New Shepard is a fully reusable sub-orbital launch vehicle developed for space tourism by Blue Origin. The vehicle is named after Alan Shepard, who became the first American to travel into space and the fifth person to walk on the Moon. The vehicle is capable of vertical takeoff and landings. Additionally, it is also capable of carrying humans and customer payloads into a sub-orbital trajectory.
Function | Launching tourists and cargo on a suborbital trajectory |
---|---|
Manufacturer | Blue Origin |
Country of origin | United States of America |
Size | |
Height | 18m (60ft) |
Diameter | 3.7 m (12.1 ft) |
Mass | 75,000 kg (165,000 lb) |
Stages | 1 |
Launch history | |
Status | Active |
Launch sites | Launch Site One |
Total launches | 27 |
Success(es) | 26 |
Failure(s) | 1 |
Landings | 25 |
First flight | 29 April 2015 |
Last flight | 23 October 2024 |
Single stage | |
Powered by | 1 × BE-3 |
Maximum thrust | 490 kN (110,000 lbf) |
Burn time | 141 seconds |
Propellant | LH2 / LOX |
New Shepard consists of a launch rocket and a crew capsule. The capsule can be configured to house up to six passengers, cargo, or a combination of both. The launch rocket is powered by one BE-3PM engine, which sends the capsule above the Kármán line, where passengers and cargo can experience a few minutes of weightlessness before the capsule returns to Earth.
The launch vehicle is designed to be fully reusable, with the capsule returning to Earth via three parachutes and a solid rocket motor. The rocket lands vertically on a landing pad 3.2 km north of the launch pad. The company has successfully launched and landed the New Shepard launch vehicle 26 times with 1 partial failure deemed successful[1] and 1 failure. The launch vehicle has a length of 15 meters (49 ft), a diameter of 3.7 meters (12 ft) and a launch mass of 75,000 kilograms (165,000 lb). The BE-3PM engine produces 490 kilonewtons (110,000 lbf) of thrust at liftoff.[2]
The first development vehicle of the New Shepard development program was a sub-scale demonstration vehicle named Goddard that was built in 2006 following earlier engine development efforts by Blue Origin. Goddard was assembled at the Blue Origin facility in Kent, Washington, United States and made its first flight on 13 November 2006.[3] A second test flight was scheduled for 2 December, but never took place.[citation needed]
According to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records, two further flights were performed by Goddard. Blue Engine 1, or BE-1, was the first rocket engine developed by Blue Origin and was used in the company's Goddard development vehicle. On the path to developing the New Shepard launch vehicle, a crew capsule was also needed, and design was begun on a space capsule in the early 2000s. One development milestone along the way became public. On 19 October 2012, Blue Origin conducted a successful pad escape of a full-scale suborbital crew capsule at its West Texas launch site. For the test, the capsule fired its pusher escape motor and launched from a launch vehicle simulator. The Crew Capsule traveled to an altitude of 703 m (2,307 ft) under active thrust vector control before descending safely by parachute to a soft landing 500 m (1,630 ft) downrange.[4][5]
In April 2015, Blue Origin announced that they had completed acceptance testing of the BE-3PM engine that would power the New Shepard launch vehicle. The company also announced that they intended to begin flight testing of the New Shepard later in 2015, with initial flights occurring as frequently as monthly, with "a series of dozens of flights over the extent of the sub-orbital test program [taking] a couple of years to complete".[6] The same month, the FAA announced that the regulatory paperwork for the test program had already been filed and approved, and test flights were expected to begin before mid-May 2015.[7] By February 2016, three New Shepard vehicles had been built. The first was lost in a test in April 2015, the second had flown twice (see below), and the third was completing manufacture at the Blue Origin factory in Kent, Washington, United States. In 2016, the Blue Origin team were awarded the Collier Trophy for demonstrating rocket reusability with the New Shepard human spaceflight vehicle.[8]
On 20 July 2021, the company successfully completed its first crewed mission, Blue Origin NS-16, into space using its New Shepard launch vehicle, carrying passengers Jeff Bezos, his brother Mark Bezos, Wally Funk, and Oliver Daemen. The flight was approximately 10 minutes and crossed the Kármán line. New Shepard performed six crewed flights between July 2021 and August 2022, taking a mix of sponsored celebrities such as Wally Funk, William Shatner as well as paying customers. New Shepard ticket sales brought in $50 million through June 2022. The second and third crewed missions of New Shepard took place in October and December 2021. The Fourth crewed flight happened in March 2022. On 4 June 2022, New Shepard completed its fifth crewed mission launch and the sixth crewed flight took place on 4 August 2022. In September 2022, an uncrewed mission of the New Shepard had an anomaly due to a failure of the BE-3PM main engine. The launch escape system triggered and the capsule landed safely. The remaining New Shepard launch vehicles were grounded pending an FAA investigation into the incident. After a six-month investigation, Blue Origin pinpointed the cause of the anomaly as a thermal-structure failure of the BE-3PM engine nozzle caused a thrust misalignment that triggered the capsule's emergency escape system to activate. Blue Origin said in its press release that New Shepard flights would resume as soon as possible.
The return to flight mission happened on 19 December 2023.
As of 2024[update], there have been 5 propulsion modules built to date. They are: NS1, NS2, NS3, NS4, NS5.
The first flight of the full-scale New Shepard vehicle was NS1,[9] also called "Tail 1"[10] and was conducted on 29 April 2015 during which an altitude of 93.5 km (58.1 mi) was attained. While the test flight itself was deemed a success, and the capsule was successfully recovered via parachute landing, the rocket crash landed and was not recovered due to a failure of hydraulic pressure in the vehicle control system during descent.[11][12] The capsule was called RSS Jules Verne.[13]
The New Shepard 2 (NS2), also called "Tail 2",[10] flight test article propulsion module made five successful flights in 2015 and 2016, being retired after its fifth flight in October 2016.
New Shepard 3 (NS3), also called "Tail 3",[10] along with capsule RSS H. G. Wells,[14] was modified for increased reusability and improved thermal protection; it included a redesigned propulsion module and the inclusion of new access panels for more rapid servicing and improved thermal protection. NS3 was the third propulsion module built. It was completed and shipped to the launch site by September 2017,[15] although parts of it had been built as early as March 2016.[9] Flight tests began in 2017 and continued into 2019.[16] The new Crew Capsule 2.0, featuring windows, was integrated to the NS3.[15] NS3 was only ever be used to fly cargo; no passengers were carried (as was originally planned for NS3).[17]
Its initial flight test occurred on 12 December 2017.[18] This was the first flight flown under the regulatory regime of a launch license granted by the FAA. Previous test flights had flown under an experimental permit, which did not allow Blue Origin to carry cargo for which it was paid for commercially. This made the flight of NS3 the first revenue flight for payloads, and it carried 12 experiments on the flight, as well as a test dummy given the moniker "Mannequin Skywalker."[19]
Since the maiden flight, "Blue Origin has been making updates to the vehicle ... intended primarily to improve operability rather than performance or reliability. Those upgrades took longer than expected" leading to a several-month gap in test flights.[16] The second test flight took place on 29 April 2018.[20] The 10th overall New Shepard flight, and the fourth NS3 flight, had originally been planned for December 2018, but was delayed due to "ground infrastructure issues." Following a diagnostics of the initial issue, Blue Origin rescheduled the launch for early 2019, after discovering "additional systems" that needed repairs as well.[21] The flight launched on 23 January 2019 and successfully flew to space with a maximum altitude of 106.9 km (66.4 mi).[22] It has been used to test SPLICE ("Safe and Precise Landing – Integrated Capabilities Evolution"), a NASA lunar landing technology demonstration, on two separate flights in October 2020 (NS-13) and August 2021 (NS-17).[23]
New Shepard 3 rocket was destroyed during the NS-23 mission once it impacted the ground on 12 September 2022 after a rocket engine anomaly led to the activation of the in-flight abort system. The capsule made a successful landing under parachutes.[24] This was the ninth flight of NS3, and the flight was not carrying any people on board.[25][26]
New Shepard 4 (NS4), also called "Tail 4",[10] which flies with capsule RSS First Step, was the fourth propulsion module to be built and the first to carry human passengers. Bezos himself was a passenger.[27] The vehicle was manufactured in 2018 and moved to the Blue Origin West Texas launch facility in December 2019.[28] The uncrewed maiden launch of NS4 occurred on 14 January 2021.[29] NS4 was successfully launched on 20 July 2021, with four passengers; Jeff Bezos was aboard this maiden crewed flight. On 13 October 2021, NS4 successfully launched and landed, carrying four passengers, including notable passenger William Shatner.[30] On 11 December 2021, Blue Origin NS-19 successfully launched into space. This was the first time New Shepard carried six passengers, the full design passenger complement.
New Shepard 5 (NS5), which flies with capsule RSS Kármán Line, is Blue Origin's second crew-rated propulsion module. Manufactured to meet growing demand for New Shepard flights, it debuted on the NS-27 uncrewed flight, which flew on 23 October 2024 following aborted launch attempts on 7 October 2024 and 13 October 2024.[31][32]
As of 2024[update], there have been 4 New Shepard capsules built to date. They are: RSS Jules Verne, RSS H. G. Wells, RSS First Step, RSS Karman Line. Crewed flights edit
As of June 2022, the company has generated more than $100M from the New Shepard space tourism program.[44] In 2024, rocket Scientist Aisha Bowe will be the first black woman to fly with Blue Origin on the New Shepard rocket.[52]
Launch No. | Date | Vehicle | Apogee | Outcome | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 19 October 2012 | 0.7 km (0.4369 mi) | Success | Pad abort test of the New Shepard crew capsule. | |
1 | 29 April 2015 | 93.5 km (58.1 mi) | Partial success | Flight to altitude 93.5 km, capsule recovered, and rocket crashed on landing. Blue Origin deemed mission successful.[53] | |
2 | 23 November 2015 | 100.535 km (62.4695 mi)[54] | Success | Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing.[55] | |
3 | 22 January 2016 |
|
101.676 km (63.1784 mi)[56] | Success | Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused rocket.[57] |
4 | 2 April 2016 |
|
103.381 km (64.2383 mi)[58] | Success | Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused rocket.[59] |
5 | 19 June 2016 |
|
101.042 km (62.7843 mi)[60] | Success | Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused rocket: the fourth launch and landing of the same rocket. Blue Origin published a live webcast of the takeoff and landing.[60] |
6 | 5 October 2016 |
|
|
Success | Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused rocket. Successful test of the in-flight abort system. The fifth and final launch and landing of the same rocket (NS2).[62] |
7 | 12 December 2017 |
|
Success | Flight to just under 100 km and landing. The first launch of NS3 and a new Crew Capsule 2.0.[64] | |
8 | 29 April 2018 |
|
107 km (66.5 mi)[65] | Success | Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused rocket.[20] |
9 | 18 July 2018 |
|
118.825 km (73.8345 mi)[14] | Success | Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused rocket, with the Crew Capsule 2.0-1 RSS H.G.Wells, carrying a mannequin. Successful test of the in-flight abort system at high altitude. Flight duration was 11 minutes.[14] |
10 | 23 January 2019 |
|
c. 106.9 km (66.4 mi)[22] | Success | Sub-orbital flight, delayed from 18 December 2018. Eight NASA research and technology payloads were flown.[66][67] |
11 | 2 May 2019 |
|
c. 105 km (65.5 mi)[68] | Success | Sub-orbital flight. Maximum Ascent Velocity: 3,568 km/h (2,217 mph),[68] duration: 10 minutes, 10 seconds. Payload: 38 microgravity research payloads (nine sponsored by NASA). |
12 | 11 December 2019 |
|
c. 104.5 km (64.9 mi)[69] | Success | Sub-orbital flight, Payload: Multiple commercial, research (8 sponsored by NASA) and educational payloads, including postcards from Club for the Future.[70][71] The sixth launch and landing of the same rocket.[69] |
13 | 13 October 2020, 13:37 |
|
c. 107.0 km (66.52 mi) | Success | 7th flight of the same capsule/rocket. Onboard 12 payloads include Space Lab Technologies, Southwest Research Institute, postcards and seeds for Club for the Future, and multiple payloads for NASA including SPLICE to test future lunar landing technologies in support of the Artemis program.[72] |
14 | 14 January 2021, 16:57[73] |
|
Success | Uncrewed qualification flight for NS4 rocket and capsule and maiden flight for NS4 | |
15 | 14 April 2021 16:51[74][75] |
|
|
Success | Second flight of NS4, first preflight human passenger process test where Blue Origin conducted an "Astronaut Rehearsal." Gary Lai, Susan Knapp, Clay Mowry, and Audrey Powers, all Blue Origin personnel, were “stand-in astronauts”. Lai and Powers briefly entered the capsule during the test.[76] |
16 | 20 July 2021 13:12[77][78] |
|
|
Success | First crewed flight of New Shepard, with four passengers:[79] – Jeff Bezos[80] – Mark Bezos – Wally Funk[36] – Oliver Daemen |
17 | 25 August 2021 14:31[81] |
|
|
Success | Payload mission consisting of 18 commercial payloads inside the crew capsule, a NASA lunar landing technology demonstration installed on the exterior of the rocket and an art installation installed on the exterior of the crew capsule.[82] |
18 | 13 October 2021 14:49[83] |
|
|
Success | Second crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of four included:[84][85] – Chris Boshuizen – Glen de Vries – William Shatner – Audrey Powers |
19 | 11 December 2021[86] |
|
|
Success | Third crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: – Lane Bess – Cameron Bess – Evan Dick – Laura Shepard Churchley – Michael Strahan – Dylan Taylor |
20 | 31 March 2022 13:57[87] |
|
|
Success | Fourth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: – Marty Allen – Sharon Hagle – Marc Hagle – Jim Kitchen – George Nield – Gary Lai |
21 | 4 June 2022 13:25[88] |
|
|
Success | Fifth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: – Evan Dick – Katya Echazarreta – Hamish Harding – Victor Correa Hespanha – Jaison Robinson – Victor Vescovo |
22 | 4 August 2022 13:56[89] |
|
|
Success | Sixth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: – Coby Cotton – Mário Ferreira – Vanessa O'Brien – Clint Kelly III – Sara Sabry – Steve Young |
23 | 12 September 2022 14:27[25] |
|
11.400 km (7.0835 mi)[25] | Failure[25] | Uncrewed research mission with 36 commercial payloads on board including two on the exterior of the rocket.[90] The spacecraft's launch escape system activated after the rocket's BE-3 main engine failed around a minute after liftoff leading to a loss of control. The capsule was safely recovered whilst the rocket was lost as it impacted on ground.[26][25] |
24 | 19 December 2023, 16:43[91] |
|
|
Success | Successful Return to Flight mission following failure of NS-23 more than a year prior. 33 payloads and 38,000 Club for the Future postcards from students around the world.[92] |
25 | 19 May 2024[93] |
|
c. 106 km[94] | Success | Seventh crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: – Kenneth Hess – Sylvain Chiron – Mason Angel – Ed Dwight – Carol Schaller – Gopi Thotakura |
26 | 29 August 2024, 13:07 |
|
Capsule 105.3 km (65.4 mi) | Success | Eighth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: – Ephraim Rabin – Nicolina Elrick – Eugene Grin – Rob Ferl – Karsen Kitchen (daughter of Jim Kitchen) – Eiman Jahangir |
27 | 23 October 2024, 15:27 UTC |
|
Capsule 101 km (63 mi) | Success | First flight of Propulsion Module NS5 and capsule RSS Kármán Line. 12 payloads and tens of thousands of Club for the Future postcards. |
New Shepard is a fully reusable, vertical takeoff, vertical landing (VTVL) space vehicle composed of two principal parts: a pressurized crew capsule and a launch rocket that Blue Origin often calls a booster or propulsion module.[12] The New Shepard is controlled entirely by on-board computers, without ground control[6] or a human pilot.[95]
The launch rocket is powered by one BE-3PM engine with thrust vector control, fueled by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.[96] Aft fins stabilize the rocket during ascent, steer it back to the landing pad during descent, and guide it effectively at speeds up to Mach 3. Ring and wedge fins near the top of the rocket provide aerodynamic stability and reduce fuel consumption during descent. Drag brakes are also deployed during descent to increase drag and reduce speed.[97] The gimbaling engine nozzle and aft fins work together to steer the rocket, both using hydraulic actuators.[98]
The New Shepard crew capsule is a pressurized crew capsule designed to carry up to six people. It supports a "full-envelope" launch escape system that can separate the capsule from the launch rocket at any point during ascent.[99] The Crew Capsule Escape Solid Rocket Motor (CCE-SRM) is sourced from Aerojet Rocketdyne.[100] The interior volume of the capsule is 15 cubic meters (530 cu ft),[101] containing 6 windows, 6 reclined seats, and handholds for ease of movement in zero-g.[97] At the center of the capsule is a cylinder housing the crew escape system.[102] After separation from the launch rocket, three parachutes deploy for a soft landing. In the event of a parachute failure, the capsule can still land safely with one of three parachutes deployed. Before touchdown, a retro-thrust system at the bottom of the capsule expels nitrogen gas to slow the landing to approximately 3.2 km/h (2 mph).[103] Additionally, a crushable ring, 14 centimeters (5.5 inches) high, compresses upon impact on the underside of the capsule and acts as a decelerator to absorb g-forces.[104]
New Shepard is launched 48 kilometres (30 mi; 26 nmi) north of Van Horn, Texas, at Launch Site One (LS1), and conducts a powered flight for about 110 seconds, up to an altitude of 40 km (25 mi; 22 nmi).
The rocket and capsule then continue coasting upwards due to their momentum, reaching an apogee just above the Kármán Line at 100 km (62 mi; 54 nmi; 330,000 ft). Near this peak altitude, the crew capsule separates from the rocket. As the rocket nears the ground, its air brakes deploy and the engines restart as onboard computers autonomously bring the rocket for a vertical landing at the landing pad, where it deploys its four landing legs.[105][106] The crew capsule descends afterward under three parachutes and a solid rocket motor. The crew capsule can also separate in case of a vehicle malfunction or other emergency using solid propellant separation boosters, then perform a parachute landing.[95][107] The total flight duration of the rocket is over 7 minutes, while the total flight time for the crew capsule is around 10 minutes.
"New Shepard offers flights to space over 100 kilometers for payloads inside our cabin or with direct exposure to the space environment. With minutes of high-quality microgravity or partial-G, access to the Kármán Line, and gentle return of payload, New Shepard is transforming access to space research."[108]
As of March 2011[update], Blue Origin had submitted the New Shepard reusable launch vehicle for use as an uncrewed rocket for NASA's suborbital reusable launch vehicle (sRLV) solicitation under NASA's Flight Opportunities Program. Blue Origin projects 100 km (62 mi) altitude in flights of approximately ten minutes duration, while carrying an 11.3 kg (25 lb) research payload.[109] By March 2016, Blue Origin noted that they are "due to start flying unaccompanied scientific payloads later [in 2016]."[95] On 29 April 2018, during its eighth flight New Shepard carried the Schmitt Space Communicator SC-1x, a three-pound device developed by Solstar that launched the first commercial wi-fi hotspot service in space and sent the first commercial Twitter message from space.[110][111] NASA provided a part of the $2 million project's funding as a part of its Flight Opportunities program.[112][113]
On 12 September 2022,18 NASA payloads were flying on NS-23[90] when an in-flight failure of the rocket's main engine caused an emergency ejection of the payload capsule. The payload capsule landed safely and was recovered whilst the rocket was lost.[25]
Blue Origin received US$3.7 million in Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) phase 1 to advance several development objectives of its innovative "pusher" Launch Abort System (LAS) and composite pressure vessel.[114]
In February 2011, with the end of the second ground test nearly complete, the company completed all work envisioned under the phase 1 contract for the pusher escape system. They also "completed work on the other aspect of its award, risk reduction work on a composite pressure vessel" for the vehicle.[115]
Our first objective is developing New Shepard, a vertical take-off, vertical-landing vehicle designed to take a small number of astronauts on a sub-orbital journey into space. On the morning of 13 November 2006, we launched and landed Goddard – a first development vehicle in the New Shepard program.
We've recently completed acceptance testing, meaning we've accepted the engine for suborbital flight on our New Shepard vehicle, [the end of a] very, very long development program [of] 450 test firings of the engine and a cumulative run time of more than 500 minutes. The completion of those tests sets the stage for Blue Origin to begin test flights of the vehicle later this year at its facility in West Texas [where they] expect a series of flight tests with this vehicle ... flying in autonomous mode... We expect a series of dozens of flights over the extent of the test program [taking] a couple of years to complete.
After a nearly month-long bidding process the top bid had stood at just under $5m – but once Saturday's online auction got under way that figure rose more than five times. "The winning bid amount will be donated to Blue Origin's foundation, @ClubforFuture," Blue Origin tweeted....
The fully automated rocket and space capsule will carry six passengers, including Bezos, his brother – and now the son of Joes Daemen, founder and CEO of Somerset Capital Partners
Company executives said in July that they expected to perform two more crewed flights this year, of which this one was the first. The second, projected for December, may be the first to carry six people, the full crew complement of New Shepard.
The system consists of a pressurized capsule atop a booster. The combined vehicles launch vertically, accelerating for approximately two and a half minutes, before the engine cuts off. The capsule then separates from the booster to coast quietly into space. After a few minutes of free fall, the booster performs an autonomously controlled rocket-powered vertical landing, while the capsule lands softly under parachutes, both ready to be used again. Reusability allows us to fly the system again and again. ... The New Shepard capsule's interior is ... 530 cubic feet – offering over 10 times the room Alan Shepard had on his Mercury flight. It seats six astronauts. Three independent parachutes [on the capsule] provide redundancy, while a retro-thrust system further cushions [the] landing. ... Full-envelope escape [system] is built around a solid rocket motor that provides 70,000 lb. of thrust in a two-second burn.
New Shepard: Type: VTVL/Unpiloted