Let ${\displaystyle f(z_{0},\dots ,z_{n})}$  be a non-constant polynomial function of ${\displaystyle n+1}$  complex variables ${\displaystyle z_{0},\dots ,z_{n}}$  where the vanishing locus of

${\displaystyle f(z)\ {\text{ and }}\ {\frac {\partial f}{\partial z_{i}}}(z)}$ 

is only at the origin, meaning the associated variety ${\displaystyle X=V(f)}$  is not smooth at the origin. Then, for ${\displaystyle K=X\cap S_{\varepsilon }^{2n+1}}$  (a sphere inside ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n+1}}$  of radius ${\displaystyle \varepsilon >0}$ ) the Milnor fibration^{[1]pg 68} associated to ${\displaystyle f}$  is defined as the map

${\displaystyle \phi \colon (S_{\varepsilon }^{2n+1}\setminus K)\to S^{1}\ {\text{ sending }}\ x\mapsto {\frac {f(x)}{|f(x)|}}}$ ,

which is a locally trivial smooth fibration for sufficiently small ${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$ . Originally this was proven as a theorem by Milnor, but was later taken as the definition of a Milnor fibration. Note this is a well defined map since

${\displaystyle f(x)=|f(x)|\cdot e^{2\pi i\operatorname {Arg} (f(x))}}$ ,

where ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Arg} (f(x))}$  is the argument of a complex number.

Historical motivation edit

One of the original motivations for studying such maps was in the study of knots constructed by taking an ${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$ -ball around a singular point of a plane curve, which is isomorphic to a real 4-dimensional ball, and looking at the knot inside the boundary, which is a 1-manifold inside of a 3-sphere. Since this concept could be generalized to hypersurfaces with isolated singularities, Milnor introduced the subject and proved his theorem.

In algebraic geometry edit

Another closed related notion in algebraic geometry is the Milnor fiber of an isolated hypersurface singularity. This has a similar setup, where a polynomial ${\displaystyle f}$  with ${\displaystyle f=0}$  having a singularity at the origin, but now the polynomial

${\displaystyle f_{t}\colon \mathbb {C} ^{n+1}\to \mathbb {C} \ {\text{ sending }}\ (z_{0},\ldots ,z_{n})\mapsto f(z_{0},\ldots ,z_{n})-t}$ 

is considered. Then, the algebraic Milnor fiber is taken as one of the polynomials ${\displaystyle f_{t\neq 0}}$ .

Parallelizability edit

One of the basic structure theorems about Milnor fibers is they are parallelizable manifolds^{[1]pg 75}.

Homotopy type edit

Milnor fibers are special because they have the homotopy type of a bouquet of spheres^{[1]pg 78}. The number of these spheres is the Milnor number. In fact, the number of spheres can be computed using the formula

${\displaystyle \mu (f)={\text{dim}}_{\mathbb {C} }{\frac {\mathbb {C} [z_{0},\ldots ,z_{n}]}{\operatorname {Jac} (f)}},}$ 

where the quotient ideal is the Jacobian ideal, defined by the partial derivatives ${\displaystyle \partial f/\partial z_{i}}$ . These spheres deformed to the algebraic Milnor fiber are the Vanishing cycles of the fibration^{[1]pg 83}. Unfortunately, computing the eigenvalues of their monodromy is computationally challenging and requires advanced techniques such as b-functions^{[2]pg 23}.

Milnor's fibration theorem edit

Milnor's Fibration Theorem states that, for every ${\displaystyle f}$  such that the origin is a singular point of the hypersurface ${\displaystyle V_{f}}$  (in particular, for every non-constant square-free polynomial ${\displaystyle f}$  of two variables, the case of plane curves), then for ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$  sufficiently small,

${\displaystyle {\dfrac {f}{|f|}}\colon \left(S_{\varepsilon }^{2n+1}\setminus V_{f}\right)\to S^{1}}$ 

is a fibration. Each fiber is a non-compact differentiable manifold of real dimension ${\displaystyle 2n}$ . Note that the closure of each fiber is a compact manifold with boundary. Here the boundary corresponds to the intersection of ${\displaystyle V_{f}}$  with the ${\displaystyle (2n+1)}$ -sphere (of sufficiently small radius) and therefore it is a real manifold of dimension ${\displaystyle (2n-1)}$ . Furthermore, this compact manifold with boundary, which is known as the Milnor fiber (of the isolated singular point of ${\displaystyle V_{f}}$  at the origin), is diffeomorphic to the intersection of the closed ${\displaystyle (2n+2)}$ -ball (bounded by the small ${\displaystyle (2n+1)}$ -sphere) with the (non-singular) hypersurface ${\displaystyle V_{g}}$  where ${\displaystyle g=f-e}$  and ${\displaystyle e}$  is any sufficiently small non-zero complex number. This small piece of hypersurface is also called a Milnor fiber.

Milnor maps at other radii are not always fibrations, but they still have many interesting properties. For most (but not all) polynomials, the Milnor map at infinity (that is, at any sufficiently large radius) is again a fibration.

The Milnor map of ${\displaystyle f(z,w)=z^{2}+w^{3}}$  at any radius is a fibration; this construction gives the trefoil knot its structure as a fibered knot.

• Vanishing cycle
• Mixed Hodge structure

• Milnor, John W. (1968), Singular points of complex hypersurfaces, Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 61. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ; University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, ISBN 0-691-08065-8