Naturmuseum Senckenberg

Summary

The Naturmuseum Senckenberg (SMF)[7] is a museum of natural history, located in Frankfurt am Main. It is the second-largest of its kind in Germany. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum, which is owned by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[8] Senckenberg's slogan is "world of biodiversity".[9] As of 2019, the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.[10]

Naturmuseum Senckenberg
The Naturmuseum Senckenberg in 2012
Map
Former name
Öffentliches Naturalienkabinett
Established1821/1907
LocationSenckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, Germany
Coordinates50°07′03″N 8°39′06″E / 50.11750°N 8.65167°E / 50.11750; 8.65167
TypeNatural history
Key holdingsTriceratops (skulls), Edmontosaurus mummy SMF R 4036, Psittacosaurus SMF R 4970, Diplodocus SMF R 462, Placodus gigas SMF R 1035, Eurohippus messelensis SMF ME 11034, Dodo, Quagga
CollectionsDinosaurs, Insects, Birds, Reptils, Mammals, Human evolution, Messel Research
Collection size
  • 40,800,000 specimens[1]
  • 10,000 exhibits[2]
Visitors
  • 220,740 (2021) [1]
  • 196,160 (2020) [3]
  • 398,754 (2019) [4]
  • 363,244 (2018) [5]
FounderSenckenberg Nature Research Society, (namesake: Johann Christian Senckenberg)
DirectorBrigitte Franzen[6]
ArchitectLudwig Neher
OwnerSenckenberg Nature Research Society
Employees843 [1]
Public transit access
Websitemuseumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de

History edit

In 1763, Johann Christian Senckenberg donated 95,000 guilders–his entire fortune–to establish a community hospital and promote scientific projects.[11][12] Senckenberg died in 1772. In 1817, 32 Frankfurt citizens founded the non-profit Senckenberg Nature Research Society, German: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), which is a member of the Leibniz Association.[13][14][15] Soon after, Johann Georg Neuburg [de] donated his collection of bird and mammal specimens to the society.[14] The Naturmuseum Senckenberg was founded in 1821, just four years later.[a][17] Initially located near the Eschenheimer Turm,[18] the museum moved to a new building on Senckenberganlage in 1907.[19] During World War II, the building was partly destroyed.[b] However, the exhibits had been evacuated before.[14]

Building edit

The neo-baroque building[20] housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 by Ludwig Neher [de] outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914.[21] The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[22] The exhibition area covers 6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft).[23]

Source:[24]

Expansion plans edit

As of 2018, the museum has been expanded to 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft).[c][26] New planned sections: Human, Earth, Cosmos, Future.[27][28]

Directors edit

  • 2021–present Brigitte Franzen [de][29]

Collections edit

The Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt has a large collection of animal, plant[30] and geology[31] exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history.

Dinosaurs edit

Diplodocus edit

Main attraction is a Diplodocus from Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyoming,[32][33] donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration on 13 October 1907,[16][34][35] The 18 m (59 ft) mounted skeleton with additions contains bones of three different sauropod genera (Diplodocus and closely related Apatosaurus and Barosaurus).[32][36]

Psittacosaurus edit

As of 2022, a key holding is a fossilized Psittacosaurus (specimen SMF R 4970) from Liaoning, China, with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents.[37][38][39] The specimen was first reported in 2002.[38][40] The exact date and locality of the discovery within Liaoning is unknown.[37] A controversial debate about the legal ownership arose.[37][41] In 2021, researchers described its cloaca in more detail and found similarities with the body outlet of birds.[42][43][44] In 2022, for the first time a belly button was found in a dinosaur fossil.[38][45] A physical life reconstruction of the animal was prepared by paleoartist Robert Nicholls.[46][47]

Edmontosaurus and Triceratops edit

Another originals are an Edmontosaurus annectens mummy (specimen SMF R 4036) from Lance Formation, Wyoming.[48][49][50] and two Triceratops skulls.[51][10] The museum bought the three specimen from fossil collector Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his sons in the early 20th century.[52][53] The museum also exhibits a cast of a complete Triceratops,[10] the museum's mascot.[54]

Casts edit

Big public attractions also include the casts of Tyrannosaurus rex[d] and Diplodocus longus (in front of the museum), an Iguanodon, the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus and an Oviraptor.[33]

Further casts or single bones:[33]

Birds edit

A living reconstruction of the extinkt dodo and many other stuffed birds are shown in a permanent exhibition in the upper level.[55] Additionally, the museum owns a large and diverse collection of birds with 90,000 bird skins, 5,050 egg sets, 17,000 skeletons, and 3,375 spirit specimens (a specimen preserved in fluid).[56][57] This is 75% of the known bird species, only a minor part is exhibited.[57]

Reptiles edit

Anaconda is one of the oldest and most popular exhibits.[58] Since the remodeling finished in 2003, a new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation.[59]

Messel research edit

The museum houses many originals from the nearby Messel pit,[60] Germany's first UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site,[61] among them a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm (24 in) tall.[62][63][64] In 2015, researchers found an foal fetus in the body of the petrified primeval horse mare.[65][66][67] Also primates, crocodiles, bats, snakes, turtles and other fossils were found at Messel pit.[68]

Mammals edit

Display collections full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.[69][70]

The mammal collection focuses on bats, primates, rodents, and insectivores (not exhibited).[71]

Human evolution edit

Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy,[e] an almost complete skeleton of the upright, 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall, hominid Australopithecus afarensis.[73] The exhibition also includes reconstructions of the heads of human ancestors.[73]

Gallery edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The museum was opened to the public on 22 November 1821.[16]
  2. ^ Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II, on 22 March 1944.[14]
  3. ^ Including buildings Alte Physik (south) and Jügelbau (north) by architect Peter Kulka.[25]
  4. ^ Copy of a Tyrannosaurus located at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.[10]
  5. ^ The original Lucy is stored in a safe at the National Museum of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[72]

References edit

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  4. ^ SENCKENBERG 2019 (PDF) (Report). Naturmuseum Senckenberg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
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Further reading edit

  • Natur-Museum und Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg (1972). Senckenberg Natural History Museum of the Senckenberg Natural History Research Society : [guide-book]. Frankfurt am Main: Kramer. ISBN 978-3-7829-1039-2. OCLC 1256488478.
  • Ziegler, Willi (1987). Naturmuseum Senckenberg Führer durch d. Ausstellungen (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Kramer. ISBN 978-3-7829-1108-5. OCLC 74831798.
  • Senckenberg. Naturforschende Ges., Frankfurt a. Main (1972). Natur-Museum Senckenberg (in German). Frankfurt (am Main): Kramer. ISBN 978-3-7829-1040-8. OCLC 74134133.
  • Stillbauer, Thomas (29 April 2021). "Frankfurt: Senckenberg wächst enorm". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  • "Das neue Senckenberg: Mehr Platz für die großen Fragen". Süddeutsche.de (in German). 29 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  • "150 Jahre Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt, 28. Oktober 1967". Zeitgeschichte in Hessen (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  • Scholz, Joachim; Afshar, Karin (2017). Briefe an die Lebenden Geschichten aus dem Senckenberg-Museum (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung. ISBN 978-3-929907-93-3. OCLC 986511315.
  • Baumann, Margret; Bauer, Friederike; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (2020). 200 Jahre Senckenberg. Die Zeit von 1993–2017 (in German). Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Nägele und Obermiller. ISBN 978-3-510-61416-5. OCLC 1192503441.
  • Kühl, Stefan; Müller, Vera; Wolff, Birgitta. "Museum für Dodo, Dinos und Menschheits-Fragen". Forschung & Lehre (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  • "Vor 200 Jahren gegründet: Die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft – Mit Bürgersinn der Natur auf der Spur". Deutschlandfunk (in German). 22 November 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  • Mosbrugger, Volker; Dürr, Sören; Havlik, Philipe; Herkner, Bernd; Moll, Valentina; Neitscher, Eva; Rossmanith, Eva (2015). Auge in Auge mit der Natur Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung. ISBN 978-3-929907-90-2. OCLC 926153922.
  • Nigge, Klaus; Schulze-Hagen, Karl; Fiebig, Jürgen; Vogel, Johannes (2022). Vogelwelten : Expeditionen ins Museum (in German). München: Knesebeck GmbH et Co. Verlag KG. ISBN 978-3-95728-410-5. OCLC 1350778543.
  • Patalong, Frank (5 February 2020). "So wird ein Dino zusammengesetzt". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  • "Blick hinter die Kulissen der Messel-Forschung". Der Spiegel (in German). 30 September 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  • Seidler, Christoph (1 June 2020). "Neue Ausstellung: Paläontologen graben in Frankfurt nach Dinos". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  • Uhl, Dieter; Havlik, Philipe (2021). "Edmonds Urzeit". Biologie in unserer Zeit (in German). 51 (3): Vol. 51 No. 3 (2021): Edmonds Urzeit. doi:10.11576/BIUZ-4573. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  • "Diplodocus, Clipping from The Morning Post". Newspapers.com. 18 May 1908. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

External links edit

  • Official website (in German and English)
  • "Senckenberg Naturmuseum". Museumsufer Frankfurt. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  • "Senckenberg Nature Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  • Das neue Senckenberg-Museum erklärt on YouTube (in German)
  • Naturmuseum Senckenberg's channel on YouTube