Mongondow, or Bolaang Mongondow, is one of the Philippine languages spoken in Bolaang Mongondow Regency and neighbouring regencies of North Sulawesi (Celebes) and Gorontalo Provinces, Indonesia.[2] With more than 200,000 speakers, it is the major language of the regency. Historically, it served as the official language of the Bolaang Mongondow Kingdom.[3]
Mongondow | |
---|---|
Bolaang Mongondow | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | North Sulawesi |
Ethnicity | Mongondow people |
Native speakers | 230,000 (2000 census)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mog |
Glottolog | mong1342 |
There is some lexical influence from Malay and Ternate,[4][5][6] as well as the Indonesian national language.[7] It is a threatened language, with a shift to Manado Malay in the younger generation.[8] The moribund Lolak language has borrowed much of its lexicon from Mongondow, but appears to be more closely related to Gorontalo.[9][10]
Mongondow has the following phoneme inventory:[11]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
voiced | b | d | (d͡ʒ) | ɡ | ||
Fricative | s | h | ||||
Lateral | l | |||||
Rhotic | r | |||||
Approximant | w | j |
The lateral /l/ is pronounced as alveolar [l] when adjacent to the front vowels /e/, /i/. In all other environments, it is a retroflex [ɭ].[12]
The personal pronouns are:[13]
nominative | genitive | oblique | |
---|---|---|---|
1.sg. | akuoy | -ku | inako' |
2.sg. | iko | -mu | inimu |
3.sg. | sia | -ea/-nya | inia |
1.pl.inclusive | kita | -naton | inaton |
1.pl.exclusive | kami | -nami | inami |
2.pl. | mo'iko kamu-* |
-monimu -namu-* |
imonimu -inamu-* |
3.pl. | mosia taya-* |
-monia -naya-* |
imonia inaya-* |
* kamu-, taya- etc. are used with suffixed numerals, e.g. taya-tolu 'the three of them' |
1 | inta' / mita'[14] |
---|---|
2 | dua' / doyowa' |
3 | tolu' |
4 | opat |
5 | lima |
6 | onom |
7 | pitu |
8 | ualu |
9 | siow |
10 | mopulu' |
11 | mopulu' bo mita' |
12 (...) |
mopulu' bo doyowa' |
20 | doyowa no pulu' |
21 (...) |
doyowa no pulu' bo mita' |
30 | tolu no pulu' |
40 (...) |
opat no pulu' |
100 | mogatut |
200 (...) |
doyowa no gatut |
1000 | tongo ribu |
2000 (...) |
doyowa no ribu |