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List of wars involving Ukraine 
Summary
The following is a list of major conflicts fought by Ukraine, by Ukrainian people or by regular armies during periods when independent states existed on the modern territory of Ukraine, from the Kievan Rus' times to the present day. It also includes wars fought outside Ukraine by Ukrainian military.
Kievan Rus' is considered the first Ukrainian state (together with Belarus and Russia), the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (Ruthenia) its political successor, and after the period of domination by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the Cossack states (the Cossack Hetmanate and the Zaporozhian Sich).[1] The Ukrainian Cossacks were also related to the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, having many conflicts with them. By the late 18th century, Ukraine didn't have independent states anymore, because it was ruled by the more powerful states of the time, namely the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire.[2][3] There were several internal armed conflicts between various Ukrainian ideological factions (sometimes with foreign support) in the first half of the 20th century (especially during the 1917–1921 Ukrainian War of Independence and the 1939–1945 Second World War), but modern Ukrainian militaries (since 1917) have been mostly fighting with armies of neighbouring states, such as the Russian Provisional Government (Kiev Bolshevik Uprising November 1917), the Russian SFSR (Ukrainian War of Independence 1917–1921), the Second Polish Republic (Polish–Ukrainian War 1918–1919), Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (Second World War and post-War resistance),[1] and since 2014, the Russian Federation (Russo-Ukrainian War).
Ukrainian victory Ukrainian defeat Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result) Ongoing conflict
Kievan Rus' (800s–1240) edit
This is a list of wars involving Kievan Rus' (c. 9th century–1240).[a] These wars involved Kievan Rus' (also known as Kyivan Rus'[8]) as a whole, or some of its principalities[b] up to 1240.[c]
| Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 830s | Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus' |  Kievan Rus'
|
 Byzantine Empire
|
Unclear. The historicity of this conflict is questioned |
| 860 | Rus'–Byzantine War (860) | Kievan Rus'
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Victory. The historicity of this conflict is questioned |
| c. 880s, c. 913, 943, 965, c. 1041[d] | Caspian expeditions of the Rus' | Kievan Rus'
|
Southern Caspian coastal regions | Unclear |
| 907 | Rus'–Byzantine War (907) | Kievan Rus'
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[12] |
| 920–1036 | Rus'–Pecheneg wars | Kievan Rus'
|
 Pechenegs
|
Victory of Rus.After the Battle of Kiev in 1036, the Pechenegs stopped raiding Rus |
| 941 | Rus'–Byzantine War (941) | Kievan Rus'
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat |
| 944/945 | Rus'-Byzantine War (944/945) | Kievan Rus'
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[13] |
| 945–947 | Olga's Revenge on the Drevlians | Kievan Rus'
|
Drevlians | Olga victory. The historicity of this conflict is questioned |
| 964–965 | Khazar campaign of Svyatoslav | Kievan Rus'
|
 Khazar Khaganate
|
Victory
|
| 967/968–971 | Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria | Kievan Rus'
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat
|
| c. 972–980 | Feud of the Svyatoslavychivi[14]
|
Kievan Rus'
|
Kievan Rus'
|
Volodimer victory |
| c. 981 | Polish campaign of Volodimer I | Kievan Rus' (Volodimer I of Kiev)
|
 Duchy of Poland (Mieszko I?)
|
Victory
|
| 985 | Volodimer I of Kiev's campaign against Volga Bulgaria | Kievan Rus'
|
Volga Bulgaria | Military victory, then agreement |
| 987–989 | Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger | Byzantine emperor Basil II Kievan Rus'
|
Bardas Phokas the Younger
|
Agreement |
| 1015–1019 | Kievan succession crisis (also known as Feud of the Volodymyrovychi
|
Kievan Rus' loyal to Svyatopolk I Duchy of Poland (1018) Kingdom of Hungary (1018)
|
Kievan Rus' loyal to Yaroslav I
|
Yaroslav victory |
| 1022 | Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest | Kievan Rus'
|
Duchy of Poland
|
Defeat |
| 1024 | Battle of Listven | Kievan Rus' Yaroslav the Wise |
 Principality of ChernigovMstislav of Chernigov |
Chernigovian victory |
| 1024 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1024) | Kievan Rus'
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat |
| 1030 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against the Chud | Kievan Rus'
|
Chud | Victory
|
| 1030–1031 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign for the Cherven Cities | Kievan Rus'
|
Duchy of Poland
|
Victory |
| c. 1038–1047 | Miecław's Rebellion | Duchy of Poland Kievan Rus'
|
Miecław's State Duchy of Pomerelia Yotvingians |
Polish victory |
| 1042–1228 | Finnish–Novgorodian wars | Kievan Rus' (until 1136)
|
Yem people | Various results, mostly victories[citation needed]
|
| 1043 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1043) | Kievan Rus'
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat |
| 1061 | Sosols raid against Pskov[citation needed] | Kievan Rus'
|
Sosols | Defeat
|
| c. 1068–1185 | Rus'-Cuman battles | Kievan Rus'
|
 Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
|
Mixed results, mostly Kievan Rus' victories |
| 1067 | Battle on the Nemiga River |  Principality of Kiev Principality of Chernigov Principality of Pereyaslavl
|
 Principality of Polotsk
|
Allied victory
|
| 1069, 1074, 1077 | Bolesław II the Generous's raids on Kievan Rus' | Kievan Rus'
|
 Kingdom of Poland
|
Defeats |
| 1076 | Bolesław II the Generous's raid on Bohemia | Kingdom of Poland Kievan Rus'
|
 Duchy of Bohemia
|
Polish–Kievan victory |
| 1092 | Kievan–Cuman raid on Poland[16] | Kievan Rus' Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
|
Kingdom of Poland
|
Kievan–Cuman victory |
| 1093–1097 | Chernihiv war of succession[e] | Izyaslavychi: Svyatopolk II Izyaslavych of Kyiv
Monomakhi: |
Svyatoslavychi: Oleh Svyatoslavych of Chernihiv Davyd Svyatoslavych of Smolensk
|
Council of Liubech[18] |
| 1097–1100 | Internecine war in Rus' 1097–1100 | Kievan Rus' Kingdom of Hungary Principality of Volhynia (until 1098)
|
 Principality of PeremyshlZvenyhorod Principality  Principality of Terebovlya Principality of Volhynia (from 1098)
|
Peremyshl victory |
| 1101 | Kievan–Cuman raid on Poland[citation needed] | Kievan Rus' Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
|
Kingdom of Poland
|
Kievan–Cuman victory |
| 1120 | Kievan–Cuman raid on Poland[16] | Kievan Rus' Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
|
Kingdom of Poland
|
Kievan–Cuman victory |
| 1132–1134 | 1132–1134 Pereyaslavl succession crisis[19]
|
Yaropolk II Volodimerovich of Kiev Vsevolod Mstislavich of Pskov Iziaslav Mstislavich of Volhynia
|
|
Compromise[21]
|
| c. 1132–1350[22] | Swedish–Novgorodian Wars | Kievan Rus' (until 1136)
|
 Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Norway (from 1319)
|
Stalemate after Black Death[22] |
| 1139–1142 | Battles between Duchy of Masovia and Kievan Rus' | Kievan Rus'
|
 Bolesław IV the Curly
|
Victory |
| 1139–1142 | 1139–1142 Kievan succession crisis[23]
|
|
|
Mixed results
|
| 1146–1159 | 1146–1159 Kievan succession crisis[20] (also known as Internecine war in Rus' 1146–1154)
|
Iziaslavichi (senior Mstislavichi):
|
Rostislavichi (junior Mstislavichi):
|
Mixed results
|
| 1147 | Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians[citation needed] | Bolesław IV the Curly Kievan Rus'
|
Old Prussians | Bolesław IV the Curly's victory |
| 1167–1169 | 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis
|
Iziaslavichi of Volhynia | Andrey Bogolyubsky's coalition | Coalition victory
|
| 1171—1173 | 1171—1173 Kievan succession crisis[32]
|
Some princes | Other princes | Rurik Rostislavich's victory[32] |
| 1174—1177 | Internecine war in Vladimir-Suzdal 1174–1177[32]
|
Yurievichi of Suzdalia | Yurievichi of Suzdalia | Vsevolod the Big Nest's victory[32] |
| 1187 | Ruthenian raid on Lesser Poland[citation needed] |  Principality of Halych
|
Casimir II the Just
|
Victory |
| 1188–1189 | Béla III's military campaign against Halych | Principality of Halych
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
Defeat |
| 1189 | Casimir II the Just's raid on Halych[citation needed] |  Kingdom of Hungary Principality of Halych
|
Casimir II the Just
|
Defeat |
| 1195—1196 | Internecine war in Rus' 1195–1196
|
Olgovichi | Monomakhovichi | Indecisive |
| 1203–1234 | Campaigns of Rus' princes against the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (see also Livonian Crusade) |
Kievan Rus'
|
 Livonian Brothers of the Sword
|
Defeat |
| 1205 | Roman the Great's raid on Poland |  Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
|
Leszek I the White
|
Defeat. Death of Roman the Great. |
| 1206–1210 | Internecine war in Rus' 1206–1210 |
|
|
Mixed results
|
| 1207 | Leszek I the White's raid on Rus'[citation needed] | Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
|
Leszek I the White Konrad I of Masovia
|
Defeat |
| 1212–1216 | Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession[33]
|
Konstantin of Rostov Mstislav Mstislavich |
Yuri II of Vladimir Yaroslav II of Vladimir |
Konstantin victory |
| 1213–1214, 1219, 1233–1234 | Andrew II's military campaigns against Halych[citation needed] | Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
Victory. Hungarian retreat. |
| 1214 | Leszek I the White's raid on Volodymyr-Volynskyi | Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
|
Leszek I the White Kingdom of Hungary
|
Defeat |
| 1218–1221 | Polish–Hungarian–Ruthenian War[citation needed] | Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
|
Leszek I the White Kingdom of Hungary
|
Victory |
| 1223 | Battle of the Kalka River (first Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus') |
Principality of Kiev Principality of Galicia–Volhynia Principality of Chernigov Principality of Smolensk |
 Mongol EmpireBrodnici |
Crushing defeat
|
| 1226 | Chernihiv internecine war (1226) | Michael Vsevolodovych Yuri Vsevolodovych Vasylko Kostiantynovych Vsevolod Kostiantynovych |
Oleh of Kursk | Michael victory |
| 1228–1236/40 | Internecine war in Rus' 1228–1240
|
Daniel of Galicia victory | ||
1236–1237
|
Wars between Konrad I of Masovia and Galicia–Volhynia[citation needed]
|
Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
|
Konrad I of Masovia
|
Victory |
| 1237–1241 | Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (second) (see also List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus') |
Kievan Rus'
|
Mongol Empire Brodnici |
Decisive defeat[c]
|
Kingdom of Ruthenia and other Rus' principalities (1240–1500) edit
Following the end of Kievan Rus' in 1240, it split into many Rus' principalities. The Principality, later Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (Ruthenia) would control most of the territory of modern Ukraine for a century, after which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Crown of the Kingdom of Poland would dominate the region.
Cossack Ukraine (1500–1764) edit
This section contains list of wars involving Zaporozhian Cossacks (including Danubian Sich) and Cossack Hetmanate (both of right-bank and left-bank).
Uprisings edit
edit
| Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1602 | Raid on Kiliya | Zaporozhian Cossacks |  Ottoman Empire
|
Victory |
| 1606 | Raid on Kiliya and Akkerman | Zaporozhian Cossacks led by Hryhoriy Izapovych | Ottoman Empire
|
Victory |
| 1607 | Raid on Ochakiv | Zaporozhian Cossacks led by Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny | Ottoman Empire
|
Victory |
| 1608 | Raid on Perekop | Zaporozhian Cossacks led by Petro Sahaidachny | Ottoman Empire
|
Victory |
| 1609 | Raid on Kiliya, Izmayil and Akkerman | Zaporozhian Cossacks led by Petro Sahaidachny | Ottoman Empire
|
Victory |
| 1613 | Raid on Northern Turkey | Zaporozhian Cossacks | Ottoman Empire
|
Victory |
| 1614 | Raid on Trabzon and Sinop in Northern Turkey | Zaporozhian Cossacks | Ottoman Empire
|
Victory |
| 1615 | Raid on Constantinople | Zaporozhian Cossacks | Ottoman Empire
|
Victory |
| 1616 | Raid on Kafa in Crimea, Trabzon and Sinop in Northern Turkey | Zaporozhian Cossacks led by Petro Sahaidachny | Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate
|
Victory |
| 1617 | Raid on Constantinople | Zaporozhian Cossacks | Ottoman Empire
|
Victory |
Other conflicts edit
Under Austrian and Russian empires edit
War of independence (1917–1921) edit
This section contains list of wars involving different Ukrainian states de facto existed between 1917 and 1922 (Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian State, Western Ukrainian People's Republic, Hutsul Republic, Komancza Republic) and other Ukrainian anti-bolshevik state formations (Kuban People's Republic, Makhnovshchina, Ukrainian Republic of the Far East).
Interwar period (1922–1938) edit
In 1922, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was incorporated into the Soviet Union. No major armed conflicts on Soviet Ukrainian territory would take place until 1939, although Ukrainian 'national units' would be used as national military formations of the Red Army until 1934 and, as such, fight in Soviet armed conflicts elsewhere in the world. Also, as a response to the collectivization, various peasant rebellions took place in 1929-1933 across the Soviet Union, including Ukraine, which were suppressed by the Soviet authorities.[34] The western areas of Ukraine (including most of the former West Ukrainian People's Republic's claimed territories) that were annexed by the Second Polish Republic similarly saw no fighting in the interwar period until 1939, although some small and brief armed conflicts did occur elsewhere in Poland in this period.
World War II (1939–1945) edit
This section contains only military activity of non-Soviet and non-Nazi Ukrainian organizations.
21st century edit
| Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014–present | Russo-Ukrainian War: |  Ukraine
|
 RussiaIn Donbas: Supported by: |
Ongoing |
Peacekeeping missions edit
Completed edit
| Mission | Start-date | End-date | Location | Troops (regular) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNPROFOR | 1992 | 1995 |  Yugoslavia
|
1,303 |
| UNMOT | 1994 | 2000 |  Tajikistan
|
21 |
| UNMIBH | 1995 | 1999 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
400 |
| UNPREDEP | 1995 | 1999 |  Macedonia
|
1 |
| UNTAES | 1996 | 1998 |  Croatia (Slavonija)
|
511 |
| MONUA | 1996 | 1999 |  Angola
|
216 |
| UNMOP | 1996 | 2002 | Croatia Yugoslavia (Prevlaka) |
2 |
| MINUGUA | 1997 | 1997 |  Guatemala
|
8 |
| Ukraine Diplomatic Support in Transnistria | 1990 | 1992 |  Transnistria
|
0 |
| UNOMIG | 1999 | 2005 |  Georgia
|
530 |
| UNIFIL | 2000 | 2006 |  Lebanon
|
650 |
| ISAF | 2000 | 2001 |  Afghanistan
|
1 |
| UNAMSIL | 2001 | 2005 |  Sierra Leone
|
530 |
| UNIKOM | 2003 | 2003 |  Kuwait
|
448 |
| UNMIL | 2003 | 2018 |  Liberia
|
275 |
| UNMEE | 2004 | 2008 |  Ethiopia Eritrea
|
7 |
| MNF-I[f] | 2005 | 2008 |  Iraq
|
1,660 |
| UNOMIG | 2008 | 2009 |  Georgia
|
37 |
| UNOCI | 2011 | 2017 |  Côte d'Ivoire
|
1,303 |
Withdrawn edit
| Mission | Start-date | End-date | Location | Troops (regular) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kosovo Force | 1999 | 2022 (August 3)[35] |
 Kosovo
|
40 |
| MONUSCO | 2000 | 2022 (September 18)[36] |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
250 |
| UNMISS | 2012 | 2022 (April)[37] |
 South Sudan
|
28[38] |
| MINUSMA | 2019 | 2022 (March)[37] |
 Mali
|
20 |
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ The timespan of Kievan Rus' is generally dated from c. 880 to 1240,[4] but its precise origins are shrouded in mystery, influenced by later distortions, and the subject of modern scholary dispute.[5][6] Because 'no adequate system of succession to the Kyivan throne was developed'[7] after the death of Yaroslav the Wise (r. 1019–1054, a process of gradual political disintegration would commence.[7] The Mongol siege and sack of Kiev in 1240 is generally held to mark the end of Kievan Rus'.[4] Modern historians from Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine alike consider Kievan Rus' the first period of their modern countries' histories.[7]
- ^ Principalities of Kievan Rus' between the 9th century and 1240 included Kiev (Kyiv), Beloozero, Chernigov (Chernihiv), Drutsk, Halych (Galicia), Jersika, Koknese, Murom, the Novgorod Republic, Novgorod-Seversk (Novhorod-Siversk), Peremyshl (Przemyśl), Pereyaslavl (Pereiaslav), Polotsk (Polatsk), Ryazan (Riazan), Terebovlia, Turov and Pinsk (Turau-Pinsk, Turovian Rus'), Vladimir-Suzdal (Rostov, Suzdalia), Volhynia (Volyn, Volodymyr), and Yaroslavl. Halych and Volhynia would be unified in 1199, and raised to the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (Ruthenia) in 1253, but lost the (mostly destroyed) city of Kiev in 1240 to the Golden Horde.[4] Pskov Land (Pleskov) was formally part of the Novgorod Republic before 1240, but eventually became the independent Pskov Republic in 1348.[9] Vladimir-Suzdalia would fragment into several smaller principalities after 1240, such as Tver (1246), Moscow (Muscovy; 1263), and Novgorod-Suzdal (1341).
- ^ a b c d After the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' of 1237–1241 (including the 1240 sack of Kiev which ended Kievan Rus'[4]), most of the surviving Rus' principalities (exceptions included the Novgorod Republic[4]) were forced to pay tribute and homage to Batu Khan (residing in Sarai on the Volga) of the newly-established Mongol-Tatar Golden Horde.[10]
- ^ 'Sometime during the reign of Hasan Ibn Zaid, ruler of Tabaristan (r. 864–884), the Rus sailed into the Caspian Sea and unsuccessfully attacked the eastern shore at Abaskun. This was probably a raid on very small scale (...) Great raids, however, took place in c. 913, in 943, in 965 and in c. 1041.'[11]
- ^ The war broke out due to the death of Vsevolod I Yaroslavych, grand prince of Kyiv, and prince of Chernihiv and Pereyaslavl.[17]
- ^ For further information, see Ukrainian involvement in the Iraq War.
References edit
- ^ a b "Oekraïne §5. Geschiedenis". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
- ^ "Інститут історії України". history.org.ua. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
- ^ "Історія". www.museumsun.org. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
- ^ a b c d e "Rusland §2. Het Rijk van Kiëv". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
- ^ Martin 2009b, p. 2.
- ^ Logan 2005, p. 184.
- ^ a b c Katchanovski et al. 2013, p. 1.
- ^ Katchanovski et al. 2013, p. 196.
- ^ "Pskov §1. Geschiedenis". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
- ^ "Gouden Horde". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
- ^ Logan 2005, p. 182.
- ^ Janet Martin. Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 115
- ^ Vilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen. The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. (2010), p. 25. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Kohn 2013, p. 587.
- ^ a b c Katchanovski et al. 2013, p. 75.
- ^ a b Hypatian Codex
- ^ Martin 1995, p. 30–32, 55.
- ^ Martin 1995, p. 55.
- ^ a b c Martin 2007, p. 117.
- ^ a b c d Martin 2007, p. 119.
- ^ Martin 2007, pp. 117–118.
- ^ a b Kari, Risto: Suomalaisten keskiaika, 2004. ISBN 951-0-28321-5. See page 163; Paul, "Archbishop Vasilii Kalika of Novgorod," 266-269.
- ^ a b Martin 2007, pp. 119–121.
- ^ a b c d e Martin 2007, p. 121.
- ^ a b Martin 2007, pp. 121–123.
- ^ a b c Martin 2007, p. 123.
- ^ Martin 2007, pp. 121–122.
- ^ a b Martin 2007, p. 122.
- ^ a b c Martin 2007, pp. 124–127.
- ^ a b c d Martin 2007, p. 127.
- ^ a b c Martin 2007, p. 124.
- ^ a b c d e f Martin 2007, p. 128.
- ^ a b Alef, Gustave (1956). A history of the Muscovite civil war: the reign of Vasili II (1425–1462) (PhD). p. 11. Retrieved 7 May 2023 – via ProQuest.
When Vsevold died in 1212 he divided his territories among his sons, the largest portion going to the second oldest, Iuri. Immediately the sons began to war amongst themselves, each striving to achieve a more favorable position and lands which contributed to the decline of the Suzdal-Vladimir principality.
- ^ Viola, Lynne (1999). Peasant Rebels Under Stalin: Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195131048
- ^ "Ukraine to start pullout of peacekeepers from Kosovo - report". Reuters. 3 August 2022.
- ^ Cyuzuzo, Samba (2022-09-18). "Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco". BBC News. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
- ^ a b "Troop and police contributors". United Nations Peacekeeping. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
- ^ Спецільний миротворчий центр / Special peacekeeping center
Sources edit
- Katchanovski, Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nesebio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 992. ISBN 9780810878471. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition. Londen/New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781135954949.
- Крип'якевич І., Гнатевич Б. та ін. Історія українського війська., Львів, 1992., pp. 193–194.
- Logan, F. Donald (2005). The Vikings in History. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). p. 205. ISBN 9780415327565. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023. (third edition)
- Martin, Janet (1995). Medieval Russia, 980–1584. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 450. ISBN 9780521368322. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584 (E-book) (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.
- Martin, Janet (2009b). "From Kiev to Muscovy: The Beginnings to 1450". In Freeze, Gregory (ed.). Russia: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30. ISBN 978-0-19-150121-0. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023. (third edition)
- Сокульський А.Л. Флот Запорозької Січі в XVI-XVIII ст.: структурна організація, технологія та військове мистецтво. Дис. к.і.н., К., 1999. pp. 113–114.