Perceptual multistability can be evoked by visual patterns that are too ambiguous for the human visual system to definitively and uniquely interpret. Familiar examples include the Necker cube, Schroeder staircase, structure from motion, monocular rivalry, and binocular rivalry, but many more visually ambiguous patterns are known. Because most of these images lead to an alternation between two mutually exclusive perceptual states, they are sometimes also referred to as bistable perception.^[1]

Auditory and olfactory examples can occur when there are conflicting, and so rival, inputs into the two ears^[2] or two nostrils.^[3]

The transition from one precept (an undefined term) to its alternative (the defined term) is called a perceptual reversal (Paradigm shift). They are spontaneous and stochastic events that cannot be eliminated by intentional efforts, although some control over the alternation process is learnable. Reversal rates vary drastically between stimuli and observers. They are slower for people with bipolar disorder.^[4][5]

Human interest in these phenomena can be traced back to antiquity.^{[citation needed]} The fascination with multistable perception probably comes from the active nature of endogenous perceptual changes or from the dissociation of dynamic perception from constant sensory stimulation.

Multistable perception was a common feature in the artwork of the Dutch lithographer M. C. Escher, who was strongly influenced by mathematical physicists such as Roger Penrose.^{[citation needed]}

Real-world phenomena edit

Photographs of craters, from either the moon or other planets including our own, can exhibit this phenomenon. Craters in stereo vision, such as our eyes, normally appear concave. However, in monocular presentations, such as photographs, the elimination of our depth perception causes multistable perception, which can cause the craters to look like plateaus rather than pits. For humans, the "default" interpretation comes from an assumption of top-left lighting, so that rotating the image by 180 degrees can cause the perception to suddenly switch.^[6][7] This phenomenon is called the concave/convex, or simply up/down, ambiguity, and it confuses computer vision as well.^[8]

In popular culture edit

In literature, the science fiction novel, Dhalgren, by Samuel R. Delany, contains circular text, multistable perception, and multiple entry points.^{[citation needed]}

Multistable perception arises with the theater segments of Mystery Science Theater 3000, as due to the construction of the Crow T. Robot puppet, its head can appear to be facing towards the camera rather than towards the film being shown. This was addressed by the creators of the series, even likening Crow to a Necker cube^[9] or The Spinning Dancer.^[when?]

• Cognitive neuroscience
• Experimental psychology
• Gestalt psychology
• Op art
• Salvador Dalí

• Alais, D; Blake, R., eds. (2005). Binocular Rivalry. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01212-6.
• Kruse, P.; Stadler, M. (1995). Multistable Cognitive Phenomena. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-57082-2.

• VisualFunHouse Optical Illusions Multistable perception Optical Illusions
• A collection of visually ambiguous patterns
• Miller, S. M.; Liu, G. B.; Ngo, T. T.; Hooper, G.; Riek, S.; Carson, R. G.; Pettigrew, J. D. (2000). "Interhemispheric Switching Mediates Perceptual Rivalry". Current Biology. 10 (7): 383–392. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00416-4. PMID 10753744. S2CID 51808719. Archived from the original on 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2006-01-21.
• Ambiguous figures Ambiguity of spatial perception (fr)