NASA_Astrobiology_Institute Knowpia

NASA Astrobiology Institute
Abbreviation	NAI
Formation	1998
Dissolved	2019
Headquarters	NASA Ames Research Center
Location	Mountain View, California;
Director	Penelope Boston
Parent organization	NASA
Budget	$16 million (2008)
Website	nai.nasa.gov

The NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) was established in 1998 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)^[1] "to develop the field of astrobiology and provide a scientific framework for flight missions."^[2] In December 2019 the institute's activities were suspended.^[3]

The NAI is a virtual,^[4] distributed organization that integrates astrobiology research and training programs in concert with the national and international science communities.^[5]

History

Although NASA had explored the idea of forming an astrobiology institute in the past, when the Viking biological experiments returned negative results for life on Mars, the public lost interest and federal funds for exobiology dried up. In 1996, the announcement of possible traces of ancient life in the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite from Mars led to new interest in the subject. At the same time, NASA developed the Origins Program, broadening its reach from exobiology to astrobiology, the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.^[1]

In 1998, $9 million was set aside to fund the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), an interdisciplinary research effort using the expertise of different scientific research institutions and universities from across the country, centrally linked to Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. Gerald Soffen former Project Scientist with the Viking program, helped coordinate the new institute.^[1] In May,^[5] NASA selected eleven science teams, each with a Principal Investigator (PI).^[6] NAI was established in July with Scott Hubbard as interim Director.^[5] Nobel laureate Baruch S. Blumberg was appointed the first Director of the institute, and served from May 15, 1999 – October 14, 2002.^[7]

Program

The NASA Astrobiology Program includes the NAI as one of four components, including the Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology Program; the Astrobiology Science and Technology Instrument Development (ASTID) Program; and the Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) Program.^[2] Program budgets for fiscal year 2008 were as follows: NAI, $16 million; Grants for the Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology Program, $11 million; ASTID, $9 million; ASTEP, $5 million.^[5]

Teams

Joint Russian-NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) expedition studying microbial life in extreme environments in the crater of Mutnovsky Volcano in Kamchatka, far east Russia.

As of 2018, the NAI has 10 teams including about 600 researchers distributed across ~100 institutions. It also has 13 international partner organizations. Some past and present teams are:^[8]^[9]

International partners

NAI has partnership program with other international astrobiology organizations to provide collaborative opportunities for its researchers within the global science community.^[10]

Associate Partners

Spain Astrobiology Center (CAB)^[10] at the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain
Australian Centre for Astrobiology (ACA)^[10] at the University of New South Wales

Affiliate Partners

Astrobiology Society of Britain (ASB)
Canadian Astrobiology Network (CAN) at Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration (CPSX), at the University of Western Ontario
European Exo/Astrobiology Network Association (EANA)
Helmholtz Alliance: Planetary Evolution and Life
Instituto de Astrobiología Colombia (IAC)
Japan AstroBiology Consortium (JABC), a partnership of the Earth-Life Science Institute and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Nordic Network of Astrobiology
Russian Astrobiology Center (RAC)
Sociedad Mexicana de Astrobiología (SOMA)
Société Française d’Exobiologie [fr] (SFE) [1]
UK Centre for Astrobiology at The University of Edinburgh
University of São Paulo (USP)

Research

Selected, significant topics of interdisciplinary research by NAI as of 2008:^[5]

Comets in space and in the laboratory
Discovery of the "rare biosphere"
Early habitability of Earth
Early wet Mars
Exoplanet discovery and analysis
Life without the Sun
Metal isotope tracers of environment and biology
Methane on Mars
Microbial mat ecology
Modeling exoplanet biospheres
Origins of life
Snowball Earth
Sub-seafloor life
The rise of oxygen and Earth's "middle age"

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Bunk, Steve (1998-06-22). "Astrobiology Makes Debut Under NASA". The Scientist. 12 (13). Faculty of 1000.
^ ^a ^b NASA Astrobiology Institute (August 31, 2010). "About NAI". NASA.
^ NASA Astrobiology Institute. "The NASA Astrobiology Institute Concludes Its 20-year Tenure". NASA. Archived from the original on 2020-06-04. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
^ Beatty, J. Kelly (Nov 2002). "Changes Urged for Astrobiology Effort". Sky & Telescope. 104 (5). Sky Publishing Corporation: 23. Bibcode:2002S&T...104e..23B. ISSN 0037-6604.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Committee on the Review of the NASA Astrobiology Institute, National Research Council (2008). Assessment of the NASA Astrobiology Institute. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/12071. ISBN 978-0-309-11497-4.
^ Lawler, Andrew (1998-05-29). "Astrobiology Institute Picks Partners". Science. 280 (5368). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1338. doi:10.1126/science.280.5368.1338. PMID 9634407. S2CID 38489298.
^ Blumberg, Baruch S. (Nov 2003). "The NASA Astrobiology Institute: Early History and Organization". Astrobiology. 3 (3). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 463–470. Bibcode:2003AsBio...3..463B. doi:10.1089/153110703322610573. PMID 14678657. S2CID 14300915.
^ Teams, NASA Astrobiology Institute Teams. May 29, 2018.
^ NAI Introduction and Overview. December 7, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c NAI, International Partners Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. April 13, 2015.

Summary