Maximum modulus principle

Summary

In mathematics, the maximum modulus principle in complex analysis states that if is a holomorphic function, then the modulus cannot exhibit a strict local maximum that is properly within the domain of .

A plot of the modulus of (in red) for in the unit disk centered at the origin (shown in blue). As predicted by the theorem, the maximum of the modulus cannot be inside of the disk (so the highest value on the red surface is somewhere along its edge).

In other words, either is locally a constant function, or, for any point inside the domain of there exist other points arbitrarily close to at which takes larger values.

Formal statement edit

Let   be a holomorphic function on some connected open subset   of the complex plane   and taking complex values. If   is a point in   such that

 

for all   in some neighborhood of  , then   is constant on  .

This statement can be viewed as a special case of the open mapping theorem, which states that a nonconstant holomorphic function maps open sets to open sets: If   attains a local maximum at  , then the image of a sufficiently small open neighborhood of   cannot be open, so   is constant.

Related statement edit

Suppose that   is a bounded nonempty connected open subset of  . Let   be the closure of  . Suppose that   is a continuous function that is holomorphic on  . Then   attains a maximum at some point of the boundary of  .

This follows from the first version as follows. Since   is compact and nonempty, the continuous function   attains a maximum at some point   of  . If   is not on the boundary, then the maximum modulus principle implies that   is constant, so   also attains the same maximum at any point of the boundary.

Minimum modulus principle edit

For a holomorphic function   on a connected open set   of  , if   is a point in   such that

 

for all   in some neighborhood of  , then   is constant on  .

Proof: Apply the maximum modulus principle to  .

Sketches of proofs edit

Using the maximum principle for harmonic functions edit

One can use the equality

 

for complex natural logarithms to deduce that   is a harmonic function. Since   is a local maximum for this function also, it follows from the maximum principle that   is constant. Then, using the Cauchy–Riemann equations we show that   = 0, and thus that   is constant as well. Similar reasoning shows that   can only have a local minimum (which necessarily has value 0) at an isolated zero of  .

Using Gauss's mean value theorem edit

Another proof works by using Gauss's mean value theorem to "force" all points within overlapping open disks to assume the same value as the maximum. The disks are laid such that their centers form a polygonal path from the value where   is maximized to any other point in the domain, while being totally contained within the domain. Thus the existence of a maximum value implies that all the values in the domain are the same, thus   is constant.

Using Cauchy's Integral Formula[1] edit

As   is open, there exists   (a closed ball centered at   with radius  ) such that  . We then define the boundary of the closed ball with positive orientation as  . Invoking Cauchy's integral formula, we obtain

 

For all  ,  , so  . This also holds for all balls of radius less than   centered at  . Therefore,   for all  .

Now consider the constant function   for all  . Then one can construct a sequence of distinct points located in   where the holomorphic function   vanishes. As   is closed, the sequence converges to some point in  . This means   vanishes everywhere in   which implies   for all  .

Physical interpretation edit

A physical interpretation of this principle comes from the heat equation. That is, since   is harmonic, it is thus the steady state of a heat flow on the region  . Suppose a strict maximum was attained on the interior of  , the heat at this maximum would be dispersing to the points around it, which would contradict the assumption that this represents the steady state of a system.

Applications edit

The maximum modulus principle has many uses in complex analysis, and may be used to prove the following:

References edit

  1. ^ Conway, John B. (1978). Axler, S.; Gehring, F.W.; Ribet, K.A. (eds.). Functions of One Complex Variable I (2 ed.). New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4612-6314-2.
  • Titchmarsh, E. C. (1939). The Theory of Functions (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. (See chapter 5.)
  • E. D. Solomentsev (2001) [1994], "Maximum-modulus principle", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
  • Conway, John B. (1978). Axler, S.; Gehring, F.W.; Ribet, K.A. (eds.). Functions of One Complex Variable I (2 ed.). New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4612-6314-2.

External links edit