Summary
Nisa (Ancient Greek: Νῖσος, Νίσα, Νίσαιον;[1][2] Turkmen: Nusaý; also Parthaunisa) was an ancient settlement of the Parthians, located near the Bagyr neighborhood of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 18 km west of the city center. Nisa is described by some as the first seat of the Arsacid Empire. It is traditionally assumed to have been founded by Arsaces I (reigned c. 250 BC–211 BC) and was reputedly the royal residence of the Parthian kings, although it has not been established that the fortress at Nisa was either a royal residence or a mausoleum.
 Entrance to Nisa | |
  Shown within West and Central Asia  Nisa, Turkmenistan (Turkmenistan) | |
| Alternative name | Parthaunisa Mithradatkirt Nusaý |
|---|---|
| Location | Ashgabat, Turkmenistan |
| Coordinates | 37°58′0″N 58°11′42″E / 37.96667°N 58.19500°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Abandoned | 100 B.C. |
| Periods | Parthian Empire |
| Cultures | Parthian |
| Associated with | Arsaces I, Mithridates I |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruined |
| Official name | Parthian Fortresses of Nisa |
| Criteria | Cultural: (ii), (iii) |
| Reference | 1242 |
| Inscription | 2007 (31st Session) |
| Area | 77.9 ha (0.301 sq mi) |
| Buffer zone | 400.3 ha (1.546 sq mi) |
In 2007, the fortress was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[3]
History
editNisa was a major trading hub in the Parthian Empire.[4] It was later renamed Mithradātkert (Parthian: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭃𐭕𐭊𐭓𐭕, lit. 'fortress of Mithradates') by Mithridates I of Parthia (reigned c. 171 BC–138 BC). The region was famous for the beauty, agility and strength of its horses.[5]
Nisa was totally destroyed by an earthquake during the 1st decade BC.
Excavations
editExcavations at Nisa have revealed substantial buildings, mausoleums and shrines, many inscribed documents, and a looted treasury. Many Hellenistic art works have been uncovered, as well as a large number of ivory rhytons, and rims (coins) decorated with Iranian subjects or classical mythological scenes.
Gallery
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Views of Nisa wall -
View of Nisa gate -
Oblique view of Nisa ruins -
View of Nisa ruins
See also
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References
editBibliography
editSorted by year then author (see Italian Archaeological Mission in Old Nisa): Bibliography. Publications of Centro Scavi di Torino and contributions of the members of the Italian Expeditions to Nisa. Retrieved: 30 August 2009.</ref>
- MASSON M.E., PUGACHENKOVA G.A., The Parthians rhytons of Nisa, Monografie di Mesopotamia (Introduction by A. Invernizzi), Firenze, Le Lettere. 1982
- Invernizzi A., KOSHELENKO G.A., «Soviet-Italian Excavations in Old Nisa (Season 1990) », Mesopotamia, XXV, pp. 47–50. 1990
- GABUTTI A., «The Italian Excavation in Old Nisa: the Northern Corner of the Round Hall Complex», Mesopotamia XXXI, pp. 161–177, 1996
- Invernizzi A., «Archaeological research in Old Nisa 1990–1994», in La Persia e l’Asia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo, Atti dei Convegni Lincei, 127, Roma, pp. 237–249. 1996
- Invernizzi A., «New Archaeological Research in Old Nisa, 1990–1991», in The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Persia. New Light on the Parthian and Sasanian Empire, ed. V. Sarkhosh Curtis, R. Hillenbrand, J.M. Rogers, London-New York, 8–13. 1998
- Invernizzi A., «Old Nisa and the Art of the Steppes», Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 10, 33–38. 1998
- Invernizzi A., «Parthian Nisa. New Lines of Research», in J. Wiesehöfer (ed.), Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse, Beiträge des internationalen Colloquiums – Eutin, 1996, (Historia Einzelschriften, 122), Stuttgart, 45–59. 1998
- Invernizzi A., «The Square House at Old Nisa», Parthica 2, pp. 13–53. 2000
- Invernizzi A., «Arsacid Dynastic Art», Parthica 3, pp. 133–157. 2001
- Invernizzi A., «Arsacid Palaces», in The Royal Palace Institution in the 1st Millennium BC (Ed. I. Nielsen), Athens, pp. 295–312. 2001
- LIPPOLIS C., book review of V.N. PILIPKO, Staraja Nisa. Zdanie s Kvadratnym Zalom, Moskva, 1996, su Parthica, 3, 2001, 2001
pp. 221–234. 2001 - KOSHELENKO G, LAPCHIN A., «Ricerche nel complesso del Tempio Rotondo a Nisa Vecchia», Parthica 4, pp. 9–45. 2002
- LIPPOLIS C., «Novije Issledovanija Staroj Nisji», Kulturnye Ziennosti 2000–2001, Ashkhabad. 2003
- LIPPOLIS C., «Nisa-Mithradatkert: the building to the north of the Round Hall. Preliminary Report of the 2000–2001 excavations campaign», Central Asia Cultural Values, vol. I, n. 2, June 2003, p. 1–17. 2003
- LIPPOLIS C., book review of PILIPKO V.N., Staraja Nisa – Osnovnye itogi arheologicheskogo izuchenija v sovetskij period, su Parthica 5, 2003, p. 3–13. 2003
- Invernizzi A., «The culture of Nisa, between steppe and empire», After Alexander-Central Asia before Islam. Themes in the history and archaeology of Western Central Asia, British Academy Conference, 23–25 June 2004.
- Invernizzi A., «Thoughts on Parthian Nisa», in Parthica 6, pp. 133–143. 2004
- Invernizzi A., «Representations of Gods in Parthian Nisa», Parthica 7 (2005), pp. 71–80. 2005
- Daryaee, Touraj (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7.
External links
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- Annotated Parthia Bibliography
- Archaeological Missions in Nisa
- Nissa Fortress[usurped], Ayan Tourism & Travel Company
- Historical site Nisa, State Committee of Turkmenistan for Tourism and Sport
- Location of Ancient Nisa on OpenStreetMap
- Recent conservation work on murals from the city (in Russian)