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List of totalitarian regimes

Summary

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This is a list of totalitarian regimes. There are regimes that have been commonly referred to as "totalitarian", or the concept of totalitarianism has been applied to them, for which there is wide consensus among scholars to be called as such. Totalitarian regimes are usually distinguished from authoritarian regimes in the sense that totalitarianism represents an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[1]

Prose edit

Soviet Union edit

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the early Soviet Union was a "modern example" of a totalitarian state.[2] Britannica says it was "the first examples of decentralized or popular totalitarianism, in which the state achieved overwhelming popular support for its leadership". This contrasted with earlier totalitarian states that were imposed on the people.[2] Totalitarianism in Russia began with the founding of the Soviet Union under Lenin, after the October Revolution of 1917.[3] According to Britannica, "every aspect of the Soviet Union's political, economic, cultural, and intellectual life came to be regulated by the Communist Party in a strict and regimented fashion that would tolerate no opposition".[4] According to Peter Rutland (1993), with the death of Stalin, "This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one."[5] This view is echoed by Igor Krupnik (1995), "The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself."[6] According to Klaus von Beyme (2014), "The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule."[7]

Table edit

Country Totalitarianism Leader(s) Ruling party/group Ideology Government Continent
Start End
  Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[2][3][4] 1917 1953[2][5][6][7] Vladimir Lenin (1917–1924) Joseph Stalin (1924–1953) All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Marxism–Leninism
Soviet Communism
Soviet patriotism
Stalinism (after 1927) 		Federal one-party socialist republic Eurasia
  Kingdom of Italy[8][9][10][11][a] 1925 1943 Benito Mussolini National Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism 		Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Europe
  Greater German Reich[2] 1933[2] 1945[2] Adolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism Unitary one-party Nazi fascist state[12] Europe
  Spanish State[13] 1936[14] 1959[15] Francisco Franco FET y de las JONS Fascism
Falangism
National Catholicism
Anti-communism
Anti-Masonry 		Unitary one-party fascist state Europe
  Kingdom of Romania[16][17][18] 1940 1941 Ion Antonescu
Horia Sima 		Iron Guard Clerical fascism
Monarchism
Anti-communism
Anti-semitism 		Unitary one-party fascist constitutional monarchy Europe
  Empire of Japan[19][b] 1940 1945 Hirohito
Fumimaro Konoe
(1940–1941)
Hideki Tojo
(1941–1944)
Kuniaki Koiso
(1944–1945)
Kantarō Suzuki
(Until August 1945) 		Imperial Rule Assistance Association Statism
Japanese imperialism (Hakkō ichiu, Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere)
State Shinto 		Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy Asia
  People's Socialist Republic of Albania[21][22][23] 1946 1985 Enver Hoxha
(1946–1985) 		Party of Labour of Albania Anti-revisionism
Hoxhaism
Marxism–Leninism 		Unitary one-party republic Europe
  Socialist Republic of Romania[24][25] 1971 1989 Nicolae Ceaușescu Romanian Communist Party Marxism–Leninism
National Communism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe
  Democratic People's Republic of Korea[26][27][28][2][29] 1948 Active Kim dynasty Workers' Party of Korea Juche
Songun
Marxism–Leninism (until 2009)
Stalinism (formerly) 		Unitary one-party socialist republic[30] Asia
  People's Republic of China[31][32] 1949 1976 Mao Zedong[2] Chinese Communist Party Chinese communism
Maoism
Marxism–Leninism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
    Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[33] 1962 1988 Ne Win Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
      Syrian Arab Republic[34][35][36][37][38][39] 1963 Active Amin al-Hafiz (1963–1966)
General Salah Jadid (1966–70)
General Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)
Bashar al-Assad (2000–present) 		Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Neo-Ba'athism
Militarism
Left-wing nationalism
Assadism 		Unitary de facto one-party[40] presidential republic[41] (neo-Ba'athist de-jure one-party socialist republic[42][43] until 2012) Asia
  Republic of Equatorial Guinea[44] 1968 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema United National Workers' Party Ultranationalism
Anti-colonialism[45]
Anti-intellectualism
Pan-Africanism 		Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic Africa
  Democratic Kampuchea[33][46] 1975 1979 Pol Pot Communist Party of Kampuchea Agrarian socialism
Khmer nationalism
Maoism
Anti-intellectualism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
    Iraqi Republic / Republic of Iraq[47][48][49][50] 1979 2003 Saddam Hussein Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Ba'athism
Saddamism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
  Turkmenistan[51][52][53][54] 1991 Active Saparmurat Niyazov (1991–2006)
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (2006–2022)
[c]Serdar Berdimuhamedow
(2022–present)[d]		 Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Nationalism
Social conservatism[55]		 Unitary presidential republic (one-party state until 2008)[56] Asia
    Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[57][58] 1996 2001 Mullah Omar[59][60] Taliban Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism[61]
Islamism[61]
Pashtunwali[62]
Religious nationalism[62]		 Unitary theocratic Islamic emirate Asia
  State of Eritrea[63][64] 2001[65] Active Isaias Afwerki People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Left-wing nationalism 		Unitary one-party presidential republic Africa
  Islamic State[66][67][68][69] 2014 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Islamic State (Daesh) Wahhabism
Qutbism
Salafi jihadism 		Unitary Salafi Jihadist proto-state Asia
  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[70] 2021 Active Hibatullah Akhundzada Taliban Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism
Islamism
Pashtunwali
Religious nationalism 		Unitary provisional theocratic Islamic emirate Asia

List of totalitarian puppet regimes edit

The following is a list of puppet states of various outside states (mostly Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union), which are considered to be totalitarian.

Country Totalitarianism Leader(s) Ruling party/group Ideology Government Continent Administrative status
Start End
  Mongolian People's Republic[71][72][73][74] 1924 1953 Khorloogiin Choibalsan
(1937–1952) 		Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia   Soviet satellite state
  Empire of Manchuria[75] 1932 1945 Zheng Xiaoxu
(1932–1935)
Zhang Jinghui
(1935–1945) 		Concordia Association of Manchukuo Anti-communism
Fascism[76]
Manchurian nationalism
Pan-Asianism 		One-party constitutional monarchy Asia   Japanese puppet state
  Slovak Republic[77] 1939 1945 Jozef Tiso Slovak People’s Party Clerical fascism
Slovak nationalism
Anti-Hungarianism 		Unitary one-party fascist state Europe   Nazi-German puppet state[77]
  Independent State of Croatia[78][79] 1941 1945 Ante Pavelić Ustaše Clerical fascism
Anti-communism
Anti-Serb sentiment 		Fascist one-party state Europe   Nazi-German puppet state
  Italian Social Republic[80][81] 1943 1945 Benito Mussolini Republican Fascist Party Fascism
Militarism
Ultranationalism
Corporatism 		Unitary one-party state Europe   Nazi-German puppet state
  Hungarian People's Republic[82][83][84][85] 1949 1953 Mátyás Rákosi Hungarian Working People's Party Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Europe   Soviet satellite state
    Democratic Republic of Afghanistan[86][87][88][89] 1978 1989 Nur Muhammad Taraki (1978–1979)
Hafizullah Amin (1979)
Babrak Karmal (1979–1986)
Mohammad Najibullah (1986–1989) 		People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan Marxism-Leninism[90][91]
Neo-Stalinism[89]
Anti-intellectualism 		Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia   Soviet satellite state[92][93][94]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism disputes that Italy was a totalitarian state.
  2. ^ Robert Paxton in The Anatomy of Fascism disputes that Japan was a totalitarian state. Most scholars today do not characterize the regime as totalitarian.[20]
  3. ^ Power-sharing with son Serdar since 2022.
  4. ^ Power-sharing with father Gurbanguly.

References edit

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  5. ^ a b Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-39241-9. after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one.
  6. ^ a b Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4619-0. The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
  7. ^ a b von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics. Springer. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-319-01559-0. The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
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