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Myliobatiformes 
Summary
Myliobatiformes (/mɪliˈɒbətɪfɔːrmiːz/) is one of the four orders of batoids, cartilaginous fishes related to sharks.[5][6] They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more recent phylogenetic studies have shown the myliobatiforms to be a monophyletic group, and its more derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.[7][8]
| Myliobatiformes Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Short-tail stingray, Dasyatis brevicaudata | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes Compagno, 1973 |
| Type species | |
| Myliobatis aquila | |
| Suborders | |
|
See text for families. | |
Classification edit
Nelson's Fishes of the World arranges the Myliobatiformes as:[9][10]
- Suborder Platyrhinoidei
- Family Platyrhinidae (thornbacks)
- Suborder Zanobatoidei [a]
- Family Zanobatidae (panrays)
- Suborder Myliobatoidei (stingrays)
- Superfamily Hexatrygonoidea
- Family Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray)
- Superfamily Urolophoidea
- Family Plesiobatidae (deepwater stingray)
- Family Urolophidae (round stingrays)
- Superfamily Urotrygonoidea
- Family Urotrygonidae (American round stingrays)
- Superfamily Dasyatoidea
- Genus †Lessiniabatis (fossil)
- Family Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays)
- Family Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays)
- Family Gymnuridae (butterfly rays)
- Family †Dasyomyliobatidae (fossil)
- Family Myliobatidae (eagle rays)
- Subfamily Myliobatinae (eagle rays)
- Subfamily Mobulinae (manta rays, devil rays)[b]
- Subfamily Rhinopterinae (cownose rays)[b]
- Family †Rhombodontidae (fossil)
- Superfamily Hexatrygonoidea
- ^ a b Genetic evidence now places Zanobatidae in Rhinopristiformes[2][3] or as sister taxon to Rhinopristiformes.[4]
- ^ a b Recognised as family by some authorities[11]
The family Aetobatidae is recognised by some authorities. It contains the genus Aetobatus, which is otherwise part of Myliobatinae. [12][11]
The families Myliobatidae and Rhombodontidae are sometimes grouped in their own superfamily, Myliobatoidea.[13]
References edit
- ^ Marmi, Josep; Vila #, Bernat; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Cappetta, Henri (2010-05-18). "Oldest records of stingray spines (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 970–974. doi:10.1080/02724631003758011. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ Naylor, G.J.P.; Caira, J.N.; Jensen, K.; Rosana, K.A.M.; Straube, N.; Lakner, C. (2012). "Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species". In Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (2 ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 31–56.
- ^ Aschliman; Nishida; Miya; Inoue; Rosana; Naylord (2012). "Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012. PMID 22209858.
- ^ Last, P.R.; Séret, B.; Naylor, G.J.P. (2016). "A new species of guitarfish, Rhinobatos borneensis sp. nov. with a redefinition of the family-level classification in the order Rhinopristiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Zootaxa. 4117 (4): 451–475. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4117.4.1. PMID 27395187.
- ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. "Myliobatiformes". WoRMS. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ "Order Summary for Myliobatiformes". FishBase. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (fourth ed.). John Wiley. pp. 69–82. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
- ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Myliobatiformes: Stingrays". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World (4 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
- ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). "Division Batomorphi—rays". Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 80–95. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^ a b Naylor, GJP; Yang, L; Corrigan, S; de Carvalho, MR (2016). "Phylogeny and Classification of Rays". In Last, Peter; Naylor, Gavin; Séret, Bernard; White, William; de Carvalho, Marcelo; Stehmann, Matthias (eds.). Rays of the World. Csiro Publishing. pp. 10–15. ISBN 9780643109148.
- ^ White, William T.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2016). "Resurrection of the family Aetobatidae (Myliobatiformes) for the pelagic eagle rays, genus Aetobatus". Zootaxa. 4139 (3): 435–438. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.10. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27470816.
- ^ Hoganson, John; Erickson, J. Mark; Holland, F. D. "Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas of the Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, No. 398: 1-94". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 398. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398.