Ludic, or Ludian, or Ludic Karelian (Luudi, Lyydi or lüüdi), is a Finnic language in the Uralic language family or a Karelian dialect. It is transitional between the Olonets Karelian language and the Veps language.[1] It is spoken by 300 Karelians in the Republic of Karelia in Russia, near the southwestern shore of Lake Onega, including a few children.[5]
Ludic | |
---|---|
lyydin kiel', l'yyd'ikiel' | |
Native to | Russia (Republic of Karelia) |
Region | Near northwestern shore of Lake Onega |
Native speakers | 300 (2017)[1] |
Latin (Karelian alphabet) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | recognised as minority language in: Republic of Karelia[2] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | lud |
Glottolog | ludi1246 |
ELP | Ludian |
[image reference needed] Lude is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) |
In the Finnish research tradition, Ludic has been considered a transitional dialect area between Karelian and Veps,[6] while in the Russian research tradition it is, on ethnographic grounds, normally considered a dialect of Karelian. A status as an independent language has been proposed in recent times.[7] Ludic is characterised by a specific mixture of Karelian-like traits (such as the diphthongisation of the Proto-Finnic non-open long vowels: e.g. *pää > piä 'head', *soo > suo 'swamp', contrast Veps pä, so)[8] and Veps-like traits (such as an almost complete loss of consonant gradation).[9] Like Veps, Ludic has also partially lost vowel harmony.
Ludic comprises three main dialect groups:[7]
The strongest Karelian resemblance is found in Northern Ludic, while the Kuďäŕv dialect shares the most features with Veps.
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
Close | i | y | u | |
Mid | e | ø | o | |
Open | æ | ɑ |
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | (pʲ) | t | tʲ | k | ||
voiced | b | (bʲ) | d | dʲ | ɡ | |||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||
voiced | d͡ʒ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | (f) | (fʲ) | s | sʲ | ʃ | (x) | h |
voiced | v | (vʲ) | z | zʲ | ʒ | |||
Nasal | m | (mʲ) | n | nʲ | ||||
Approximant | l | lʲ | j | |||||
Rhotic | r | rʲ |
Ludic is written using the unified Karelian alphabet, but in some publications the letter Ü is used instead of Y, as in Veps.
Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | B | C | Č | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | Š | Z | Ž | T | U | V | Y (Ü) | Ä | Ö | ʼ |
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | b | c | č | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | š | z | ž | t | u | v | y (ü) | ä | ö | ʼ |