North Dakota's at-large congressional district

Summary

North Dakota's at-large congressional district is the sole congressional district for the state of North Dakota. Based on size, it is the eighth largest congressional district in the nation.

North Dakota's at-large congressional district
Representative
  Kelly Armstrong
RBismarck
Area68,976 sq mi (178,650 km2)
Distribution
  • 55.8% urban
  • 44.2% rural
Population (2022)779,261[1]
Median household
income
$71,970[2]
Ethnicity
Cook PVIR+20[3]

The district is currently represented by Kelly Armstrong.

History edit

The district was first created when North Dakota achieved statehood on November 2, 1889, electing a single member. Following the 1900 United States census the state was allocated two seats, both of whom were elected from an at large district. Following the 1910 United States census a third seat was gained, with the legislature drawing three separate districts. The third district was eliminated after the 1930 United States census. After the third seat was lost, North Dakota returned to electing two members at-large (statewide).

Following the 1960 United States census two separate districts were created. In 1970, the second district was eliminated following the 1970 United States census and a single at-large district was created. Since 1972, North Dakota has retained a single congressional district.

List of members representing the district edit

1889–1913: one seat, then two edit

From 1889 to 1903, there was one seat, elected at-large statewide. In 1903 a second at-large seat was added, lasting until 1913.

Dates Cong
ress
Member at-large   Member at-large
Member Party Electoral history Member Party Electoral history
March 4, 1889 –
November 1, 1889
51st First member seated on November 2, 1889 Second seat added in 1903
November 2, 1889 –
March 3, 1891
 
Henry C. Hansbrough
(Devils Lake)
Republican Elected in 1889.
Lost renomination.
March 4, 1891 –
March 3, 1899
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
 
Martin N. Johnson
(Petersburg)
Republican Elected in 1890.
Re-elected in 1892.
Re-elected in 1894.
Re-elected in 1896.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
March 4, 1899 –
March 3, 1901
56th  
Burleigh F. Spalding
(Fargo)
Republican Elected in 1898.
Retired.
March 4, 1901 –
March 3, 1903
57th  
Thomas F. Marshall
(Oakes)
Republican Elected in 1900.
Re-elected in 1902.
Re-elected in 1904.
Re-elected in 1906.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
March 4, 1903 –
March 3, 1905
58th  
Burleigh F. Spalding
(Fargo)
Republican Elected in 1902.
Lost renomination.
March 4, 1905 –
March 3, 1909
59th
60th
 
Asle Gronna
(Lakota)
Republican Elected in 1904.
Re-elected in 1906.
Re-elected in 1908.
Resigned after elected U.S. Senator.
March 4, 1909 –
February 11, 1911
61st  
Louis B. Hanna
(Fargo)
Republican Elected in 1908.
Re-elected in 1910.
Resigned when elected Governor of North Dakota.
February 11, 1911 –
March 3, 1911
Vacant
March 4, 1911 –
January 7, 1913
62nd  
Henry T. Helgesen
(Milton)
Republican Elected in 1910.
Redistricted to the 1st district.
January 7, 1913 –
March 3, 1913
Vacant

1913–1933: districts only edit

After the 1910 census, three seats were apportioned among districts: the 1st district, 2nd district, and 3rd district.

1933–1963: two seats edit

In 1933, following the 1930 census, the delegation was reduced to two seats and the districts were eliminated in favor of a pair of at-large districts, lasting until 1963.

Dates Cong
ress
Member at-large   Member at-large
Member Party Electoral history Member Party Electoral history
March 4, 1933 –
January 3, 1935
73rd  
James H. Sinclair
(Kenmare)
Republican Redistricted from the 3rd district and re-elected in 1932.
Lost renomination.
 
William Lemke
(Fargo)
Republican-NPL Elected in 1932.
Re-elected in 1934.
Re-elected in 1936.
Re-elected in 1938.
Re-elected in 1940.
Re-elected in 1942.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
January 3, 1935 –
January 3, 1941
74th
75th
76th
 
Usher L. Burdick
(Williston)
Republican-NPL Elected in 1934.
Re-elected in 1936.
Re-elected in 1938.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
January 3, 1941 –
January 3, 1943
77th Charles R. Robertson
(Bismark)
Republican Elected in 1940.
Lost renomination.
January 3, 1943 –
January 3, 1945
78th  
William Lemke

(Fargo)
Republican-NPL Elected in 1942.
Re-elected in 1944.
Re-elected in 1946.
Re-elected in 1948.
Died.
January 3, 1945 –
January 3, 1949
79th
80th
Charles R. Robertson
(Bismark)
Republican Elected in 1944.
Re-elected in 1946.
Lost renomination.
January 3, 1949 –
May 30, 1950
81st  
Usher L. Burdick
(Williston)
Republican-NPL Elected in 1948.
Re-elected in 1950.
Re-elected in 1952.
Re-elected in 1954.
Re-elected in 1956.
Retired.
May 31, 1950 –
January 3, 1951
Vacant
January 3, 1951 –
January 3, 1953
82nd Fred G. Aandahl
(Litchville)
Republican Elected in 1950.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
January 3, 1953 –
January 3, 1959
83rd
84th
85th
 
Otto Krueger
(Fessenden)
Republican Elected in 1952.
Re-elected in 1954.
Re-elected in 1956.
Retired.
January 3, 1959 –
August 8, 1960
86th  
Quentin Burdick
(Fargo)
Democratic–NPL Elected in 1958.
Resigned when elected U.S. Senator.
 
Don L. Short
(Medora)
Republican Elected in 1958.
Re-elected in 1960.
Redistricted to the 2nd district.
August 9, 1960 –
January 3, 1961
Vacant
January 3, 1961 –
January 3, 1963
87th  
Hjalmar Nygaard
(Enderlin)
Republican Elected in 1960.
Redistricted to the 1st district.

1963–1973: districts again edit

In 1963, following the 1960 census, the delegation was again split between geographic districts, the 1st district and 2nd district.

1973–present: one seat edit

In 1973, following the 1970 census, the delegation was reduced to one seat, represented statewide by an at-large district.

Member Party Years Cong
ress
Electoral history
 
Mark Andrews
(Mapleton)
Republican January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1981
93rd
94th
95th
96th
Redistricted from the 1st district and re-elected in 1972.
Re-elected in 1974.
Re-elected in 1976.
Re-elected in 1978.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 
Byron Dorgan
(Bismark)
Democratic–NPL January 3, 1981 –
December 14, 1992
97th
98th
99th
100th
101st
102nd
Elected in 1980.
Re-elected in 1982.
Re-elected in 1984.
Re-elected in 1986.
Re-elected in 1988.
Re-elected in 1990.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator, and resigned when appointed.
Vacant December 15, 1992 –
January 3, 1993
102nd
 
Earl Pomeroy
(Valley City)
Democratic–NPL January 3, 1993 –
January 3, 2011
103rd
104th
105th
106th
107th
108th
109th
110th
111th
Elected in 1992.
Re-elected in 1994.
Re-elected in 1996.
Re-elected in 1998.
Re-elected in 2000.
Re-elected in 2002.
Re-elected in 2004.
Re-elected in 2006.
Re-elected in 2008.
Lost re-election.
 
Rick Berg
(Fargo)
Republican January 3, 2011 –
January 3, 2013
112th Elected in 2010.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 
Kevin Cramer
(Bismark)
Republican January 3, 2013 –
January 3, 2019
113th
114th
115th
Elected in 2012.
Re-elected in 2014.
Re-elected in 2016.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 
Kelly Armstrong
(Dickinson)
Republican January 3, 2019 –
present
116th
117th
118th
Elected in 2018.
Re-elected in 2020.
Re-elected in 2022.
Retiring at end of term to run for governor of North Dakota.

Recent statewide results edit

Year Results Party
2000 George W. Bush 61% – Al Gore 33% Republican
2004 George W. Bush 63% – John Kerry 36% Republican
2008 John McCain 53% – Barack Obama 45% Republican
2012 Mitt Romney 59% – Barack Obama 39% Republican
2016 Donald Trump 64% – Hillary Clinton 28% Republican
2020 Donald Trump 66% – Joe Biden 32% Republican

Electoral history edit

Year (& Congress) Candidate Party Votes %
October 1, 1889
(51st Congress)
 Y Henry C. Hansbrough Republican 26,077 68.4%
D. W. Maratta Democratic 12,066 31.6%
1890
(52nd Congress)
 Y Martin N. Johnson Republican 21,365 59.0%
John D. Benton Democratic 14,830 41.0%
1892
(53rd Congress)
 Y Martin N. Johnson Republican 17,695 48.9%
James F. O'Brien Democratic 11,021 30.5%
Hans A. Foss Independent 7,434 20.6%
1894
(54th Congress)
 Y Martin N. Johnson Republican 21,615 55.4%
Walter Muir Populist 15,660 40.2%
Budd Reeve Independent 1,283 3.3%
Lathrop S. Ellis Prohibition 439 1.1%
1896
(55th Congress)
 Y Martin N. Johnson Republican 25,233 54.0%
John Burke Fusion 21,172 45.3%
A. V. Garver Prohibition 349 0.7%
1898
(56th Congress)
 Y Burleigh F. Spalding Republican 27,766 60.9%
H. M. Creel Fusion 17,844 39.1%
1900
(57th Congress)
 Y Thomas F. Marshall Republican 34,887 61.0%
M. A. Hildreth Democratic 21,175 37.0%
Charles H. Mott Prohibition 585 1.0%
J. C. Charest Social Democratic 412 0.7%
Martin S. Blair Populist 122 0.2%
1902
(58th Congress)
 Y Thomas F. Marshall Republican 32,986 67.6%
 Y Burleigh F. Spalding Republican 32,854
Lars A. Ueland Democratic 14,765 29.9%
Verner E. Lovell Democratic 14,392
Royal F. King Socialist 1,195 2.5%
1904
(59th Congress)
 Y Thomas F. Marshall Republican 49,111 72.7%
 Y Asle J. Gronna Republican 47,648
N. P. Rasmussen Democratic 15,622 23.3%
A. G. Burr Democratic 15,398
L. F. Dow Socialist 1,734 2.6%
E. D. Herring Socialist 1,697
B. H. Tibbets Prohibition 971 1.5%
N. A. Colby Prohibition 967%
1906
(60th Congress)
 Y Thomas F. Marshall Republican 38,923 62.9%
 Y Asle J. Gronna Republican 36,772
A. G. Burr Democratic 21,350 35.2%
John D. Benton Democratic 21,050
Kittel Halvorson Socialist 1,151 1.9%
W. J. Bailey Socialist 1,129
1908
(61st Congress)
 Y Asle J. Gronna Republican 57,357 65.7%
 Y Louis B. Hanna Republican 55,610
Tobias D. Casey Democratic 29,426 33.7%
O. G. Major Democratic 28,448
Francis Cooper Independent 591 0.3%
E. D. Herring Independent 533 0.3%
1910
(62nd Congress)
 Y Louis B. Hanna Republican 51,556 63.9%
 Y Henry T. Helgesen Republican 50,600
Tobias D. Casey Democratic 25,880 32.0%
M. A. Hildreth Democratic 25,322
Arthur Hagendorf Socialist 3,225 4.0%
N. H. Bjornstad Socialist 3,179
1912–1930 Districts used
Year (& Congress) Candidate Party Votes %
1932
(73rd Congress)
 Y James H. Sinclair Republican 144,339 65.7%
 Y William Lemke Republican–NPL 135,339
William D. Lynch Democratic 72,659 33.9%
R. B. Murphy Democratic 71,695
Pat J. Barrett Independent 690 0.3%
Ella Reeve Bloor Independent 678%
1934
(74th Congress)
 Y William Lemke Republican–NPL 144,605 49.9%
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 114,841
William D. Lynch Democratic 85,771 31.8%
G. F. Lamb Democratic 79,338
James H. Sinclair Progressive Republican 46,304 17.8%
Jasper Haaland Communist 1,299 0.5%
Effie Kjorstad Communist 1,090
1936
(75th Congress)
 Y William Lemke Republican–NPL 131,117 54.1%
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 115,913
Henry Holt Democratic 100,609 41.7%
J. J. Nygaard Democratic 89,722
I. J. Moe Independent 3,310 1.4%
P. H. Miller Independent 3,273 1.4%
E. A. Johannson Independent 2,697 1.2%
Jasper Haaland Communist 540 0.2%
W. D. Webster Communist 461
1938
(76th Congress)
 Y William Lemke Republican–NPL 153,106 72.3%
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 149,047
Howard I. Henry Democratic 55,125 23.9%
Alfred S. Dale Democratic 44,691
J. B. Field Independent 8,109 3.9%
1940
(77th Congress)
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 148,227 60.3%
 Y Charles R. Robertson Republican 111,125
R. J. Downey Democratic 63,662 29.4%
Adolph Michelson Democratic 63,027
Thomas Hall Independent 23,399 10.3%
John Omland Independent 20,845
1942
(78th Congress)
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 85,936 46.3%
 Y William Lemke Republican–NPL 65,905
Charles R. Robertson Independent 48,472 29.5%
Halvor L. Halvorson Democratic 47,972 24.2%
E. A. Johansson Democratic 31,547
1944
(79th Congress)
 Y William Lemke Republican–NPL 101,007 50.7%
 Y Charles R. Robertson Republican 91,425
Halvor L. Halvorson Democratic 56,699 26.9%
J. R. Kennedy Democratic 45,308
Usher L. Burdick Independent R 39,888 21.0%
George McClellan Independent R 3,135 1.4%
A. C. Townley Independent R 2,307
1946
(80th Congress)
 Y William Lemke Republican–NPL 103,205 74.3%
 Y Charles R. Robertson Republican 102,087
James M. Hanley Democratic 41,189 25.7%
Edwin Cooper Democratic 29,865
1948
(81st Congress)
 Y William Lemke Republican–NPL 132,343 69.0%
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 128,454
Alfred Dale Democratic 56,702 30.0%
John M. Weiler Progressive 1,758 0.9%
1950
(82nd Congress)
 Y Fred G. Aandahl Republican 119,047 70.7%
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 110,534
Ervin Schumacher Democratic 62,322 29.3%
E. A. Johansson Democratic 32,946
1952
(83rd Congress)
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 181,218 77.2%
 Y Otto Krueger Republican 156,829
Edward Nesemeier Democratic 49,829 22.8%
Scattered votes 49 0.0%
1954
(84th Congress)
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 124,845 67.1%
 Y Otto Krueger Republican 106,341
P. W. Lanier Democratic 64,089 32.9%
Raymond G. Vendsel Democratic 49,183
1956
(85th Congress)
 Y Usher L. Burdick Republican–NPL 143,514 62.3%
 Y Otto Krueger Republican 136,003
Agnes Geelan Democratic–NPL 85,743 37.7%
S. B. Hocking Democratic–NPL 83,284
1958
(86th Congress)
 Y Quentin Burdick Democratic–NPL 99,562 48.4%
 Y Don L. Short Republican 97,862 51.6%
Orris G. Nordhougen Republican 92,124
S. B. Hocking Democratic–NPL 78,889
1960
(87th Congress)
 Y Don L. Short Republican 135,579 53.3%
 Y Hjalmar C. Nygaard Republican 127,118
Raymond Vendsel Democratic–NPL 120,773 46.7%
Anson J. Anderson Democratic–NPL 109,207
1962–1970 Districts used
Year (& Congress) Candidate Party Votes %
1972
(93rd Congress)
 Y Mark Andrews Republican 195,360 72.7%
Richard Ista Democratic–NPL 72,850 27.1%
Kenneth C. Gardener Sr. Independent 511 0.2%
1974
(94th Congress)
 Y Mark Andrews Republican 130,184 55.7%
Byron Dorgan Democratic–NPL 103,504 44.3%
1976
(95th Congress)
 Y Mark Andrews Republican 181,018 62.4%
Lloyd B. Omdahl Democratic–NPL 104,263 36.0%
Russell Kleppe American 4,600 1.6%
1978
(96th Congress)
 Y Mark Andrews Republican 147,712 67.0%
Bruce F. Hagen Democratic–NPL 68,016 30.9%
Harley J. McLain Independent 3,197 1.5%
Don J. Klingensmith Prohibition 1,389 0.6%
1980
(97th Congress)
 Y Byron Dorgan Democratic–NPL 166,437 56.8%
Jim Smykowski Republican 124,707 42.6%
John Lengenfelder Independent[4] 1,004 0.3%
Torfin A. Teigen Independent 928 0.3%
1982
(98th Congress)
 Y Byron Dorgan Democratic–NPL 186,534 71.6%
Kent Jones Republican 72,241 27.7%
Don J. Klingensmith Prohibition 1,724 0.7%
1984
(99th Congress)
 Y Byron Dorgan Democratic–NPL 242,968 78.7%
Lois Ivers Altenburg Republican 65,761 21.3%
1986
(100th Congress)
 Y Byron Dorgan Democratic–NPL 216,258 75.5%
Syver Vinje Republican 66,989 23.4%
Gerald W. Kopp Independent 3,114 1.1%
1988
(101st Congress)
 Y Byron Dorgan Democratic–NPL 212,583 70.9%
Steve Sydness Republican 84,475 28.2%
Kris Brekke Libertarian 2,924 1.0%
1990
(102nd Congress)
 Y Byron Dorgan Democratic–NPL 152,530 65.2%
Ed Schafer Republican 81,443 34.8%
Other 6 0.0%
1992
(103rd Congress)
 Y Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 169,273 56.8%
John T. Korsmo Republican 117,442 39.4%
Other 11,183 3.8%
1994
(104th Congress)
 Y Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 123,134 52.3%
Gary Porter Republican 105,988 45.0%
James Germalic Independent 6,267 2.7%
1996
(105th Congress)
 Y Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 144,833 55.1%
Kevin Cramer Republican 113,684 43.2%
Kenneth R. Loughead Independent 4,493 1.7%
1998
(106th Congress)
 Y Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 119,668 56.2%
Kevin Cramer Republican 87,511 41.1%
Kenneth R. Loughead Independent 5,709 2.7%
2000
(107th Congress)
 Y Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 151,173 52.9%
John Dorso Republican 127,251 44.5%
Jan Shelver Independent 4,731 1.7%
Kenneth R. Loughead Independent 2,481 0.9%
Write-in 22 0.0%
2002
(108th Congress)
 Y Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 121,073 52.4%
Rick Clayburgh Republican 109,957 47.6%
2004
(109th Congress)
 Y Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 185,130 59.6%
Duane Sand Republican 125,684 40.4%
2006
(110th Congress)
 Y Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 142,934 65.7%
Matt Mechtel Republican 74,687 34.3%
2008
(111th Congress)
 Y Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 194,175 62.1%
Duane Sand Republican 118,519 37.9%
2010
(112th Congress)
 Y Rick Berg Republican 129,802 54.7%
Earl Pomeroy Democratic–NPL 106,542 44.9%
Write-in 793 0.4%
2012
(113th Congress)
 Y Kevin Cramer Republican 172,905 55.0%
Pam Gulleson Democratic–NPL 131,396 41.8%
Eric Olson Libertarian 10,125 3.2%
2014
(114th Congress)
 Y Kevin Cramer Republican 138,100 55.5%
George B. Sinner Democratic–NPL 95,678 38.5%
Robert J. "Jack" Seaman Libertarian 14,531 5.8%
2016
(115th Congress)
 Y Kevin Cramer Republican 233,980 69.1%
Chase Iron Eyes Democratic–NPL 80,377 23.8%
Robert J. "Jack" Seaman Libertarian 23,528 7%
2018
(116th Congress)
 Y Kelly Armstrong Republican 193,568 60.2%
Mac Schneider Democratic–NPL 114,377 35.6%
Charles Tuttle Independent 13,066 4.1%
Write-in 521 0.16%
2020
(117th Congress)
 Y Kelly Armstrong Republican 245,229 68.96%
Zach Raknerud Democratic–NPL 97,970 27.55%
Steven Peterson Libertarian 12,024 3.38%
Write-in 375 0.11%
2022
(118th Congress)
 Y Kelly Armstrong Republican 148,399 62.20%
Cara Mund Independent 89,644 37.76%
Write-in 543 0.23%
Year (& Congress) Candidate Party Votes %

2006 edit

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2006
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic–NPL Earl Pomeroy (Incumbent) 142,934 65.68% +6.11%
Republican Matt Mechtel 74,687 34.32% −6.11%
Democratic–NPL hold Swing
Turnout 217,621

2008 edit

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2008
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic–NPL Earl Pomeroy (Incumbent) 194,577 61.97% -3.71%
Republican Duane Sand 119,388 38.03% +3.71%
Democratic–NPL hold Swing
Turnout 313,965

2010 edit

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2010
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Rick Berg 129,802 54.74% +16.71%
Democratic–NPL Earl Pomeroy (Incumbent) 106,542 44.93% −17.04%
Independent Write-In Votes 793 0.33%
Republican gain from Democratic–NPL Swing
Turnout 237,137

2012 edit

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2012
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Kevin Cramer 173,585 54.89% +0.15%
Democratic–NPL Pam Gulleson 131,870 41.70% −3.23%
Libertarian Eric Olson 10,261 3.24% +3.24%
Independent Write-In Votes 508 0.16%
Republican hold Swing
Turnout 316,224

2014 edit

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2014
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Kevin Cramer (Incumbent) 138,100 55.54% +0.65%
Democratic–NPL George B. Sinner 95,678 38.48% −3.22%
Libertarian Robert J. "Jack" Seaman 14,531 5.84% +2.6%
Independent Write-In Votes 361 0.15%
Republican hold Swing
Turnout 248,670

2016 edit

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2016
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Kevin Cramer (Incumbent) 233,980 69.13% +13.59%
Democratic–NPL Chase Iron Eyes 80,377 23.75% −14.73%
Libertarian Robert J. "Jack" Seaman 23,528 6.95% +1.11%
Independent Write-In Votes 574 0.17%
Republican hold Swing
Turnout 338,459

2018 edit

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2018[5]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Kelly Armstrong 193,568 60.20% -8.93%
Democratic–NPL Mac Schneider 114,377 35.57% +11.82%
Independent Charles Tuttle 13,066 4.06%
n/a Write-ins 521 0.16%
Total votes 321,532 100.00%
Republican hold

2020 edit

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2020
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Kelly Armstrong (incumbent) 245,229 68.96% +8.76%
Democratic–NPL Zach Raknerud 97,970 27.55% -8.02%
Libertarian Steven Peterson 12,024 3.38% New
n/a Write-ins 375 0.11% -0.15%
Total votes 355,595 100.0%
Republican hold

2022 edit

North Dakota's at-large congressional district election, 2022
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Kelly Armstrong (incumbent) 148,399 62.20% –6.76
Independent Cara Mund 89,644 37.57% N/A
Write-in 543 0.23% +0.12
Total votes 238,586 100.00%
Republican hold

References edit

  1. ^ "My Congressional District".
  2. ^ "My Congressional District".
  3. ^ "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". The Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  4. ^ John Lengenfelder described himself as "Academic Christian Freedom, Prolife-Family" when filing for election.
  5. ^ Johnson, Cheryl L. (February 28, 2019). "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 2018". Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
  • Election statistics compiled by the Clerk to the House of Representatives; Michael J. Dubin, "United States Congressional Elections 1788-1997" (McFarland, 1998).
  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present