Wind-tunnel work on the Electra was undertaken at the University of Michigan. Much of the work was performed by a student assistant, Kelly Johnson. He suggested two changes be made to the design: changing the single tail to double tails (later a Lockheed trademark), and deleting oversized wing fillets. Both of these suggestions were incorporated into production aircraft.[4] Upon receiving his master's degree, Johnson joined Lockheed as a regular employee, ultimately leading the Skunk Works in developing advanced aircraft such as the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird.
The Lockheed Electra was one of the first commercial passenger aircraft with retractable landing gear to come equipped with mudguards as standard equipment, although aircraft with fixed landing gear commonly had mudguards much earlier than this.[5]
Operational history
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Lockheed 10B of Marshall Airways (Australia) in 1970, had been initially delivered to Ansett Airways in 1937
After October 1934, when the US government banned single-engined aircraft for use in carrying passengers or in night flying, Lockheed was perfectly placed in the market with its new Model 10 Electra. In addition to deliveries to US-based airlines, several European operators added Electras to their prewar fleets. In Latin America, the first airline to use Electras was Cubana de Aviación, starting in 1935, for its domestic routes.
Flight deck of a Model 10A, which has been updated with a more modern instrument panel
Besides airline orders, a number of non-commercial civil operators also purchased the new Model 10.[6] In May 1937, H. T. "Dick" Merrill and J. S. Lambie accomplished a round-trip crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. The feat was declared the first round-trip commercial crossing of that ocean by any aircraft. It won them the Harmon Trophy. On the eastbound trip, they carried newsreels of the crash of the Hindenburg, and on the return trip from the United Kingdom, they brought photographs of the coronation of King George VI. Bata Shoes operated the Model 10 to ferry its executives between their European factories.
Earhart and her customized Lockheed Electra
Probably the most famous use of the Electra was the highly modified Model 10E flown by Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan. In July 1937, they disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean during an attempted round-the-world flight.[6]
Many Electras and their design descendants (the Model 12 Electra Junior and Model 14 Super Electra) were pressed into military service during World War II, for instance the USAAF's C-36. By the end of the war, the Electra design was obsolete, although many smaller airlines and charter services continued to operate Electras into the 1970s.[6]
1052 – Electra 10A on static display at the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.[24] Originally an XR2O-1 used for transporting high ranking staff by the U.S. Navy, it is now painted in Northwest Airlines colors. At one point it was intended to use this machine for a recreation of the Earhart flight but it was not carried out.[25][26]
1091 – Electra 10A airworthy with Ivo Lukačovič at Točná Airport in Točná, Prague.[27] Registered previously as OK-CTB (now N241M), it was one of two owned by Bata Shoe Co. in Prague, Czechoslovakia before WWII. At the outbreak of WWII it was evacuated to England, and onward to Canada where it served with the RCAF. After a succession of US owners, it was eventually reacquired by Bata Shoe, and fully restored by Wichita Air Services in Newton, Kansas.[28] Wearing its original colors and registration marks, it was flown back to Prague in May 2015.[29][30]
1112 – Electra 10A on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. Originally purchased by Trans-Canada Air Lines as their first new aircraft, it was transferred to the RCAF in 1939, with whom it served for most of World War II. After the war it was operated by a number of private owners. It survived into the 1960s when Ann Pellegreno between June 7 and July 10, 1967, flew the aircraft on a round-the-world flight to commemorate Amelia Earhart's last flight in 1937. After being acquired by Air Canada, it was restored in 1968 and donated to the museum.[31][32]
1116 – Electra 10A airworthy at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It was one of a second batch of three Electras delivered to Trans-Canada Airlines. Found in Florida in the early 1980s by a vacationing Air Canada employee, it was returned to Winnipeg for restoration. In 1987 it flew across Canada in honor of the 50th anniversary of Air Canada – who owns and operates the aircraft.[33][34]
1145 - Electra 10A airworthy with Rob Mackley at Omaka, Blenheim, New Zealand registered as ZK-AFD.[38] Aircraft ex LAN Chile,[39] previously registered CC226 'Diego de Almagro', CC-LGN-507, CC-CLG-0005, CC-CLEA-231 and N10310.[40]
Fuel capacity: 194 US gal (161.5 imp gal; 734.4 L) in centre-section leading edges and fuselage
Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior SB 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 450 hp (340 kW) each at 2,300 rpm at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)
^"ELECTRA". Pima Air & Space Museum. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^"FAA REGISTRY [N4963C]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^"Lockheed Model 10-E Electra". The Museum of Flight. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^"FAA REGISTRY [N72GT]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^"FAA REGISTRY [N1602D]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^Cronkleton, Robert A. (21 August 2016). "Plane similar to Amelia Earhart's aircraft to arrive Monday in Atchison, Kan". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^"Original Sister-Ship to Earhart's Plane to Make Final Journey Home to Atchison, Kansas, Birthplace of Amelia Earhart". AviationPros. 15 August 2016.
^"Lockheed 10-A 'Electra'". New England Air Museum. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^"Visit". New England Air Museum. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^"Lockheed Electra 10A Jana Antonína Baťi". Prague Tocna Airport (in Czech). Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^"1937 Electra being restored for trip home to Prague". The Wichita Eagle. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^"Last flying Electra 10 lands at Warplane Heritage for maintenance". The Hamilton Spectator. 2015-04-24. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
^Johnstone, Chris (28 May 2015). "BAŤA'S LOCKHEED ELECTRA PLANE RETURNS AFTER MORE THAN 75 YEARS". Czech Radio. Český Rozhlas. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^"LOCKHEED L-10A ELECTRA". Ingenium. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
^Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
Bibliography
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Bridgman, Leonard; Grey, C.G., eds. (1937). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1937. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd. pp. 307c –308c.
Bridgman, Leonard (1948). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1948. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd.
Garrison, Peter (March 2010). "Head Skunk". Air & Space Magazine.
Gerdessen, Frederik (April 1982). "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". Air Enthusiast (18): 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.
Francillon, René J. (1987). Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-87021-897-2.
Gunston, Bill (1998). Lockheed Aircraft: The History of Lockheed Martin (Aircraft Cutaways). Oxford, UK: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85532-775-7.
Justo, Craig P. (July–August 2001). "Ten out of Ten: The Life and Times of a Lockheed Electra". Air Enthusiast (94): 10–917. ISSN 0143-5450.
Phillips, Edward H (2006). Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History. Specialty PressPub & Wholesalers.
Winchester, Jim (2004). Winchester, Jim (ed.). Lockheed 10 Electra. Civil Aircraft (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc. ISBN 1-84013-642-1.
External links
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Media related to Lockheed Model 10 Electra at Wikimedia Commons
XC-35 in the collection of the National Air and Space Museum
XC-35 from National Museum of the United States Air Force
"Luxurious Air Yacht Is a Home with Wings" Popular Mechanics, January 1936 Electra converted for business travel.
Lockheed Electra 10A Restoration project, New Zealand