A metamodel is a model of a model, and metamodeling is the process of generating such metamodels. Thus metamodeling or meta-modeling is the analysis, construction, and development of the frames, rules, constraints, models, and theories applicable and useful for modeling a predefined class of problems. As its name implies, this concept applies the notions of meta- and modeling in software engineering and systems engineering. Metamodels are of many types and have diverse applications.[2]
Overviewedit
A metamodel/ surrogate model is a model of the model, i.e. a simplified model of an actual model of a circuit, system, or software-like entity.[3][4] Metamodel can be a mathematical relation or algorithm representing input and output relations. A model is an abstraction of phenomena in the real world; a metamodel is yet another abstraction, highlighting the properties of the model itself. A model conforms to its metamodel in the way that a computer program conforms to the grammar of the programming language in which it is written. Various types of metamodels include polynomial equations, neural networks, Kriging, etc. "Metamodeling" is the construction of a collection of "concepts" (things, terms, etc.) within a certain domain. Metamodeling typically involves studying the output and input relationships and then fitting the right metamodels to represent that behavior.
Common uses for metamodels are:
As a schema for semantic data that needs to be exchanged or stored
As a language that supports a particular method or process
As a language to express additional semantics of existing information
As a mechanism to create tools that work with a broad class of models at run time
As a schema for modeling and automatically exploring sentences of a language with applications to automated test synthesis
As an approximation of a higher-fidelity model for use when reducing time, cost, or computational effort is necessary
Typical metamodelling specifications proposed by OMG are UML, SysML, SPEM or CWM. ISO has also published the standard metamodel ISO/IEC 24744.[6] All the languages presented below could be defined as MOF metamodels.
Meta-models are closely related to ontologies. Both are often used to describe and analyze the relations between concepts:[7]
Ontologies: express something meaningful within a specified universe or domain of discourse by utilizing grammar for using vocabulary. The grammar specifies what it means to be a well-formed statement, assertion, query, etc. (formal constraints) on how terms in the ontology’s controlled vocabulary can be used together.[8]
Meta-modeling: can be considered as an explicit description (constructs and rules) of how a domain-specific model is built. In particular, this comprises a formalized specification of the domain-specific notations. Typically, metamodels are – and always should follow - a strict rule set.[9] "A valid metamodel is an ontology, but not all ontologies are modeled explicitly as metamodels."[8]
Types of metamodelsedit
For software engineering, several types of models (and their corresponding modeling activities) can be distinguished:
A library of similar metamodels has been called a Zoo of metamodels.[11]
There are several types of meta-model zoos.[12] Some are expressed in ECore. Others are written in MOF 1.4 – XMI 1.2. The metamodels expressed in UML-XMI1.2 may be uploaded in Poseidon for UML, a UMLCASE tool.
^David R. Soller et al. (2001) Progress Report on the National Geologic Map Database, Phase 3: An Online Database of Map Information Digital Mapping Techniques '01 -- Workshop Proceedings U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-223.
^Saraju Mohanty, Chapter 12 Metamodel-Based Fast AMS-SoC Design Methodologies, "Nanoelectronic Mixed-Signal System Design", ISBN 978-0071825719 and 0071825711, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2015.
^ Oleg Garitselov, Saraju Mohanty, and Elias Kougianos, "A Comparative Study of Metamodels for Fast and Accurate Simulation of Nano-CMOS Circuits Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine", IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing (TSM), Vol. 25, No. 1, February 2012, pp. 26–36.
^Saraju Mohanty Ultra-Fast Design Exploration of Nanoscale Circuits through Metamodeling Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Invited Talk, Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC), Texas Analog Center for Excellence (TxACE), 27 April 2012.
^FEA (2005) FEA Records Management Profile, Version 1.0. December 15, 2005.
^International Organization for Standardization / International Electrotechnical Commission, 2007. ISO/IEC 24744. Software Engineering - Metamodel for Development Methodologies.
^E. Söderström, et al. (2001) "Towards a Framework for Comparing Process Modelling Languages", in: Lecture Notes In Computer Science; Vol. 2348. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering. Pages: 600 – 611, 2001
^ abPidcock, Woody (2003), What are the differences between a vocabulary, a taxonomy, a thesaurus, an ontology, and a meta-model?, archived from the original on 14 October 2009, retrieved 10 October 2009
^Ernst, Johannes (2002), What is metamodeling, and what is it good for?, archived from the original on 9 October 2011, retrieved 9 October 2009
^Saraju Mohanty and Elias Kougianos, "Polynomial Metamodel Based Fast Optimization of Nano-CMOS Oscillator Circuits Archived 10 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine", Springer Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing Journal, Volume 79, Issue 3, June 2014, pp. 437–453.
^Jean-Marie Favre: Towards a Basic Theory to Model Driven Engineering. Archived 15 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metamodeling.
Saraju Mohanty (2015). "Chapter 12 Metamodel-Based Fast AMS-SoC Design Methodologies". Nanoelectronic Mixed-Signal System Design. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071825719.
Booch, G., Rumbaugh, J., Jacobson, I. (1999), The Unified Modeling Language User Guide, Redwood City, CA: Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.
J. P. van Gigch, System Design Modeling and Metamodeling, Plenum Press, New York, 1991
Gopi Bulusu, hamara.in, 2004 Model Driven Transformation
P. C. Smolik, Mambo Metamodeling Environment, Doctoral Thesis, Brno University of Technology. 2006
Gonzalez-Perez, C. and B. Henderson-Sellers, 2008. Metamodelling for Software Engineering. Chichester (UK): Wiley. 210 p. ISBN 978-0-470-03036-3
M.A. Jeusfeld, M. Jarke, and J. Mylopoulos, 2009. Metamodeling for Method Engineering. Cambridge (USA): The MIT Press. 424 p. ISBN 978-0-262-10108-0, Open access via http://conceptbase.sourceforge.net/2021_Metamodeling_for_Method_Engineering.pdf
G. Caplat Modèles & Métamodèles, 2008 - ISBN 978-2-88074-749-7 (in French)
Fill, H.-G., Karagiannis, D., 2013. On the Conceptualisation of Modelling Methods Using the ADOxx Meta Modelling Platform, Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures, Vol. 8, Issue 1, 4-25.