METRORail

Summary

METRORail is the 22.7-mile (36.5 km)[6] light rail system in Houston, Texas (United States). In 2023, the system had a ridership of 13,883,700, or about 42,900 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2023. METRORail ranks as the second most-traveled light rail system in the Southern United States and the 12th most-traveled light rail system in the United States, and has the highest ridership per mile for light rail systems in the Southern US.[7] METRORail is operated by the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO).

METRORail
Two-car train running southbound towards Fannin South station on the METRORail Red Line. The skyscrapers of downtown Houston can be seen in the background, and overhead wires are visible to provide power to the train.
Southbound two-car Siemens S70/H1 METRORail train on Red Line, departing downtown Houston (2007)
Overview
OwnerMetropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County
LocaleHouston, Texas
Transit typeLight rail/Tram
Number of lines3 (2 planned)
Number of stations39[1]
Daily ridership42,900 (weekdays, Q4 2023)[2]
Annual ridership13,883,700 (2023)[3]
Chief executiveTom Lambert
HeadquartersLee P. Brown METRO Administration Building
1900 Main Street[4]
Operation
Began operationJanuary 1, 2004; 20 years ago (2004-01-01)
CharacterAt grade, with street running sections
Number of vehicles51 Siemens S70
39 CAF Urbos LRV
14 Siemens S700[a]
Train lengthTwo cars[5]
Headway6–20 minutes[1]
Technical
System length22.7 mi (36.5 km) (2012)[6]
(planned 24.4 mi (39.3 km))[failed verification]
No. of tracks2
Track gauge4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Minimum radius of curvature350 ft (107 m)
ElectrificationOverhead line, 600–750 V DC
System map
Legend
Northline Transit Center/HCC Red Line
Melbourne/North Lindale
Lindale Park
Cavalcade
Moody Park
Fulton/North Central
Quitman/Near Northside
Burnett Transit Center
UH–Downtown
          Theater District
Preston
Central Station               
Main Street Square
Convention District
Bell
EaDo/Stadium
Downtown Transit Center
McGowen
Coffee Plant/Second Ward
Ensemble/HCC
Lockwood/Eastwood
Wheeler
Altic/Howard Hughes
Museum District
Cesar Chavez/67th Street
Hermann Park/Rice University
Magnolia Park Transit Center Green Line
Memorial Hermann Hospital/
Houston Zoo
Leeland/Third Ward
Dryden/TMC
Elgin/Third Ward
Texas Medical Center
Transit Center
TSU/UH Athletics District
Smith Lands
UH South/University Oaks
Stadium Park/Astrodome
MacGregor Park/
Martin Luther King Jr.
Red Line Fannin South
Palm Center Transit Center Purple Line
Key
Red Line
Transit center
Green Line
Station
Purple Line
Transfer station
Green and Purple lines

Handicapped/disabled access All stations are accessible

History edit

Predecessors edit

Streetcars operated in Houston from 1868 to 1940.[8]: 33  The first streetcar service was a horse-drawn railcar operated by the Houston City Railroad Company along McKinney Street.[8]: 35–36  Because of its slow speed and light passenger traffic, the nascent line foundered in 1869;[8]: 36 [9]: 68  it was succeeded by the Houston City Street Railway (HCSR), which was founded in 1870 and began revenue operation in 1874 with routes following busy merchant districts along Congress Avenue and Main Street, the latter of which ran to one of the first sites of the Texas State Fair;[8]: 36 [9]: 68  the area was subsequently developed and is now Midtown, Houston.[10] A competing service, the Bayou City Street Railway, was started in 1883 with a single route along Texas Avenue, but it was purchased and folded into HCSR later that year.[9]: 69  A new competitor, also named Bayou City Street Railway, was founded in 1889; the new Bayou City was purchased and consolidated into HCSR in 1890 by Oscar Carter, who also announced plans to electrify the system.[8]: 37 [9]: 70 

By 1892, electrification of the existing streetcar lines was complete and extensions began past the immediate downtown/central Houston area (within a 1+12 mi (2.4 km) radius of the Harris County Courthouse), including the Houston Heights suburb, which was developed by Carter and required streetcar service due to its distance from central Houston.[8]: 37 [9]: 70–71  HCSR was acquired by the Houston Electric Company in 1901, which was managed by Stone & Webster and continued to expand the service,[8]: 37–38 [9]: 76  including the start of interurban service to Galveston provided by the affiliated Galveston–Houston Electric Railway[11]: 7  in 1911.[8]: 38 [9]: 88  However, the popularity of privately-owned automobiles began to displace demand for streetcar service and the system stopped expanding after 1927.[8]: 42 [9]: 86–88  Several streetcar lines were converted to conventional bus lines in 1936, and the right-of-way for the Interurban was sold in 1940, later being reused for the Gulf Freeway.[8]: 42 [9]: 87–89  The last streetcar completed its run early in the morning of June 9, 1940, and the rails were later removed and scrapped during World War II.[8]: 42 

A 'sample' monorail line was built in Houston in 1955;[12] the Trailblazer operated over a 1,600 ft (490 m) line at Arrowhead Park with a peak speed of 10 mph (16 km/h), starting on February 18, 1956. The monorail ceased operation in September of that year[13] and subsequently was moved to Fair Park in Dallas for the Texas State Fair, where it continued to run until 1964.[14]

False starts edit

Rapid Transit Lines, the successor to HCSR and Houston Electric, proposed a rapid transit system as a long-range project under the 1971 "Transit Action Program" (TAP), developed by Alan M. Voorhees and Associates, largely laid out along the radial spokes centered in the Inner Loop, tracing the city's major freeways.[15][16][17] TAP would be implemented in two stages. In Stage 1, 40 mi (64 km) of rapid transit routes would be built, including fixed rail lines serving the southwest, west, and northeast parts of Houston (with a downtown subway), and three bus-exclusive lanes along the North, Gulf, and South freeways.[18]: II.1  Stage 1 was planned to complete in the 1970s at an estimated cost of $800 million.[19]: 48–49  Under Stage 2, scheduled for completion before 1990, the Stage 1 rail lines would be extended and two more would be added, bringing the total system to 80 mi (130 km).[18]: II.1  TAP would have been the technical basis for the proposed Houston Area Rapid Transit Authority (HARTA), but a referendum to form HARTA was "soundly defeated" in 1973.[18]: II.2 [20] The city of Houston purchased Rapid Transit Lines in April 1974 for $5.3 million and renamed it the Houston Transit System ("HouTran").[18]: II.2 

 
Proposed alignment of the Southwest/Westpark corridor, Heavy Rail alternative including subway under Fannin

Houston formed the Office of Public Transportation in January 1975 to plan the region's public transportation system, and began working on an update of TAP.[18]: II.3, II.4  After METRO was formed in 1978/79, an initial Phase I alternatives analysis identified multiple potential transit corridors, and under Phase II, proposed in 1980, the "Southwest/Westpark" corridor (along what is now the Westpark Tollway) was prioritized for further study.[18]: II.7–11  The proposed Southwest/Westpark corridor would have run 13.1 mi (21.1 km), generally parallel to the Southwest Freeway, with equal lengths west and east of the West Inner Loop. The planned route would run from downtown Houston along Main Street to approximately Elgin, and west from Elgin to West Belt along existing public and rail rights-of-way.[18]: s.2  Service options that could be operated along the corridor included a dedicated busway on an elevated structure (carrying 203,500 daily riders at an estimated capital construction cost of $878 million),[18]: s.6  an elevated light rail system (213,400 daily passengers; $1.297 billion),[18]: s.7  a light rail subway (226,800 daily; $1.572 billion),[18]: s.9  or a grade-separated heavy rail system with subway through the central business district (223,700 daily, $1.366 billion).[18]: s.10  At the time, it was estimated that 9.5 million person-trips were made per day in Harris County; of those, 98.7% were taken using private vehicles.[21]: I-4 

METRO updated its 1980 Southwest/Westpark corridor proposal and extended the eastern terminus north by 5.1 mi (8.2 km), combining it with the proposed North corridor as the "Houston Rail Rapid Transit Project"; the extended line now ran north past I-10 and the North Inner Loop to Crosstimbers.[21]: II-38, II-39  The design called for 11.5 mi (18.5 km) of elevated tracks, 1.9 mi (3.1 km) of subway, and 4.8 mi (7.7 km) at-grade.[21]: II-39  The system would have 17 passenger stations (eight aerial, six at-grade, and three subway), and included a new railyard/maintenance facility at Cavalcade.[21]: II-48, II-65  The 1983 proposal was rejected by Houston voters via referendum.[22][23][24] Light voter turnout was blamed for the defeat of the $2.35 billion proposal, which included the purchase of approximately 400 new buses and construction of a 18.5 mi (29.8 km) heavy rail system.[17][25][26] The capital cost of the rail system alone was estimated at $1.436 billion, including 130 new rail vehicles.[21]: II-69 

In the wake of the 1983 defeat, METRO began work on a regional transit plan, integrating inputs from city, county, and state governments and developing three options for implementation: A (bus routes only), B (light rail loop and radial bus routes), or C (light rail with supplemental bus routes); after approximately 250 meetings were held in 1984 and 1985, citizens overwhelmingly supported Option C, with planned light rail service to operate along Main Street within the inner loop (I-610).[27] Longtime Houston Mayor Kathryn Whitmire appointed Bob Lanier to chair METRO in 1988;[28]: 160  Lanier shepherded a voter referendum that year which passed, approving the Phase 2 Regional Mobility Plan which included 20-mile (32 km) of fixed guideway transit.[29] Under the 1988 referendum, METRO would devote 14 of its sales tax revenue on roads, 12 on improving bus service, and the remaining 14 on developing the fixed guideway plans,[30] but Lanier showed reluctance to follow through on developing plans for a fixed guideway, questioning the projected ridership numbers, and Whitmire fired him in late December 1989.[28]: 160 [31] Incensed, Lanier released a memorandum attacking the mayor's rail transit plans, and Whitmire responded by holding a press conference on Lanier's front lawn during his annual Christmas party.[28]: 160 

Houston was the largest city in the United States without a rail system after the 1990 opening of the Blue Line in Los Angeles. After issuing an RFP in July 1990, METRO received five proposals for the design and development of the fixed guideway system.[32]: 95, 107, 110  In March 1991, METRO approved a plan to develop a monorail system similar to the one operating at Walt Disney World in Orlando at an estimated cost of $1.27 billion, operating along the extended Southwest/Westpark corridor between the Houston Galleria and downtown Houston.[33] The proposed monorail system would operate with an initial 14 mi (23 km) segment servicing western residential regions west of downtown to Beltway 8 (Sam Houston Tollway), with construction planned to start in 1993 and revenue service to begin by 1998. Future planned expansions included one leg that would connect downtown with the Texas Medical Center and Astrodome to the south, and another leg connecting downtown to Texas Southern University and the University of Houston.[32]: 113–114  In 1991, U.S. Rep. Tom DeLay removed $65 million in federal funding for the rail line and after Lanier was elected mayor of Houston in 1992, defeating Whitmire, the plan was stopped.[24] Lanier's election was seen as a second referendum on the monorail plan; the funding was diverted to road projects and police patrols instead.[30]

Main Street Line edit

After these setbacks, Houston drew up a rail plan without federal subsidies[34] and published it in 1997 as the Houston METRO 2020 Regional Transit Plan.[35]: 5  The Houston city council approved the light rail project in November 2000 and set a January 25, 2001 date for a groundbreaking ceremony, but councilmember Rob Todd filed a lawsuit opposing construction, claiming the METRO organization was a "private business" and subject to Houston City Charter provisions requiring a public vote on business use of its streets;[36][37] the ceremony was cancelled following a temporary restraining order, issued by Judge Tony Lindsay on January 18.[38][39] Todd was joined as co-plaintiff by Allan Vogel, one of 1,100 residents who signed a petition seeking a public vote on the light rail plan.[40] Judge Lindsay later recused herself from the case due to her personal ties to Todd and her husband's public opposition to METRO. She was succeeded by District Judge John P. Devine,[38] who issued an injunction on February 2, halting work on the light rail project and holding up contract awards.[36][41][42][43] A second lawsuit was filed by four property owners.[44]

The injunction issued by Judge Devine in Todd's lawsuit was reversed on appeal on March 9, 2001.[37][45] Ground was broken on the original 7.5-mile long (12.1 km), 16-station portion of the Main Street (now Red) Line on March 13, 2001.[46] The Texas Supreme Court upheld the appellate court ruling on June 28.[47] That November, voters approved Proposition 1, which allowed the light rail project to continue, but required public referendums for future extensions, and rejected Proposition 3, which would have initiated a public referendum on continuing the initial project.[48]

 
Initial Red Line segment (as opened Jan 1, 2004)

The initial segment runs between UH–Downtown (northern terminus) and Fannin South (southern terminus).[46] The opening of METRORail, which took place on January 1, 2004, came 64 years after the previous streetcar system had been shut down.[49] At the time, two extensions to the north and east were already in planning, and a concept was advanced for a third extension west.[50]

The cost of the initial segment was $324 million.[51] Tom DeLay strongly opposed construction of the METRORail line and twice blocked federal funding for the system in the United States House of Representatives.[23] Thus the Metrorail was built without any federal funding until November 2011 when a $900 million grant was approved for expansions, under an executive order issued by President Barack Obama.[52]

In spite of the opposition of some groups to the Metrorail, surveys conducted by Stephen Klineberg and Rice University have shown consistent increases in support of rail transport and decreases in support for bigger and better roads/highways in the Houston metropolitan area in recent years.[53][54][55] Klineberg considers these changes a "paradigm shift" or "sea change" on attitudes towards mass transit.[53][55][56]

Phase II edit

METRORail Phase II was included as part of the METRO Solutions Transit System Plan (aka Metro Solutions Plan or 2025 Regional Transit Plan) that was placed before voters on the November 4, 2003 ballot. Phase II included six proposed light rail segments to complement and extend the Main Street line, then under construction.[57]

2003 METRORail Phase II expansion plan[57]
Name Length Stations Termini Status
North Hardy 5.4 mi (8.7 km) 4 UH-Downtown Northline Opened Dec 21, 2013 as Main Street Line extension
Southeast 9.9 mi (15.9 km) 13 Downtown Palm Center Truncated line opened May 23, 2015 as Southeast Line
Harrisburg 6.0 mi (9.7 km) 4 Dowling Gulfgate Center Truncated line opened May 23, 2015 as East End Line
Westpark 6.6 mi (10.6 km) 4 Hillcroft T.C. Wheeler T.C. Reconfigured as one segment of a planned METRORapid BRT line.[58]
Uptown/West Loop 4.4 mi (7.1 km) 7 Bellaire Northwest T.C. Reconfigured as BRT; truncated line opened Aug 23, 2020 as Silver Line[59]
Inner Katy 7.4 mi (11.9 km) 6 Northwest T.C. Downtown Proposed right-of-way removed during widening of Katy Freeway.[60] Reconfigured as BRT.[61]

Voters approved the $1.23 billion Phase II expansion of the as-yet unopened system, including four new lines.[62] Critics of the system opposed METRO for spending public funds for "educational advertisements" about the proposed system, which critics claimed promote the referendum.[63] Critics further claimed that the main political action committee (PAC) supporting the bond had a conflict of interest because it received over US$100,000 in contributions from contractors and equipment suppliers for METRORail who stood to gain financially from its expansion.[63] By 2004, Rep. DeLay was hailing the leadership team at METRO for both its "vision for a mobile Houston region, and the kind of open minds and flexible management style it will take to realize that vision", adding that "[METRO] are holding a forum to look at all forms of technology and how those technologies fit into the mobility in Houston"; at least one observer noted that DeLay was advocating for "innovative rail solutions", not light rail.[64]

In 2004, an alternatives analysis selected a shorter route for the Southeast Corridor.[65]: S-4 

The North and Southeast corridors received their records of decision from the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) in July 2008.[66][67] Construction began in July 2009 on the 5.3-mile long (8.5 km) North/Red Line Extension (North Corridor), including nine stations from UH–Downtown to the Northline Transit Center Station. The 6.6-mile (10.6 km) Purple Line (Southeast Corridor), with ten stations, and the 3.3-mile (5.3 km) Green Line, with nine stations, also began construction in July 2009.[68] According to the project schedules, the Red Line Extension would enter revenue service by 2013[69] and the Green Line by 2014.[70] However, METRO announced on September 9, 2010 that the opening dates for the Red Line Extension, Purple and Green lines had been pushed back to 2014[71] and by September 2014, the start date had slipped back to April 4, 2015.[72]

In November 2009, METRO applied for a $900 million grant from the Federal Transit Administration to fund future construction. Allegations were made that METRO lied about the income from their sales tax revenue to allow them to gain $900 million in federal funds for all five planned rail expansions.[73] However, city officials found no such attempt by METRO to mislead them,[74] but the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) continued to withhold its approval for the money until further figures can be examined.[75] On December 8, 2011, the FTA finally announced the award. The award of $900 million was broken into two $450 million grants from the New Starts transit program, to fund construction of the Red Line Extension and Purple lines.[76] METRO offered the public a chance to name stations on its expansion lines.[77]

Part of the funding allocated by the FTA under its New Starts program for the North, Southeast, and University Corridor projects included up to US$205 million to expand the LRV fleet to 104 vehicles and replace the existing 19 LRVs on the Red Line.[78]: 3  METRO selected a public-private partnership model for the North and Southeast corridors, where the contracted firm would be responsible for vehicle procurement and operation and maintenance of those lines, and entered a contract with Washington Group International (WGI); METRO/WGI issued a request for proposals for 103 firm new vehicles and an option of up to 75 additional vehicles on August 31, 2007.[78]: 3–4  Although the FTA reminded METRO about federal procurement rules on multiple occasions, METRO told prospective bidders that Buy America rules did not apply (presumably because the RFP was issued by the private contractor) and awarded a contract to CAF on March 4, 2009.[78]: 4–5, 12  Later that month, METRO requested a Buy America waiver for two pilot vehicles which would be assembled by CAF in Spain; the FTA denied the waiver request, stating that CAF had signed a certificate of compliance with Buy America requirements.[78]: 5  METRO proceeded to use local funds to pursue the pilot vehicle procurement, and the FTA opened an investigation in April 2010.[78]: 7  Ultimately, the CAF contract was canceled and 13 of the US$42 million contract was refunded to METRO.[79]

 
Consolidated map of proposed expansions, including Phase II lines as updated in 2010 and METRONext planned extensions. Proposed METRONext extension of Red Line to Sugar Land truncated.

The North/Red Line extension opened on December 21, 2013 (ahead of its projected early 2014 opening),[80] increasing the line to its current total of 12.8 miles (20.6 km) and 24 stations.[81][80][82] Central Station was added to the Red Line to provide transfers to/from the Purple and Green lines.[83]

After numerous delays, all but two stations on the eastern end of the Green Line opened on May 23, 2015,[72] while Cesar Chavez/67th Street and Magnolia Park [84] entered service on January 11, 2017 after the construction of an overpass.[85] Both the Purple and Green lines, together costing $1.3 billion, share a track segment in downtown, then run east and diverge.[86]

Cancellations and BRT conversions edit

Plans for the Inner Katy rail line (east of Loop 610) under the METRO Solutions Plan (2003) conflicted with existing plans to widen the Katy Freeway west of Loop 610 to Texas State Highway 6. A Major Investment Study for the Katy Freeway Expansion was started in 1994 and approved in October 1997; the draft and final environmental impact statements were completed by August 30, 2002.[87]: 2, 28  In preparation, TxDOT purchased a portion of the right-of-way for the old Katy Railroad from Union Pacific (UP) in 1992 for $78 million,[88] and the UP was scheduled to begin track removal in the last half of 1997. In all, 28 mi (45 km) of track were removed from Katy/Fort Bend Road in Brookshire to Canal Street in Houston.[89] The adopted alternative for the expanded freeway called for an at-grade roadway with a total right-of-way width of 475 ft (145 m); in each direction, there would be two managed lanes closest to the center, flanked by four main lanes, up to two auxiliary lanes, and three frontage road lanes.[90]: 2, 28  That year, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between TxDOT, METRO, and Harris County, which identified requirements for the managed lanes, including prioritization of METRO buses and an option to convert those lanes to light rail transit in the future.[91]: 24  The Gulf Coast Institute criticized the contradictions between TxDOT, which selected the managed lanes over rail due to insufficient projected transit demand, and METRO's Solutions Plan, which noted that a Katy line could "offer the potential for sizeable transit volume".[92]: 11  By 2005, the Inner Katy corridor had been dropped from METRO Solutions.[93][94]

METRO began negotiations with Southern Pacific (SP) to acquire the tracks and right-of-way alongside the Eastex Freeway that were formerly owned by the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railroad and a conceptual agreement was reached in December 1992; METRO would re-use the line for commuter rail service.[95] However, after METRO decided to purchase a subset of the original agreement at a fraction of the agreed-upon price, SP sued and the a settlement was reached in 1997, with METRO purchasing 58 mi (93 km) for $72 million. Shortly after the purchase was completed, business interests pressured METRO into selling a portion of the right-of-way to the Harris County Toll Road Authority, which was eventually developed into the Westpark Tollway.[96]: 127–128  By 2006, a proposed revised corridor along Richmond was drawing opposition from local business owners and Texas Rep. Martha Wong, who advocated for a route along Westpark instead.[97] In August 2010, a budget shortfall of $49 million was announced by METRO, which halted progress on the University Line. The line had received a final Federal Record of Decision letter from the FTA in July[98] but METRO had not announced a construction schedule or funding plan.[99] Since then, BRT service has been proposed along the corridor instead.[100]

METRO published the "Uptown-West Loop Planning Study" in 2004, which was a proposed light rail line along Post Oak Boulevard and West Inner Loop, connecting new stations at Bellaire (at the junction with U.S. Route 59) and Northwest Transit Center (at the junction with I-10). In the alternatives analysis, bus rapid transit (BRT) service was considered and dismissed as an alternative to light rail, due to the reduced capacity of BRT vehicles and the strong community preference for rail.[101]: S-24  Due to lack of funds, it was announced in early 2013 that the Uptown Line will be constructed initially as a bus rapid transit (BRT) line. The design will feature the ability to easily convert the line to light rail in the future. This will allow the line to be functional as early as 2017.[102]

Following METRO's 2010 annual audit, the agency decided to cancel the Burnett Plaza project. $41 million was spent on the initial design of the proposed intermodal terminal.[79] This was part of a $168 million asset liquidation. The price of the land $21 million is valued separately.[103] $61 million of the liquidation was listed as "unrealized assets", including charges for redundant design contractors and changes.[79]

Future plans edit

METRO put the METRONext Moving Forward Plan before Houston area voters in November 2019; voters approved the $3.5 billion bond by a margin of nearly two-to-one.[104] Bonds issued will be used to extend existing light rail service. The Red Line will be expanded North to the North Shepherd park & ride, and both the Green and Purple lines will be expanded east and south to William P Hobby Airport, and west to the Houston Municipal Courthouse.[105][106]: 17–20  In addition, new BRT lines would be set up along corridors that had previously been identified for light rail transit including Inner Katy and University; another new BRT line would bridge the gap between the northern terminus of the Red Line and Bush Airport, and a new north-south BRT service would operate along the western leg of Beltway 8.[107]

A long extension or possible commuter rail line from Fannin South to Sugar Land and beyond has been studied since 2004. The route would parallel U.S. 90A in the existing right-of-way used by the Glidden subdivision owned by UP.[108] In 2011, the Southwest Rail Corridor was proposed to connect Fannin South and Missouri City. This was not constructed, but the METRONext plan includes a similar route extended to Sugar Land which it describes as a "future METRORail potential partnership."[109]

Operations edit

The light rail lines operate all 7 days of the week. They begin operations at 3:30 a.m. weekdays and 4:30 a.m. weekends and end service at 12:30 a.m. Monday through Thursday nights, 2:45 a.m. Friday and Saturday nights and, 12:30 a.m. Sunday nights. Scheduled train frequency varies from 6 minutes during the day to 20 minutes off-peak.

The light rail lines can handle three-minute headways during peak hours[110] and have a design capacity of 8,000 people/hour in each direction while using two-car trains with such a headway.[111] The scheduled time for an end-to-end trip through the entire 12.8-mile (20.6 km) Red Line[82] is on average 55 minutes.[1]

Tracks on all three lines are usually in dedicated right-of-way in the center of the street; however, the southbound tracks between the Wheeler and Museum-District stations run along the left side.[112] The downtown Houston tracks along Capitol and Rusk streets run along the south side of the streets. Furthermore, these light rail trains run in mixed traffic, sharing a lane with buses and other vehicles — often being their turn lane.

METRORail operations are controlled from Houston TranStar, a traffic and emergency management center for the city and surrounding region.[113] Trains have priority signalling at intersections except for six stations near the medical center and downtown.[113][114] At prioritized intersections, traffic lights for road traffic in all directions turn red when a train approaches.[114]

Route and infrastructure edit

Line Name Distance Route Status
     Red Line 12.6 mi (20.3 km)[4] Fannin South to Northline Transit Center Opened January 1, 2004
     Purple Line 6.7 mi (10.8 km)[4] Smith Street in Downtown Houston to Palm Center Opened May 23, 2015
     Green Line 3.2 mi (5.1 km)[4] Smith Street in Downtown Houston to Magnolia Park Transit Center Opened May 23, 2015
     University Line (Bus Rapid Transit) 11.3 mi (18.2 km)[115] Hillcroft Transit Center to Tidwell Transit Center Planning in progress
     Uptown Line (Bus Rapid Transit) 4.7 mi (7.6 km)[116] Westpark/Lower Uptown Transit Center to Northwest Transit Center Bus rapid transit opened August 23, 2020

Red (Main Street) Line edit

The Red Line is a 12.6-mile (20.3 km)[4] double-tracked, 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge line with 24 stations[1] approximately 12 mile (0.8 km) apart, running from Fannin South to the Northline Transit Center Station. Almost the entire route is at grade and on city streets. The original 2004 portion from Fannin South to UH-Downtown is entirely at ground-level and at-grade with street traffic. However, on the North/Red Line Extension (from UH-Downtown to Northline Transit Center two small portions are elevated: the Burnett Transit Center station[117] and a small section of track between Melbourne/North Lindale and Northline Transit Center on Fulton Street.[118] Power is supplied at 600–750 volts DC from overhead wires, with nine substations (for the original 2004 portion).[113] The line follows Main Street for eight stations from UH–Downtown to Wheeler station, then follows Fannin Street for the remainder of the original route until Fannin South. Northbound trains run on San Jacinto Street (rather than Fannin) for a small section of the route between the Wheeler and Museum District stations. The North/Red Extension runs along North Main Street until just after Quitman Near Northside, then turns onto Boundary Street until just before Fulton/North Central, and then runs along Fulton Street until Northline Transit Center.[119]

Significant businesses and institutions along the Red Line route include the University of Houston–Downtown, Houston's restaurant district near Preston Station, the Downtown Transit Center, Houston's museum district, Rice University, Memorial Hermann Hospital, the Texas Medical Center and NRG Stadium.

A park & ride parking lot is available at one station: Fannin South.[120][121] It has approximately 1,200 parking spaces.[113] Parking fees included a daily rate of $3 and a monthly hangtag contract of $40. The Burnett Transit Center was designed to have a park and ride facility next to the Casa de Amigos Health Center; it was scheduled to open in late 2014,[117] but the project was canceled in 2011 and scaled back to a multimodal stop.[79]

For the original 2004 portion of the Red Line, the architectural firm Pierce Goodwin Alexander & Linville, of Houston, was in charge of the final architectural/engineering design and design support, with a $2.3 million contract.[113] However, all stations south of Burnett Transit Center were designed by the Houston office of St. Louis-based architectural firm Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum.[122][123]: 54–55  All stations are of similar design—250 feet (76 m) long and partially covered by glass roofs. Station length was constrained by the distance between crosswalks in downtown city blocks; station platforms are low-floor and 350 millimetres (14 in) high.[113] The line includes a 760 m long (2,490 ft) bridge along Main Street which separates the double-track main line and a third pocket track from UP's line and three streets.[124] A yard and a maintenance facility for the Red Line is connected by loop track to the south of the Fannin South station.[112]

 
Houston MetroRail Cars at Northline Transit Center on Fulton near Crosstimbers (January 2015)

The right-of-way and the stations for the original 2004 line were built by three contractors for approximately $115 million: Texas Sterling Construction Co. of Houston, Bencon Management of Houston and Beers Construction Co. of Atlanta.[37] The line construction was divided into five sections, with a resident engineer for each section, to speed up construction.[113]

Purple (Southeast) and Green (East End) Lines edit

The 6.7-mile (10.8 km), 10-station Purple Line, and seven stations of the 3.2-mile (5.1 km), 9-station Green Line opened on May 23, 2015.[125] The final two stations of the Green Line opened on January 11, 2017.[126] A storage yard/inspection facility is located off of Harrisburg and Clifton.

Fares edit

The standard fare for the rail lines is $1.25 for both cash and METRO Q Card riders; $3 for a Day Pass. A discount fare is available for qualified MetroQ Fare Card riders [those who are seniors 65-69, disabled, Medicare cardholders or full-time students (elementary, high school and university)]; the discounted fare is $0.60 for cash or $1.50 for a Day Pass. All discount riders must show ID (except for elementary and high school students).[127] Free rides to METRO buses are available with the MetroQ Fare Card only, for 3 hours in any direction.[128] Paper transfers from buses were accepted from July 2015 to March 2016 on a trial basis boarded for free: before noon good until 15:00, after it to end of service day. The MetroQ Fare Card holders can earn "Rider Rewards" of 5 free trips for every 50 paid trips.[127] Tickets and cards are purchased from machines at the stations. No charge applies to Texans/Dash/Dynamo home game days with game ticket, nor to seniors over 70 or to children under 5 who ride with an adult (limit 3).

Fare collection, like most light rail systems in the United States, is based on a proof-of-payment system: METRO's fare inspectors randomly check tickets and cards aboard trains. Failure to pay the fare is a Class C Misdemeanor and is subject to a fine of up to $500. Consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited on the train platform and subject to the same fine as a Class C Misdemeanor.[129]

Ridership edit

In the first year of METRORail, daily ridership, though increasing from 12,102 in January to 32,941 in October, tapered off slightly in the last two months of the year, and "fell short of the 35,000 goal transit officials had set" in early 2004, according to the Houston Chronicle.[130] The line reached 75 million boardings in December 2011, four years ahead of schedule,[131] but throughout that year, ridership numbers remained flat or showed small decreases.[132] By 2012, average weekday ridership was 36,250.[133]

The North/Red Line Extension exceeded ridership projections by 62% in the first month of operation, averaging 4,200 weekday boardings in January 2014; this was 1,600 more boardings than projected for the extension through September 30, 2014 (the end of the METRORail's fiscal year).[134]

Notable records in ridership have occurred on the following dates:[135]

  • February 1, 2004: 64,005 passengers rode the METRORail to Super Bowl XXXVIII
  • February 23, 2004: 54,193 passenger boardings were recorded, the highest weekday at the time
  • February 27, 2007: 56,388 passengers were recorded the day of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo
  • March 15, 2012: 70,611 passengers were recorded; many of whom attended the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo and a performance by The Band Perry after the rodeo at the Reliant Park sports complex.[136]
  • March 19, 2014: 76,925 passengers were recorded due in part to the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo.[137]
  • February 4, 2017: 109,500 passenger boardings were recorded during Super Bowl LI
  • November 4, 2017: 125,000 passenger boardings were recorded the day of the Houston Astros World Series victory parade and rally held in Downtown.[138]

Rolling stock edit

METRO currently operates three generations of light rail vehicles. All of them are double-articulated, 70% low-floor vehicles with four low-platform doors per side to provide level boarding.

Series Builder Model In service Fleet numbers Years of service Lines used Image
H1 Siemens S70 18 101–118 2004–present    
H2 19 201–219 2012–present  
H3 CAF USA Urbos LRV 39 301–339 2015–present        
H4 Siemens S700[a] 14 (401–414) 2022–present  

H1 series edit

The original fleet of 18 vehicles was built by Siemens Transportation Systems in Sacramento, California; the $117.9 million contract for Siemens included the light rail infrastructure (traction power, signals, and communication systems) and an initial order of 15 light rail vehicles.[140][37] Three additional vehicles were ordered in 2002.[141] 101 to 115 were delivered in 2003 and 116 to 118 in 2004, for the opening of the first stage of the Red Line.[142] Designated by the manufacturer as S70 and based roughly on earlier vehicles built for Portland's MAX Light Rail system, each vehicle is 96 feet (29 m) long and has a top speed of 66 mph (106 km/h).[143] They have a capacity of 72 seated and approximately 169 standing passengers, or a total capacity of around 241 per car.[113][144] This approximately 250-person capacity has been reached on certain Super Bowl weekends.[145]

The H1 series cars are distinguishable by their streamlined cab ends and rectangular headlamps, with the electronic destination sign (which have been modified to indicate the line with a colored square) mounted directly in front of the cab rather than above it. They are normally used only on the Red Line and can be operated as single cars or in trains of two cars coupled together, though two-car trains have become the norm due to increasing ridership and the arrival of the H2 series.

H2 series edit

For expansion of the METRORail system, METRO turned to CAF USA, with a total order of 105 cars placed in May 2010.[146] A subsequent investigation by the Federal Transit Administration determined the procurement violated the Buy America Act,[78] and the US$42 million order was cancelled in February 2011.[79] CAF gave a partial refund of US$14 million, which METRO applied to the purchase of what would become the H2 series cars.[147]

In the spring of 2011, METRO purchased a further 19 Siemens S70 vehicles (the same model as its original 18), citing the need to accommodate ridership that was 4 years ahead of expectations and to get cars more quickly.[131] These cars were options under a contract for Utah Transit Authority's TRAX system, which METRO purchased for $83 million after UTA decided not to exercise its options.[143][148] As with the previous H1 generation, these new cars were built in Florin, California,[143] but they differ slightly from the cars Utah received in detail, including having more air-conditioning units.[131] They were delivered in October 2012 and entered service that December.[149]

The H2 series cars are shorter than the H1 series, at 85.3 feet (26.0 m) in length, accommodate slightly fewer passengers (60 seated, 225 maximum), and have a lower maximum speed of 55 mph (89 km/h).[150]: 12–13  Externally, the H2 series are distinguishable by their flatter cab ends and circular headlamps, with the electronic destination sign (which use colored dots to indicate the line) conventionally mounted above the cab. Like the H1 series, they are normally used only on the Red Line and can be operated as single cars or in two-car trains. The H1 and H2 series are electrically compatible and can operate together in the same train.

H3 series edit

In September 2011, METRO approved the purchase of 39 vehicles from CAF upon receipt of a new proposal compliant with Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and "Buy America" guidelines.[151][152] The first six of these cars were delivered in January 2015[153] and entered service shortly afterwards.[154]

The H3 series cars, built in Elmira, New York[155] and based on the CAF Urbos platform used in cities across Europe and Asia, are similar in size and capacity to the H1 series with a length of 97 ft (29.6 m) and accommodating a maximum of 242 passengers (64 seated),[156][157] but are distinguishable by their boxier design and framed window panes. They are in operation on all three METRORail lines and can couple to form two-car trains; however, the H3 series is electrically incompatible with the older types and cannot operate with them in the same train.

H4 series edit

In February 2019, METRO ordered 14 additional Siemens S700 vehicles (H4), with interior modifications designed to improve passenger flow compared to the agency's prior H1 and H2 series S70s.[158][159] These vehicles result from the reassignment of options from Minneapolis–Saint Paul Metro Transit in May 2018. Metro Transit previously had signed a contract with Siemens to deliver 27 low floor S70 LRVs with options for up to 50 additional vehicles in 2016.[160] These new vehicles would be used for the Southwest LRT (Green Line) and Bottineau LRT (Blue Line) extension projects; subsequently, Metro Transit determined they would only need 27 vehicles for Southwest and 28 vehicles for Bottineau, leaving 22 options unexercised, and METRO requested the transfer of 14 of those options in 2018.[161] Siemens re-designated the S70, as originally ordered with modifications in the center section per Metro Transit's needs for passenger flow, to the S700 in 2020.[139] They entered into service on 15 December 2022.[162]

Incidents and crashes edit

For a full year before the Metrorail system's opening, a program to prepare drivers to share Houston streets with the Metrorail trains was conducted, consisting of driver safety classes, community forums and public service announcements.[163] By August, the system averaged six crashes per month, 20 times worse than the national average for light rail systems. The high rate of incidents gave rise to local derogatory nicknames among detractors such as the "Wham Bam tram" and "Danger Train."[164] METRO has consistently blamed driver error as the cause of the high collision rate and the transit agency's police department regularly tickets motorists who cross paths with the train. An independent panel of transportation experts at Texas A&M University issued a report in 2004 finding no fundamental flaws with the Metrorail system, although this report did recommend minor adjustments to signal timing and signage.[165]

The 100th accident, as defined by METRO, occurred on August 10, 2005. In the judgement of METRO police, only two of these were the fault of the train operator. Most crashes resulted from drivers turning into the trains or running red lights. Following the Texas A&M report, METRO implemented four-way red lights at some crossings and other safety measures which led to a 75% reduction in incidents per train mile even as service ramped up.[166] Critics have also noted the fact that the system is at-grade, while supporters contend that lack of federal funding due to political opposition made construction of a grade separated rail line unfeasible.[164] Sociology and urban studies professor Stephen Klineberg argues that the high rate of crashes in Houston is attributable to the high rate of automobile driving and low rate of walking in Houston.[163]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b The cars in this order were considered to be model S70 at the time the order was placed, but in 2019/20 were retroactively rebranded as model S700 by Siemens.[139]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "MetroRail Rider Guide" (PDF). METRO. May 23, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  2. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  3. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e "METRO About Us". Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Houston, Texas. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  5. ^ Begley, Dug (November 20, 2014). "Rail line delay gives Metro time to acquire more cars". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  6. ^ a b "METRORail Passes New Milestones on Way to 2014 Opening" (Press release). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. October 11, 2012. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
  7. ^ "APTA Q4 2015 Light Rail Transit Ridership Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fuglaar, Stephanie (Spring 2008). "The Streetcar in Houston" (PDF). Houston History. 5 (2): 33–42.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Streetcars and the Growth of Houston" (PDF). The Houston Review. 16 (2): 67–100. 1994. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  10. ^ Meeks, Flori (March 28, 2013). "Few traces remain of state fair site". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  11. ^ Annual Report for the twelve months ending December 13, 1913 (Report). Galveston-Houston Electric Company. 1913. Retrieved September 29, 2021. This company owns the capital stock of Galveston Electric Company, Houston Electric Company and Galveston-Houston Electric Railway Company
  12. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (August 21, 1955). "Monorail Facing First Test In U.S.; Houston Breaks ground for 'Sample' Line--Other Cities Interested in Project". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  13. ^ Callahan, Michael (February 18, 2016). "Houston's short-lived monorail". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  14. ^ Monzingo, Tim (June 1, 2012). "Living in a monorail car". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  15. ^ Alan M. Voorhees and Associates (November 1971). Transit Action Program, Houston, Texas (Report).
  16. ^ Alan M. Voorhees and Associates (October 1973). Transit Program for Houston, Project TX-09-0008 (Report). Urban Mass Transportation Administration.
  17. ^ a b Shelton, Kyle (October 10, 2014). "What Old Transit Maps Can Teach Us About a City's Future". CityLab. Bloomberg. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Southwest/Westpark Corridor (Report). Urban Mass Transportation Administration & Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. September 1980. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  19. ^ TRW Transportation and Environmental Operations (December 1972). Transportation Control Strategy Development for the Greater Houston Area, Report No. APTD-1373 (PDF) (Report). Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality PLanning and Standards. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  20. ^ "Houston Vote Bars Transit Authority". The New York Times. October 8, 1973. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  21. ^ a b c d e Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Houston Rail Rapid Transit Project (Report). Urban Mass Transportation Administration & Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. March 1983. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  22. ^ King, Wayne (May 16, 1983). "Houston's plan for rail system meets opposition". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  23. ^ a b "Trains finally roll in Houston rail system". CNN. Reuters. January 1, 2004. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  24. ^ a b Dobson, Georgianna (November 21, 2001). "Houston Voters Approve First Metro Rail Line". World Internet News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012.
  25. ^ "Houston voters reject $2.35 billion rapid-rail plan". The Christian Science Monitor. June 13, 1983. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  26. ^ "Voters reject rail system in Houston". Philadelphia Inquirer. United Press International. June 12, 1983. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  27. ^ Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (Fall 1985). "The METRO Regional Plan 1985" (PDF). Cite. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  28. ^ a b c Reinert, Al (November 1991). "The Three Kingdoms of Kathy Whitmire". Texas Monthly. p. 158. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  29. ^ Hill, Ben (October 26, 2005). "Greater Houston Partnership and Metro: A Little History". World Internet News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012.
  30. ^ a b "Why no monorail: For city's transit riders, two rails better than none [EDITORIAL]". Houston Chronicle. April 20, 2004. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  31. ^ Pendleton, Scott (September 30, 1991). "Houston Mayor Race Pits Popular Whitmire Against Two Challengers". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  32. ^ a b Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session; Part 7: Testimony of Members of Congress and other interested individuals and organizations (Report). Government Printing Office. April 30, 1991. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  33. ^ Benjaminson, Wendy (March 29, 1991). "Houston Transit Board Opts for Monorail System". AP News. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  34. ^ "Rail without the FTA: Houston METRORail". Metro Jacksonville. March 14, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  35. ^ Texas Transportation Institute (March 11, 2004). METRORail Traffic Safety Assessment (PDF) (Report). Metropolitan Transit Agency of Harris County. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2006.
  36. ^ a b Kube, Kathi (February 7, 2001). "Houston light rail lingers in legal limbo". Progressive Railroading. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  37. ^ a b c d "Houston Breaks Ground for First Light Rail Line". LightRailNow!. March 16, 2001. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013.
  38. ^ a b Glenn, Mike (January 26, 2001). "Judge recuses herself from light rail lawsuit". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  39. ^ Glenn, Mike (January 19, 2001). "Metro light-rail plans temporarily derailed". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  40. ^ Glenn, Mike (January 31, 2001). "Metro argues against rail injunction". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  41. ^ Glenn, Mike (February 2, 2001). "Judge issues injunction against Metro's light rail plan". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  42. ^ Glenn, Mike (February 3, 2001). "Judge's ruling derails light rail". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  43. ^ Asher, Ed (February 4, 2001). "Injunction leaves light rail in limbo". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  44. ^ Canon, Kim (April 11, 2001). "Dallas may hold key to rail success". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  45. ^ Sallee, Rad (March 14, 2001). "Effort to restrain Metro fails, but light rail hurdles continue". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  46. ^ a b Sallee, Rad (March 14, 2001). "Gold spikes mark start of light rail line". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  47. ^ "Houston Metro wins another court battle for light rail". Progressive Railroading. July 3, 2001. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  48. ^ Sallee, Rad (November 7, 2001). "Voters keep light rail on track". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  49. ^ Wall, Lucas (January 1, 2004). "Houstonians flock downtown as Metro light rail rolls out today". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  50. ^ Street, Lisa. "Passengers give thumbs up to Metro's rail line". The Daily Cougar. Vol. 6, no. 3. University of Houston. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  51. ^ "Houston: Metro's Light Rail Opens in the Citadel of Asphalt". LightRailNow!. January 4, 2004. Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  52. ^ Shay, Miya (November 28, 2011). "METRO to get $900 million in federal funds for light rail expansion projects". KTRK-TV. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  53. ^ a b Natt, Wendy (April 22, 2009). "Survey shows strong support for transit". Houston Tomorrow. Archived from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  54. ^ "Public Opinion on Transit Improves". Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. 2009. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  55. ^ a b "Houstonians more positive about city despite economic woes, annual survey finds". e! Science News. April 20, 2009. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  56. ^ "Houstonians say there's no place like home, survey finds". Houston Business Journal. April 20, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  57. ^ a b "Notice of Special Election (Resolution No. 2003–93)" (PDF). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas. September 22, 2003. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  58. ^ "METRORapid University Corridor Project". Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  59. ^ Begley, Dug (August 23, 2020). "Metro's Silver Line starts, first of many bus rapid transit planned in region in lieu of rail". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  60. ^ Begley, Dug (November 29, 2017). "Emmett laments lack of commuter rail along Katy Freeway". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  61. ^ "METRORapid Inner Katy Project, Interagency Coordination Meeting" (PDF). METRONext. January 13, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  62. ^ Begley, Dug (June 20, 2014). "Dallas, Houston follow different paths on rail development". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  63. ^ a b Biundo, John (October 2003). "The METRO Money Train". Archived from the original on March 15, 2004.
  64. ^ Wall, Lucas (August 14, 2004). "DeLay changing his tune on future mass transit plans". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  65. ^ Final Environmental Impact Statement: Southeast Corridor Fixed Guideway (PDF) (Report). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2013.
  66. ^ Patrick, Robert C. (July 1, 2008). "Record of Decision: North Corridor Fixed Guideway Transit Project in Houston, Texas" (PDF). Federal Transit Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2013.
  67. ^ Patrick, Robert C. (July 15, 2008). "Record of Decision: Southeast Corridor Fixed Guideway Transit Project in Houston, Texas" (PDF). Federal Transit Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2013.
  68. ^ Rhodes, Elizabeth (April 22, 2015). "Sneak peek at new METRO rail lines: Easy access to UH and Dynamo stadium; art-filled stops along the way". CultureMap Houston. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  69. ^ Sarnoff, Nancy (May 29, 2010). "Rail puts Fulton Corridor on the verge of a boom". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
  70. ^ "Metro announces $49M budget shortfall". KHOU. August 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
  71. ^ Perera, John (April 26, 2010). "Rail Lines Will Not Meet Oct. 2013 Deadline". Myfoxhouston.com. Retrieved April 9, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  72. ^ a b "Rail line delay gives Metro time to acquire more cars". The Daily Cougar. November 20, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  73. ^ "Did Metro try to deceive feds to get $900M?". KHOU. October 30, 2013. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
  74. ^ "Metro, city officials deny effort to mislead FTA". Houston Chronicle. April 16, 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
  75. ^ "Feds take action on Metro rail lines to protect taxpayers". KHOU. April 22, 2010. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  76. ^ "$900m awarded to extend Houston's light rail system". Rail.co. December 8, 2011. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
  77. ^ Light rail stations closer to getting names. Houston Chronicle (July 7, 2011). Retrieved on 2013-08-15.
  78. ^ a b c d e f Miller, Kerry L.; Blakesley, Jayme L.; Pereira, Stephen F.; Wong, Richard L. (September 3, 2010). Report of Investigation: Houston METRO—Buy America & Procurement (PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  79. ^ a b c d e Moran, Chris (February 21, 2011). "Houston transit takes a $168M hit for useless projects". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  80. ^ a b Begley, Dug (December 21, 2013). "New northside light rail line opens with free rides". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 26, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
  81. ^ Begley, Dug (May 23, 2013). "Metro says North rail line to open early". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  82. ^ a b "Houston Facts 2014" (PDF). METRO. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  83. ^ "Southeast Line Downtown Segment Updates". Metrosolutions.org. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  84. ^ "UrbanRail.Net > USA > Houston Light Rail". www.urbanrail.net.
  85. ^ "METRORail Green Line opens Wednesday morning". January 11, 2017.
  86. ^ Begley, Dug (September 17, 2014). "More trouble for rail lines as opening pushed to next year". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  87. ^ Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. (April 18, 2003). Preliminary Review of The Katy Corridor Coalition Concept (PDF) (Report). Houston District of TxDOT. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2004.
  88. ^ Robinson, J. (December 30, 1992). "State buys Katy rail right of way for $78 million". Houston Chronicle.
  89. ^ Culver, Denise (March 30, 1997). "Removal of train tracks on Katy freeway won't have instant impact". Houston Business Journal. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  90. ^ Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. (April 18, 2003). Preliminary Review of The Katy Corridor Coalition Concept (PDF) (Report). Houston District of TxDOT. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2004.
  91. ^ Turnbull, Katherine F. (September 2003). Houston Managed Lanes Case Study: The Evolution of the Houston HOV System (DTFH61-01-C-00182) (Report). Operations Office of Traffic Management, Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  92. ^ Crossley, David (May 4, 2004). Comments on 2025 Regional Transportation Plan (PDF) (Report). Gulf Coast Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  93. ^ "METRO Solutions Phase 2 Implementation Plan" (PDF). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. July 8, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2010.
  94. ^ "METRO Solutions Phase 2: Transportation Policy Council presentation" (PDF). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. May 26, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2011.
  95. ^ Begley, Dug (March 1, 2014). "Westpark expansion to proceed with Metro land sale". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  96. ^ Morgan, Curtis; Warner, Jeffery; Huang, Jun; Barkley, Rebecca; Loftus-Otway, Lisa; Hutson, Nathan; Ross, Alejandra Cruz; Niven, Rachel (March 2011). Abandoned Rail Corridors in Texas: A Policy and Infrastructure Evaluation, Report 0-6268-1 (PDF) (Report). Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  97. ^ Sallee, Rad (February 17, 2006). "Richmond rail issue draws 350 to Metro". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  98. ^ Patrick, Robert C. (July 26, 2010). "University Corridor Light Rail Transit Project — Record of Decision" (PDF). Federal Transit Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2013.
  99. ^ Perera, John (April 26, 2010). "Final Approval on University Light-Rail Line". Myfoxhouston.com. Retrieved April 9, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  100. ^ Begley, Dug (June 17, 2021). "Metro about to draw first hard lines along Richmond, Westpark". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  101. ^ DMJM Harris (February 2004). Uptown-West Loop Planning Study: Alternatives Analysis Findings Report (PDF) (Report). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2013.
  102. ^ "Post Oak redesign drops rail for bus lane". Houston Chronicle. February 10, 2013.
  103. ^ "Metro writing off $168 million in worthless assets – Houston Community Newspapers: News". Yourhoustonnews.com. February 19, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
  104. ^ "UPDATED: Unofficial results show METRO bond passing with strong support". Community Impact Newspaper. November 5, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  105. ^ Begley, Dug (November 5, 2019). "Voters OK Metro's $3.5B bond request for regional transit plan". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  106. ^ "METRONext Business Now" (PDF). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. February 20, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  107. ^ "METRO on the move: METRONext Moving Forward Plan" (PDF). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. August 13, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
  108. ^ Edwards and Kelcey (April 2004). U.S. 90A Corridor Rail Feasibility Study (Report). Houston–Galveston Area Council. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  109. ^ "METRONext Moving Forward Plan | ADA Accessible Public Transit | Houston, Texas". Ride Metro. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  110. ^ "Appeals Court Gives Green Light to Houston Light Rail Project". Lightrailnow.org. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  111. ^ Spieler, Christof (December 2004). "Houston Light Rail: The Case for Building on What We Have". Lightrailnow.org. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  112. ^ a b "Houston, Texas". world.nycsubway.org. January 1, 2004. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  113. ^ a b c d e f g h "Houston MetroRail System". Railway-Technology.com. June 15, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  114. ^ a b Vassilakos, Greg (August 15, 2013). "An Excursion on Houston Metro Rail". Archived from the original on September 22, 2013.
  115. ^ "University Line: FTA brings Houstonians one step closer to a much needed east/west transit line". GoMETRORail.org. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  116. ^ Begley, Dug (February 9, 2013). "Post Oak redesign drops rail for bus lane". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  117. ^ a b Luks, Joel (December 7, 2013). "Don't be disappointed: New METRORail route is growing pain for H-Town". CultureMap Houston. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
  118. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Houston MetroRail – northern elevated structure on Red Line. YouTube. June 24, 2014.
  119. ^ "A Driver's Guide to the Lines" (PDF). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2014.
  120. ^ "Park and Ride Locations". Ridemetro.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  121. ^ "Fannin South Park and Ride". Ridemetro.org. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  122. ^ http://www.hok.com/cfm/ProjectDetailArchive.cfm?Tag=Planning&projectID=63&TagList=Mobility%5EPlanning%5EUnited%20States%5ETransportation[dead link]
  123. ^ "HOK Select Portfolio & Qualifications". Aviation + Transportation Team, HOK. 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  124. ^ "Metro LRT, Houston, Texas". Consor Engineering. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  125. ^ "METRORail Fest 2015 Kicks Off Historic Opening of Two New Light-Rail Lines" (Press release). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. May 11, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  126. ^ "Harrisburg Overpass Opening Completes Green Line, Bridges Communities" (Press release). Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County. January 9, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  127. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  128. ^ "Fares METRO Q® Fare Card, Day Pass & More".
  129. ^ "METRORail Paid Fare Zones". Ridemetro.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  130. ^ Wall, Lucas (January 17, 2005). "Houston rail ridership breezes past other cities". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  131. ^ a b c Morris, Mike (February 25, 2011). "Thanks to Utah, Metro will get rail cars in 2012". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  132. ^ Morris, Mike (April 22, 2011). "Metro ridership lags despite pricy gas". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  133. ^ "Monthly Ridership Report METROBus and METRORail January 2012 (Fiscal Year 2012)" (PDF). METRO. March 7, 2012. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
  134. ^ Sit, Mary (February 12, 2014). "Ridership Exceeds Expectations on Red Line". Write On Metro. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  135. ^ "METRORail riding sets record". Houston Business Journal. February 28, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  136. ^ Thompson, Dana (March 15, 2012). "Rodeo helps Metro set rail record". The Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  137. ^ Begley, Dug (March 21, 2014). "Metro rail record lasted less than a week before being shattered". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  138. ^ George, Cindy (November 6, 2017). "MetroRail notches record number of riders for Astros' victory parade, celebration". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  139. ^ a b "Siemens rebadges North American low-floor cars". Tramways & Urban Transit. No. 993. UK: Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. September 2020. p. 336. ISSN 1460-8324.
  140. ^ Pate, Ruth M. (May 10, 2001). "$300M Light Rail Project Builds Head of Steam in Houston, Texas". Construction Equipment Guide. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  141. ^ "Siemens to supply LRVs to St. Louis, Houston and San Diego". The Engineer. May 27, 2002. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  142. ^ "Vehicles Lines". Siemens. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
  143. ^ a b c Nusca, Andrew. (April 6, 2011) Siemens lands $83 million contract for light rail in Houston. SmartPlanet. Retrieved on 2013-08-15.
  144. ^ "S70 Light Rail Vehicle – Houston" (PDF). Siemens. May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  145. ^ "Houston's MetroRail Alleviates Congestion as Riders Fill LRT Trains". Lightrailnow.org. March 2004. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  146. ^ "Metro approves historic contract to build more light rail: Construction brings jobs to Houston". Houston Chronicle. May 15, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
  147. ^ "METRO Receives Refund From Spanish Rail Car Vendor". METRO News Release. February 16, 2011. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-26. METRO has received a $14 million dollar refund from CAF, the Spanish rail car vendor.
  148. ^ "Houston places US$83 million order with Siemens for 19 LRT vehicles" (Press release). Berlin, Germany: Siemens. April 6, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
  149. ^ Morris, Mike (February 24, 2011). "Thanks to Utah, Metro will get rail cars in 2012". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 26, 2011. Metro will take delivery of 19 new rail cars for its Main Street line in late 2012 from an unlikely source — Utah.
  150. ^ "Houston, Texas: S70 Low-Floor Light Rail Vehicle" (PDF). Siemens Mobility, Inc. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  151. ^ "Houston Metro CAF rail vehicle purchase moving ahead – News". Metro Magazine. November 30, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  152. ^ "News Release September 29, 2011". METRO. September 29, 2011. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
  153. ^ "Houston light rail cars delivered after due date". Trains. January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015. (subscription required)
  154. ^ "Houston METRO Launches New Light Rail Cars". Passenger Transport. American Public Transportation Association. January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  155. ^ Jamieson, R. (March 24, 2015). "CAF USA keeps Elmira area's rail heritage rolling". Star-Gazette. Elmira, New York. USA Today. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  156. ^ Barrow, Keith (January 8, 2015). "CAF LRVs enter service in Houston". International Railway Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  157. ^ "Houston LRV". CAF. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  158. ^ "Houston METRO orders more Siemens light-rail vehicles". Progressive Railroading. February 6, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  159. ^ "Houston, Texas orders 14 light rail vehicles to meet future ridership needs" (PDF) (Press release). Siemens Mobility GmbH. February 5, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  160. ^ "Twin Cities' Metropolitan Council Chooses Siemens to Provide New Light Rail Vehicles". Mass Transit. October 28, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  161. ^ "Southwest LRT Project: Assignment Agreement with Houston METRORail and Siemens Industry, Inc. for 14 LRV Contract Options". Metropolitan Council. May 23, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  162. ^ "METRO Debuts New Generation of More Accessible Railcars". METRO. December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  163. ^ a b Howlett, Debbie (March 7, 2004). "Houston's crash course in light rail". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  164. ^ a b Babineck, Mark (August 11, 2004). "Houston's light rail making a real dent in city's car traffic". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  165. ^ Wall, Lucas (March 9, 2004). "Report: Rail design not to blame for vehicle accidents". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  166. ^ Sallee, Rad (August 10, 2005). "Car, lightrail collide in 100th accident involving train". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2012.

External links edit