Summary
A neural spine sail is a large, flattish protrusion from the back of an animal formed of a sequence of extended vertebral spinous processes and associated tissues. Such structures are comparatively rare in modern animals, but have been identified in many extinct species of amphibians and amniotes. Paleontologists have proposed a number of ways in which the sail could have functioned in life.
Function edit
Varying suggestions have been made for the function of the sail.
Thermoregulation edit
The structure may have been used for thermoregulation. The base of the spines have a channel which may have contained a blood vessel supplying abundant blood to the sail. The animal could have used the sail's large surface area to absorb heat from the sun in the morning. As ectotherms they required heat from an external source before their muscles would start to function properly. A predator would thus have an advantage over its slower moving prey. The sail could be used in reverse if the animal was overheating. By standing in the shade, the sail would radiate heat outwards.[1]
However, recent studies have put in doubt the efficiency of this purported means of thermoregulation, and indeed no extinct sailed animal is currently assumed to have used its sails for thermoregulation.[2][3]
Sexual selection edit
Elaborate body structures of many modern-day animals usually serve to attract members of the opposite sex during mating. This has been proposed as one potential function of the sail.[1]
Food storage edit
The structure may also have been more hump-like than sail-like, as noted by Stromer in 1915 ("one might rather think of the existence of a large hump of fat [German: Fettbuckel], to which the [neural spines] gave internal support")[4] and by Jack Bowman Bailey in 1997.[5] In support of his "buffalo-back" hypothesis, Bailey argued that in Spinosaurus, Ouranosaurus, and other dinosaurs with long neural spines, the spines were relatively shorter and thicker than the spines of pelycosaurs (which were known to have sails); instead, the dinosaurs' neural spines were similar to the neural spines of extinct hump-backed mammals such as Megacerops and Bison latifrons.[5]
Camouflage edit
Dimetrodon may have used the sail on its back to help camouflage itself when hiding among reeds and waiting to ambush its prey.[6]
Sound display edit
Gregory Paul argued that parallel neck sails of Amargasaurus would have reduced neck flexion. Instead, he proposed that, with their circular rather than flat cross-sections, these spines were more likely covered with a horny sheath. He also suggests that they could have been clattered together for a sound display.[7] In 2022, a detailed study was published by Cerda et al. analyzing the structure, morphology, and microanatomy of the vertebral spines of Amargasaurus. They suggested that the spines were not covered in a keratinous sheath as previously believed. Osteohistology of the spines suggests that they were likely, if not exclusively, covered in a sail of skin. The spines are also highly vascularized and bear cyclical growth marks, adding credence to this theory.[8]
List of organisms with a sail edit
Amphibians edit
Amniotes edit
References edit
- ^ a b D.R. Khanna, Biology of Reptiles, pp. 59-60, Discovery Publishing House, 2004 ISBN 8171419070.
- ^ Tomkins, Joseph L.; LeBas, Natasha R.; Witton, Mark P.; Martill, David M. & Humphries, Stuart (2010). "Positive allometry and the prehistory of sexual selection" (PDF). American Naturalist. 176 (2): 141–148. doi:10.1086/653001. PMID 20565262. S2CID 36207.
- ^ Huttenlocker, A. K.; Mazierski, D. & Reisz, R. R. (2011). "Comparative osteohistology of hyperelongate neural spines in the Edaphosauridae (Amniota: Synapsida)". Palaeontology. 54 (3): 573–590. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01047.x.
- ^ Stromer, E. (1915). "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec". Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse (in German). 28 (3): 1–32.
- ^ a b Bailey, J.B. (1997). "Neural spine elongation in dinosaurs: sailbacks or buffalo-backs?". Journal of Paleontology. 71 (6): 1124–1146. doi:10.1017/S0022336000036076. JSTOR 1306608.
- ^ Bramwell, C. D. & Fellgett, P. B. (16 February 1973). "Thermal regulation in sail lizards". Nature. 242 (5394): 203–205. Bibcode:1973Natur.242..203B. doi:10.1038/242203a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4159825.
Many suggestions have been made about the function of the sail, as camouflage among reeds while it waited for prey, for sexual display, or literally as a sail while swimming
- ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2000) The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs, p 94. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-26226-4.
- ^ Cerda, Ignacio A.; Novas, Fernando E.; Carballido, José Luis; Salgado, Leonardo (2022-03-24). "Osteohistology of the hyperelongate hemispinous processes of Amargasaurus cazaui (Dinosauria: Sauropoda): Implications for soft tissue reconstruction and functional significance". Journal of Anatomy: joa.13659. doi:10.1111/joa.13659. ISSN 0021-8782. PMID 35332552. S2CID 247677750.