Summary
Moses Williams (1777–c.1825) was an African-American visual artist who was particularly well known as a maker of silhouettes. He was formerly enslaved by the artist Charles Willson Peale.
Early life, slavery, and education edit
Moses Williams was born in 1777 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Scarborough and Lucy Peale, who were enslaved by renowned artist and museum-owner Charles Willson Peale.[1] It is believed that Williams's parents began to work for Peale sometime between 1769 and 1775.[1] In 1786, Peale manumitted Williams's parents, and Williams's father, Scarborough, changed his name to John Williams and passed along his new last name to his son.[1]
Although Williams's parents were freed, the law mandated that the nine-year-old Moses remain in Peale's service until his twenty-seventh birthday, and so Williams grew up in the Peale household among Peale's many artistic children, including Rembrandt Peale, Raphaelle Peale, Franklin Peale and Titian Ramsay Peale.[1]
Silhouette maker edit
Growing up in the Peale household, Williams was instructed in skills that would help him to work at Peale's Museum, including taxidermy, object display, and silhouette-making.[1] Enslaved, he was not taught the "higher art" of painting.[1]
After showing skill at silhouette-making, Williams was given a physiognotrace machine to make silhouettes, and he continued to work at Peale's Museum as a freedman and a professional silhouette artist who made black-and-white paper silhouettes for visitors of the museum.[1]
Williams also created silhouettes of the Peale family, including Charles Willson Peale and his wife, Elizabeth.[2] Williams made over 8,000 silhouettes during his first year working at Peale's Museum.[3] He earned between 6 and 8 cents for every silhouette he cut.[4] With the money Williams earned making silhouettes, he bought a house and married.[1]
By 1823, silhouette-cutting as a profession was in decline, and Williams had to sell his house.[1] According to the Author's Note in The Poison Place, a novel about Moses Williams, he was listed in city directories as a profile cutter until 1833.[5]
Public institutions edit
Williams' silhouettes can be found in several institutions, including the following:
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i DuBois Shaw, Gwendolyn [1]Archived 2015-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, American Philosophical Society, Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ Farago, Jason. "Represent: 200 Years of African American Art review", The Guardian, Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ "Jefferson Portrait by Raphaelle Peale", Monticello, Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ Bellion, Wendy. "The Mechanization of Likeness in Jeffersonian America"Archived 2015-09-19 at the Wayback Machine , MIT Communications Forum, Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ "Author's Note" The Poison Place: A Novel, by Mary E. Lyons, Retrieved 29 Oct 2019.
- ^ "Collections : Artist/Maker's Name: Moses Williams", Philadelphia Museum of Art, Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ "Revealed Silhouette of a Young Woman" Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, Museum of Fine Art Houston, Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ "Moses Williams, Cutter of Profiles [graphic]." , Library Company of Philadelphia, Retrieved 14 August 2018.