure dates to 715.
Built in 537 as a Greek Orthodox cathedral, converted to a mosque in 1453, and then a museum in 1931.[117] In 2020, it was again converted into a mosque by order of a Turkish court.
Built by the Umayyad caliph Umar II, as part of his conversion of the city into a military base to shield Antioch from a potential Greek attack. The building fell into ruin during the reign of Al-Mu'tasim, approximately 120 years later.
Originally built by Abd al-Rahman I in 785, it underwent successive extensions in the 9th and 10th centuries. After the Castilian conquest of Cordoba in 1236, it was converted into the city's cathedral, which it remains to this day.[120]
Built in 999 in Toledo, this building is a rarity in that it is in much the same state as it was when it was originally built.[129] Originally a square structure with nine domed bays, a semi-circular apse was added in 1187, after it had been converted into a church.[130]
Arabic: الـمـسـتـمـيـم, romanized: al-Mustimim was built in the middle of the 11th century[132] on the foundations of Roman architecture, located in the old Muslim neighborhood Arrabal de Francos. The building continued maintaining the Islamic faith in Spain well beyond the reconquista of the city by the Christian troops of Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, until the period of 1498–1505, when it was desacralizated by the Catholic Monarchs.
Probably constructed by Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi, governor of Silves and a rebel leader against the Almoravid dynasty. These are the only ruins of such Muslim fortress to have been identified in Portugal, excavated by Portuguese archaeologists since 2001.
Unique and most identifiable former mosque in Portugal, although a mixture of Almohad and Manueline post-Gothic architecture. Rebuilt in the second half of the 12th century with some elements from the 9th century.
Only the minaret remains. Mosque comparable in size to Great mosque of Cordoba, mostly destroyed by earthquake in 1365. Minaret used as a church bell tower was built higher in the 16th century.
Only parts of the original minaret remain, incorporated in the church bell tower. It's 22.7 metres tall and 4.2 metres across. Across it lies an old Muslim cemetery of Jardim dos Amuados.
Only minaret of the medium-size mosque in Plaza Abul Beka neighborhood remains. Minaret was expanded and used as a bell tower. The mosque was converted to a church but destroyed in the 1600s during Morisco Revolts. Ronda was a Muslim city for 700 years. The city had 7 or 8 mosques, none survive today.[138]
It is considered to be the oldest mosque in North Macedonia. However, as a result of the various renovation works, the building has been altered to such an extent that it is no longer in its original state.[140]
Several sources state that a mosque was founded in 1860 at 2 Glynrhondda Street, Cardiff, Wales. This has been rejected by an academic paper as a transcription error.[152]
This mosque served for burial prayers for Ottoman diplomats, North African military personnel, and Turkish and Arab students. It fell into disrepair when France and the Ottoman Empire went to war in 1914.[153]
Erected in 1915 by the Imperial German Army administration for Muslim Allied prisoners of war in the POW camp in Wünsdorf, later used as refugee camp. In 1930 torn down due to lack of a congregation.
A mosque of the community of Finnish Tatars. It is considered to be the oldest mosque in Nordic countries. Finland's first Muslim cemetery was established in the 1830s for Russian troops.[155]
Founded by Pakistani-Norwegians aided by Danish Muslims; of the Sunni Deobandi school. The first Shi'i mosque, Anjuman-e Hussain, opened in 1975; the first Sunni Barelvi mosque opened in 1976.
^According to historian Oleg Grabar, "It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al-haram al-sharif (literally, the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure, often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram). While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility. Before the Ottomans, the space was usually called al-masjid al-aqsa (the Farthest Mosque), a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram, or masjid bayt al-maqdis (Mosque of the Holy City) or, even, like Mecca's sanctuary, al-masjid al-ḥarâm,"[22]
Referencesedit
^ abcMichigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-9187-2058-0.
^Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings, pg. 39, Archetype
^Zeitlin, I. M. (2013-04-25). "3". The Historical Muhammad. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0745654881.
^National Geographic Society (U.S.); de Blij, H.J.; Downs, R.; John Wiley & Sons (2007). Wiley/National Geographic College Atlas of the World. Wiley. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-471-74117-6. Retrieved 2022-06-15. Al 'Aqsa is the second oldest mosque in Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and is third in holiness after the mosques in Mecca and Medina. It holds up to 400,000 worshippers at one time.
^"The Spiritual Significance of Jerusalem: The Islamic Vision. The Islamic Quarterly. 4 (1998): pp.233–242
^Buchanan, Allen (2004). States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52575-6.
^el-Khatib, Abdallah (1 May 2001). "Jerusalem in the Qur'ān". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 28 (1): 25–53. doi:10.1080/13530190120034549. S2CID 159680405. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
^Khalek, N. (2011). Jerusalem in Medieval Islamic Tradition. Religion Compass, 5(10), 624–630. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00305.x. "One of the most pressing issues in both medieval and contemporary scholarship related to Jerusalem is weather the city is explicitly referenced in the text of the Qur'an. Sura 17, verse 1, which reads [...] has been variously interpreted as referring to the miraculous Night Journey and Ascension of Muhammad, events recorded in medieval sources and known as the isra and miraj. As we will see, this association is a rather late and even a contested one. [...] The earliest Muslim work on the Religious Merits of Jerusalem was the Fada'il Bayt al-Maqdis by al-Walid ibn Hammad al-Ramli (d. 912 CE), a text which is recoverable from later works. [...] He relates the significance of Jerusalem vis-a-vis the Jewish Temple, conflating 'a collage of biblical narratives' and comments pilgrimage to Jerusalem, a practice which was controversial in later Muslim periods."
^ abFrederick S. Colby (6 August 2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. SUNY Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7914-7788-5. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2018. If Muslims interpret the qur'anic phrase "the sacred place of prayer" in diverse ways, one encounters even more debate over the destination of the night journey, the "furthest place of prayer". From the earliest extant Muslim texts, it becomes clear that a group of Muslims from the beginning interpreted "furthest place of prayer" with the city of Jerusalem in general and its Herodian/Solomonic Temple in particular. It is equally clear that other early Muslims disputed this connection, identifying the "furthest place of prayer" instead as a reference to a site in the heavens. Eventually a general consensus formed around the idea that Muhammad's journey did indeed take him to Jerusalem. Even if the night journey verse were thought to refer first and foremost to the terrestrial portion of Muhammad's journey, nevertheless for centuries scholars and storytellers also continued to connect this verse with the idea of an ascent through the levels of the heavens.
^Grabar, Oleg (1959). "The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem". Ars Orientalis. 3: 33–62. ISSN 0571-1371. JSTOR 4629098. Bevan has shown that among early traditionists there are many who do not accept the identification of the masjid al-aqsd, and among them are to be found such great names as al-Bukhari and Tabarl. Both Ibn Ishaq an al-Ya'qubi precede their accounts with expressions which indicate that these are stories which are not necessarily accepted as dogma. It was suggested by J. Horovitz that in the early period of Islam there is little justification for assuming that the Koranic expression in any way referred to Jerusalem. But while Horovitz thought that it referred to a place in heaven, A. Guillaume's careful analysis of the earliest texts (al-Waqidi and al-Azraqi, both in the later second century A.H.) has convincingly shown that the Koranic reference to the masjid al-aqsa applies specifically to al-Ji'ranah, near Mekkah, where there were two sanctuaries (masjid al-adnai and masjid al-aqsa), and where Muhammad so-journed in dha al-qa'dah of the eighth year after the Hijrah.
^Busse, H. (1968). The sanctity of Jerusalem in Islam. Judaism, 17(4), 441. "Tradition varies as to the location of the Ascension; Syrian local tradition was able to prevail, by maintaining that the Ascension started in Jerusalem rather than in Mecca, directly following the Night Journey".
^Long, David E. (1979). "2: The Rites of the Hajj". The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah. SUNY Press. pp. 11–24. ISBN 978-0-8739-5382-5. With thousands of Hajjis, most of them in motor vehicles, rushing headlong for Muzdalifah, the potential is there for one of ... There is special grace for praying at the roofless mosque in Muzdalifah called al-Mash'ar al-Haram (the Sacred Grove) ...
^Danarto (1989). A Javanese pilgrim in Mecca. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8674-6939-4. It was still dark when we arrived at Muzdalifah, four miles away. The Koran instructs us to spend the night at al-Mash'ar al-Haram. the Sacred Grove at Muzdalifah, as one of the conditions for the hajj . We scrambled out of the bus and looked ...
^Jones, Lindsay (2005). Encyclopedia of religion. Vol. 10. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 7159. ISBN 978-0-0286-5743-1. The Qur'an admonishes: "When you hurry from Arafat, remember God at the Sacred Grove (al-mash' ar al-haram)," that is, at Muzdalifah (2:198). Today a mosque marks the place in Muzdalifah where pilgrims gather to perform the special saldt ...
^Ziauddin Sardar; M. A. Zaki Badawi (1978). Hajj Studies. Jeddah: Croom Helm for Hajj Research Centre. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8566-4681-2. Muzdalifah is an open plain sheltered by parched hills with sparse growth of thorn bushes. The pilgrims spend a night under the open sky of the roofless Mosque, the Sacred Grove, Al Mush'ar al-Haram. On the morning of the tenth, all depart ...{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ abReid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). "The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa". A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley and Sons. p. 106. ISBN 978-0470658987. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2018). Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious. Princeton University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-691-65660-1.
^Shoup, John A. (2017). The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-4408-4041-8.
^Sheehan, Peter (2015). Babylon of Egypt: The Archaeology of Old Cairo and the Origins of the City. Oxford University Press. pp. 10, 143. ISBN 978-977-416-731-7.
^O'Kane, Bernard (2016). The Mosques of Egypt. American University of Cairo Press. p. 2. ISBN 9789774167324.
^Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Kairouan". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 366. ISBN 9780195309911.
^Lafer, Ali. "Sidi 'Uqba (mosque, minaret and tomb)". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
^ abChater, Khalifa (2002). "Zaytūna". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Vol. XI. Brill. pp. 488–490. ISBN 9789004161214.
^Daoulatli, Abdelaziz (2018). "La Grande Mosquée Zitouna : un authentique monument aghlabide (milieu du IXe siècle)". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa (in French). Brill. p. 248. ISBN 978-90-04-35566-8.
^Lamine, Sihem (2018). "The Zaytuna: The Mosque of a Rebellious City". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa. Brill. pp. 269–293. ISBN 978-90-04-35566-8.
^Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780300218701.
^Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800. Yale University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780300218701.
^Great Mosque of Sousse. Museum with No Frontiers. Retrieved 8-1-2017.
^ abcBloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780300218701.
^Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2011). "Les Idrissides: L'histoire contre son histoire". Al-Masaq. 23 (3): 171–188. doi:10.1080/09503110.2011.617063. S2CID 161308864.
^Nagy, Péter T (2023). "al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN 9789004161658.
^Terrasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée (in French). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. pp. 5, 17–24.
^Terrasse, Henri (1942). La mosquée des Andalous à Fès (in French). Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire. pp. 10–11.
^ abPetersen, Andrew (1996). "Libiya (Libyan Arab People's Socialist State)". Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. pp. 165–166. ISBN 9781134613663.
^ abBloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. pp. 218–219. ISBN 9780300218701.
^Almagro, Antonio (2015). "The Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Dome of its Maqsura". Al-Qantara. 36 (1): 199–257. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2015.007. hdl:10261/122812.
^ abcdWesterlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-1124-6.
^Pauly, Martial (10 February 2011). "La mosquée de Tsingoni, la plus ancienne mosquée en activité de France (Tsingoni Mosque, the oldest active mosque in France)". Archeologie Mayotte, Océan Indien (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2017.
^ abAdekunle, Julius (2007). Culture and Customs of Rwanda. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780313331770. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^Melton, John Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2002-01-01). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. S – Z. ABC-CLIO. p. 1285. ISBN 9781576072233.
^Tayob, Abdulkader (1999). Islam in South Africa: Mosques, Imams, and Sermons. University Press of Florida. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-8130-2485-1.
^le Roux, Schalk (June 2007). "The First Mosque: Caledon Street, Uitenhage" (PDF). Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Kultuurgeskiedenis (South African Journal of Cultural History). 21 (1): 34. hdl:2263/5330.
^"Visit the Juma Masjid Mosque", Sa-venues.com, 1999–2018, retrieved 2018-05-15
^Boehm, Eric H. (2000-01-01). Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450–1914. American Bibliographical Center, CLIO. p. 71.
^Sasongko, Agus (31 January 2019). "Muslim Swaziland Mendamba Masjid" [Swaziland Muslims Longing for Mosque]. Republika (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 March 2021.
^ abArabian American Oil Company; Saudi Aramco; Aramco Services (1987). Aramco world. Aramco. p. 67. Retrieved 5 July 2012. – Then, in 1902, Indonesian Muslims from Java arrived to cultivate Suriname's coastal rice fields, and four years later, the country's first mosque was built at Wanica.
^ abJ. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (21 September 2010). Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. pp. 395–. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^Mesquita Brasil: Nossa História Archived 2018-04-23 at the Wayback Machine in Portuguese.
^ abDavid Westerlund; Ingvar Svanberg (13 November 1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 453–. ISBN 978-0-312-22691-6. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312226916. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^"Circuitos Halal". City of Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
^"Circuitos Halal". City of Buenos Aires. 2013-10-29. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
^ abcdFlorian Pohl (1 September 2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 374–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^Social and Economic Studies. 1999. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^"Invitation to celebrate the end of the Ramadan". Curaçao Chronicle. 2018-06-16. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
^"Faith facts about Haitian New Yorkers". A Journey through NYC religions. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^Guzmán, Roberto Marín (2000). A Century of Palestinian Immigration Into Central America. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica. ISBN 9789977675879. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^Muslim community officially opens Belize City Mosque
^ abMwakikagile, Godfrey (June 2010). Belize and Its People. Continental Press. ISBN 9789987932214. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ abAA, Daily Sabah with (2016-06-28). "Haiti's first mosque with minaret opens". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
^Abdul-Ali (August 24, 2005), Jawatha Mosque in danger of going down, Al-Ahsa: Jafariya News
^Roger Wood (1975). An introduction to Saudi Arabian antiquities. Department of Antiquities and Museums, Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 151. Retrieved 18 October 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^John, Lawton (1991), The Arab Heartland, vol. 42, Saudi Aramco World, archived from the original on 2012-10-04, retrieved 2019-01-20
^ abc"مسجد الشواذنة – سلطنة عمان". مرصد التراث المعماري والعمراني في البلدان العربية [Observatory of Architectural and Urban Heritage in Arab Countries] (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-02-04.
^Costa, Paolo (2001). Historic mosques and shrines of Oman. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-84171-230-7.
^ abPetersen, Andrew (2002-03-11). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203203873. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^Middle East on a Shoestring. Lonely Planet Publications. 1997-01-01. p. 131. ISBN 9780864424075.
^"Remains of 1,000-year-old mosque reveal a rich past". The National. Emirates 24/7. 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
^Power, Timothy (2018-09-13). "How a 1,000-year-old mosque in Al Ain anchors the UAE in human history". The National. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
^Eugene Harnan (21 August 2011). "Oldest UAE mosque holds onto its secrets".
^Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places By Britannica Educational Publishing, pg. 181–182, Kenneth Pletcher
^Britannica Educational Publishing; Kenneth Pletcher (2010). The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 9781615301829. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
^Farah, Caesar E. (1 February 2003). Islam: Beliefs and Observances. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 291–. ISBN 978-0-7641-2226-2. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^Heon Choul Kim (2008). The Nature and Role of Sufism in Contemporary Islam: A Case Study of the Life, Thought and Teachings of Fethullah Gulen. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-549-70579-6. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^"Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat". The Times of India. November 5, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
^"India's oldest mosque and growing irrelevance of Muslim vote in Gujarat". The Times of India. 8 December 2017.
^Sharma, Indu (2018-03-22). "Top 11 Famous Muslim Religious Places in Gujarat". Gujarat Travel Blog. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
^Prof.Mehboob Desai,Masjit during the time of Prophet Nabi Muhammed Sale Allahu Alayhi Wasalam, Divy Bhasakar,Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan',24 May,page 4
^Petersen, Andrew (2002). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-134-61366-3.
^Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Balkh". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780195309911.
^Adle, Chahryar (2011). "La mosquée Hâji-Piyâdah / Noh-Gonbadân à Balkh (Afghanistan). Un chef d'oeuvre de Fazl le Barmacide construit en 178-179/794-795 ?". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 155 (1): 565–625. doi:10.3406/crai.2011.93171.
^"Mosque of Bhambore". discover-pakistan.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^"First Mosque of South Asia". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^"Chaqchan Mosque, Khaplu, Gilgit Baltistan". achinsights.tumblr.com. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^"Chaqchan Mosque – Pakistan". Dunya News. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^Erich Kolig; Vivienne S. m. Angeles; Sam Wong (1 March 2010). Identity in Crossroad Civilisations: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalism in Asia. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-90-8964-127-4. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^Let's Go, Inc. Staff (2004). Let's Go Southeast Asia 9th Edition (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-03123-35670.
^Richmond, Simon (2010). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Lonely Planet. p. 580. ISBN 9781741048872. Retrieved 15 March 2015. first mosque singapore.
^ abFlorida, Nancy K. (1995). "5: The Demak Mosque: A Construction of Authority". Babad Jaka Tingkir: Writing the past, inscribing the future: history as prophesy in colonial Java. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1622-0.
^"300 Years Mosque". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
^Ariff, Mohamed (1991). The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813016071. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^Mann, Sylvia (January 1, 1983). This is Israel: pictorial guide & souvenir. Palphot Ltd. ISBN 9789652800008 – via Google Books.
^Arabahmet (Arap Ahmet) Mosque in North Nicosia – Cyprus44, the north cyprus guide
^Magdalino, Paul, et al. "Istanbul: Buildings, Hagia Sophia" in Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. http://www.oxfordartonline.com. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
^Kathryn Petras; Ross Petras (11 June 1996). World Access: The Handbook for Citizens of the Earth. Simon and Schuster. pp. 288–. ISBN 978-0-684-81016-4. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Córdoba". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. pp. 505–508. ISBN 9780195309911.
^Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. pp. 118–120. ISBN 3822896322.
^"Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon". UNESCO World Heritage Center.
^ abArnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9780190624552.
^ abKennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge. pp. 98, 125, 132. ISBN 9781317870418.
^Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. p. 61. ISBN 3822896322.
^"Caliphate City of Medina Azahara". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
^Antonio Pareja (1999). Mezquita de Bab al Mardum, Cristo de la Luz, Toledo 999–1999. Fundacíon Cultura y Deporte Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha.
^Pareja, Antonio. Mezquita de Bab al Mardum, Cristo de la Luz, Toledo 999-1999. [Spain]:Fundacíon Cultura y Deporte Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 1999.
^Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. p. 88. ISBN 3822896322.
^Markus Hattstein; Peter Delius (2007). Islam. Arte y arquitectura. Tandem Verlag.
^"Igreja matriz de Mértola". Direção-Geral do Património Cultural.
^Mendonça, Isabel; Gordalina, Rosário (2007), SIPA (ed.), Igreja Paroquial de Mértola/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Assunção/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Anunciação (IPA.00000741/PT040209040002) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 17 April 2017
^"5 Most Impressive Historic Mosques in Spain - History Lists".
^"Igreja matriz de Loulé". Direção-Geral do Património Cultural.
^Markus Hattstein and Peter Delius (2007), Mezquita de Tórtoles (Tarazona, ZARAGOZA), Tandem Verlag
^"San Sebastian Minaret". rondatoday.com. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ abSharr, KBI (March 2007). "Këshilli me xhaminë më të vjetër në rajon". DITURIA ISLAME, Revistë Mujore, Fetare, Kulturore e Shkencore. 200 (xhamitë nëpër këshillat e Kosovës): 50.
^ ab"Џамијата на Бедр {{in lang|mk}}". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
^ ab"Najstarija dzamija u BiH – ..::USTIKOLINA::." Ustikolina. 26 August 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ ab"Xhamia e parë në Shqipëri (1466)". Orientalizmi Shqiptar. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ ab"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-12. Retrieved 2014-01-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Religious buildings with the 'Culture Monument' status". Republic of Albania National Committee for Culture. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
^ abPolish Art Studies. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 1991-01-01. p. 40.
^ abGórak-Sosnowska, Katarzyna (2011). Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe. Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska. ISBN 9788390322957. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ abALI H. Žerdin, Ali H. (20 August 2002). "Minaret nad Alpami". Mladina. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^Hunter, Shireen; Hunter, Shireen T. (2002). Islam, Europe's Second Religion. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780275976095. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ abcJorgen S. Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibasic (15 October 2009). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. BRILL. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-90-04-17505-1. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^"Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute". Open University. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^Gilliat-Ray, Sophie (July 2010). "The first registered mosque in the UK, Cardiff, 1860': the evolution of a myth". Contemporary Islam. 4 (2): 179–193. doi:10.1007/s11562-010-0116-9. ISSN 1872-0218. S2CID 145759796.
^Gence, Christelle. "Sur les traces de la mosquée du Père Lachaise". Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Smith, Jane I. (2002). Muslim Minorities in the West. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 9780759102187. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ abKent, Neil (2005). Helsinki. Interlink Publishing Group Incorporated. ISBN 9781566565448. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^Out, Time (2011). Time Out Stockholm. Time Out Guides. ISBN 9781846702303. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ abc"Afghan cameleers in Australia – Australia's Culture Portal". Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
^ abAbdullah Drury (2006). Islam in New Zealand: the first mosque : a short history of the New Zealand Muslim Association & the Ponsonby Mosque. A. Drury. ISBN 978-0-473-12249-2. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^Tejomukti, Ratna Ajeng (3 December 2017). "Tiga Masjid Bersejarah di Tanah Papua" [Three Historical Mosques in Papua] (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 September 2020.
^ abcM. Alī Kettani (1986). Muslim minorities in the world today. Mansell. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7201-1802-5. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
^ abTaylor & Francis Group (September 2004). Europa World Year Book 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3363–. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
External linksedit
International Architecture database
Al-Masjid al-Haram and al-Masjid al-Aqsa as the First and Second Mosques on Earth
Saudi Arabia
Palestine
Eritrea
Egypt
Somalia
Tunisia
Algeria
Morocco
Libya
Kenya
Tanzania
France
Rwanda (then German East Africa)
Ghana
Nigeria
Niger
Togo
South Africa (then Cape Colony)
Lesotho
Botswana
Eswatini
Suriname (then a colony of the Netherlands)
Brazil
Panama
Venezuela
Argentina
Chile
United States
Canada
Jamaica
Barbados
Netherlands
Haiti
Mexico
Costa Rica
Belize
Yemen
Oman
Bahrain
United Arab Emirates
China
Hong Kong (then British Hong Kong)
Taiwan
Macau (then Portuguese Macau)
Japan
South Korea
India
Sri Lanka
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Philippines
Indonesia
Brunei
Thailand
Singapore
Syria
Israel
Cyprus
Turkey
Iraq
Iran
Uzbekistan
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Spain (then the Emirate of Córdoba)
Portugal (then the Almoravid dynasty)
Kosovo
Bulgaria
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Albania
Romania
Poland
Lithuania (then the Grand Duchy of Lithuania)
Slovenia (then Austria-Hungary)
Croatia
Austria
Czech Republic
England
United Kingdom
Ireland
Germany
Switzerland
Finland
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Iceland
Australia
New Zealand
Fiji
Papua New Guinea