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Ngaju language 
Summary
Ngaju (also Ngaju Dayak or Dayak Ngaju) is an Austronesian language spoken along the Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya Rivers in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is closely related to the Bakumpai language. There are three dialects—Pulopetak, Ba'amang, and Mantangai.[2]
| Ngaju | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Kalimantan |
| Ethnicity | Ngaju |
Native speakers | 890,000 (2003)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nij |
| Glottolog | ngaj1237 |
Phonology edit
Consonants edit
Ngaju has the following consonants.
| Biabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | c | ɟ | k | g | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||||||
| Approximant (Lateral) |
j | w | ||||||||
| l | ||||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
Vowels edit
Ngaju has the following vowels. All vowels except ə can be long.[3]
| Front | Central | Back rounded | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
Orthography edit
Vowels and diphthongs edit
- a – [a]
- e – [e/ə]
- i – [i]
- o – [o]
- u – [u]
- ai – [aj]
- au – [aw]
- ei – [ej]
Consonants edit
- b – [b]
- c – [c]
- d – [d]
- g – [g]
- h – [h]
- j – [ɟ]
- k – [k/ʔ]
- l – [l]
- m – [m]
- n – [n]
- ng – [ŋ]
- ny – [ɲ]
- p – [p]
- r – [r]
- s – [s]
- t – [t]
- w – [w]
- y – [j][4]
Vocabulary edit
Vocabulary comparison between Bakumpai, Ngaju, Indonesian and English languages.
| Bakumpai | Ngaju | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jida | Dia | Tidak | No |
| Beken | Beken | Bukan | Not |
| Pai | Pai | Kaki | Foot/Leg |
| Kueh | Kueh | Mana | Which/Where |
| Si-kueh | Bara-kueh | Dari mana | Where from |
| Hituh | Hetuh | Sini | Here |
| Si-hituh | Intu-hetuh | Di sini | Here |
| Bara | Bara | Dari | From |
| Kejaw | Kejaw | Jauh | Far |
| Tukep/Parak | Tukep | Dekat | Near |
| Kuman | Kuman | Makan | Eat |
| Mihup | Mihop | Minum | Drink |
| Lebu | Lewu | Kampung | Village |
| Batatapas | Bapukan | Mencuci pakaian | To wash clothes |
Notes edit
- ^ Ngaju at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ a b c Mihing & Stokhof (1977)
- ^ "Ngaju language". Omniglot. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
References edit
- Ashn E. Johannes (1971). An Introduction to Dayak Ngaju Morphology (MA thesis). Malang.
- Mihing, T. W. J.; Stokhof, W. A. L. (1977). "On the Ngaju Dayak sound system (Pulau Petak dialect)" (PDF). In Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo (ed.). Miscellaneous Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, Part III. NUSA 4. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 49–59.
Ngaju language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator