Moraxella_osloensis Knowpia

Moraxella osloensis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Pseudomonadota
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Pseudomonadales
Family:	Moraxellaceae
Genus:	Moraxella
Species:	M. osloensis
Binomial name
	Moraxella osloensis; Bøvre and Henriksen 1967 (Approved Lists 1980)

Moraxella osloensis is a Gram-negative oxidase-positive, aerobic bacterium within the family Moraxellaceae in the gamma subdivision of the purple bacteria.^[1]

Moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.^[1] In nature, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors M. osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug.^[1]

Lifecycle edit

This bacterium has been identified as one of the natural symbionts of a bacteria-feeding nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), which is an endoparasite of slugs, including the slug Deroceras reticulatum^[1] (grey garden slug) which is one of the most serious agricultural and garden slug pests.^[2]

In nature, bacteria colonize the gut of nematode-infective juveniles which represent a specialized stage of development adapted for survival in the unfavorable environment.^[1] The infective juveniles seek out and enter the slug's shell cavity through the posterior mantle region.^[1] Once inside the shell cavity, the bacteria are released, and the infective juveniles resume growth, feeding on the multiplying bacteria.^[1] The infected slugs die in 4–10 days, and the nematodes colonize the entire carcass and produce next-generation infective juveniles, which leave the carcass to seek a new host.^[1] The bacteria are responsible for killing the slugs; nematodes without bacteria do not cause death.^[2]

Biochemistry edit

The lipopolysaccharide, that is an endotoxin, from M. osloensis is a molluscicide for Deroceras reticulatum when applied by injection.^[3]

The lethality of these nematodes to slugs has been shown to correlate with the number of M. osloensis cells carried by infective juveniles.^[1] Tan and Grewal (2001)^[2] demonstrated that the 72-hour-old M. osloensis cultures inoculated into the shell cavity were highly pathogenic to the slug.^[1] They further reported that M. osloensis produced an endotoxin which was identified to be a rough type lipopolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 5300 KD, and the purified lipopolysaccharide was toxic to the slug with an estimated 50% lethal dose of 48 μg when injected into the shell cavity.^[1]

Infections of humans edit

Although M. osloensis rarely infects humans, it can sometimes be found in a variety of tissues, where it sometimes causes disease.^[4]^[5] Antibiotics^[which?] are usually effective against such infections.^[5]

Odor edit

Moraxella osloensis has been found to be responsible for locker-room smell or shower-curtain odor.^[6]

Classification edit

The species M. osloensis was proposed in 1967; the bacteria which are now considered to be M. osloensis would previously have been considered to be Moraxella nonliquefaciens or Mima polymorpha (var.) oxidans.^[5]

References edit

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l An, Ruisheng; Sreevatsan, Srinand; Grewal, Parwinder S (2008). "Moraxella osloensis Gene Expression in the Slug Host Deroceras reticulatum". BMC Microbiology. 8: 19. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-19. PMC 2266756. PMID 18226222.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tan, L.; Grewal, P. S. (2001). "Pathogenicity of Moraxella osloensis, a Bacterium Associated with the Nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, to the Slug Deroceras reticulatum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (11): 5010–6. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.11.5010-5016.2001. PMC 93264. PMID 11679319.
^ Tan L, Grewal PS (2003). "Characterization of the first molluscicidal lipopolysaccharide from Moraxella osloensis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (6): 3646–9. doi:10.1128/aem.69.6.3646-3649.2003. PMC 161526. PMID 12788774.
^ Han, Xiang Y.; Tarrand, Jeffrey J. (2004). "Moraxella osloensis Blood and Catheter Infections During Anticancer Chemotherapy: Clinical and Microbiologic Studies of 10 Cases". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 121 (4): 581–7. doi:10.1309/QBB3-AVCM-GWA3-K1XK. PMID 15080311.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sugarman B, Clarridge J (1982). "Osteomyelitis caused by Moraxella osloensis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 15 (6): 1148–9. doi:10.1128/jcm.15.6.1148-1149.1982. PMC 272268. PMID 7107844.
^ Kubota, H.; Mitani, A.; Niwano, Y.; Takeuchi, K.; Tanaka, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Kawamura, Y.; Hitomi, J. (2012). "Moraxella Species Are Primarily Responsible for Generating Malodor in Laundry". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78 (9): 3317–24. doi:10.1128/AEM.07816-11. PMC 3346475. PMID 22367080.