Between 1983 and 2009, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) fought against the Sri Lankan government to create an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka called Tamil Eelam. By 2007 the civil war had cost an estimated 70,000 lives.^[2] Among the killed, Sri Lankan Tamils alone add up to a total of 54,053 killed and 25,266 disappeared permanently .^[3] The final months of the civil war in late 2008/early 2009 witnessed particularly brutal fighting between the Sri Lankan military and the LTTE.^[4][5] Around 300,000 civilians were trapped between the two sides.^[6] There were major human rights violations on both sides.^[7] The civil war ended on 18 May 2009 with the killing of Velupillai Prabhakaran, leader of the LTTE.^[8] A United Nations report found that as many as 40,000 Tamil civilians may have been killed in the final months of the civil war, mostly as a result of indiscriminate shelling by the Sri Lankan military.^[9][10][11] There are widespread allegations that both sides committed atrocities and human rights violations including war crimes.^[12][13][14] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is currently investigating the alleged war crimes.^[15][16]

The Sri Lankan government, which has declared 18 May as Victory Day, celebrates the day with military parades.^[17] The day is also a commemoration for dead military personnel who are treated as "war heroes".^[18] However, there is no official commemoration for the thousands of Tamil civilians killed in the civil war despite the government's own Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission recommending that all the war's dead be commemorated on National Day (4 February).^[19][20] Instead, the government has virtually banned Tamils from commemorating their war dead.^[21][22] In the run up to 18 May security is tightened in the Tamil dominated Northern and Eastern provinces and schools and universities are closed to prevent any public commemoration.^[23][24][25]

The government and its security forces regard any commemoration by Tamils to be commemoration of the LTTE, not civilians.^[26] The security forces claim that Tamils may commemorate dead LTTE members in private but there have been reports of the military entering homes to prevent commemoration.^[27][28]

Under the Presidency of the Rajapaksa family, 18 May was seen as Victory day, but in 2015 when Maithripala Sirisena took hold of power it was named to Remembrance day.^[29]

Despite the security restrictions Tamils in Sri Lanka hold small events on 18 May, which they call Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day, to commemorate their dead.^[30][31][32] However, public commemorations are dealt with harshly by the Sri Lankan security forces.^[33][34] Tamil politicians have been arrested for commemorating Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day.^[35][36]

In the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, a number of political parties, youth organizations, social movement groups etc. organize a number of remembrance events across the state.^[37][38][39]

Amongst the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora, where there are no restrictions on commemorating Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day, large public gatherings are held.^{[40][41][42][43]}

In 2022, the Canadian parliament adopted a motion to mark May 18 as Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day.^[44] Patrick Brown, Mayor of Brampton, marked Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day with a ground breaking for a Tamil Genocide monument to be built in the city of Brampton.[1]

• Maaveerar Naal
• Mullivaikal Muttram