Summary
ORMO (Polish: Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej),[1] or the Volunteer Reserve of the Citizens' Militia, was a paramilitary organization and voluntary support brigade of the communist police force, the Citizen's Militia (MO). ORMO was founded in the Polish People's Republic in 1946, and disbanded in 1989 by the Sejm after the collapse of the communist bloc in Central and Eastern Europe.[2]
| Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej (Volunteer Reserve of the Citizens' Militia) | |
|---|---|
 ORMO voluntary police unit during street parade at the Victory Square, 9 June 1946, Warsaw | |
| Active | 1946–1989 |
| Country | Polish People's Republic |
| Allegiance | Citizens' Militia (MO) |
| Branch | ZOMO |
| Type | Paramilitary police reserve |
| Role | Political coercion |
| Size | Max. 450,000 members |
| Nickname(s) | ORMO |
In its heyday, ORMO had approximately 400,000–450,000 people in its reserves (at one time numbered as many as 600,000 civilian volunteers),[3] recruited mostly from among the members of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), farmers, workers and also a large share of members of United People's Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD) and other non-party opportunists ready for street action. ORMO was often involved in staging and performing unlawful arrests and street beatings of peaceful protesters (including women and journalists),[4][5][6] such as during the public demonstrations organized by Solidarity aimed at removing the communist government of Poland.[5][7]
Early history edit
The Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej, ORMO, was created on 21 February 1946,[8] by the State National Council under the auspices of the Communist Polish Workers' Party (PPR).[9] It was placed under the control of the Ministry of Public Security led by Stanisław Radkiewicz. The main, initial purpose of ORMO was to provide urgently needed reinforcements to the regular Army, Internal Security Corps and MO special forces, during operations against the Polish anti-communist insurgency.[8] The new units were considerably small, made up of 30–300 men armed with rifles and submachine guns.[9]
ORMO played a major role in the rigging of the first ever vote in postwar Poland, known as the "3 times yes" referendum. The ORMO men, armed with guns,[10] guarded entrances to all polling stations and expelled official observers, as ordered.[9] They did it again a year later, during the Polish legislative elections of 1947, when they drove opposition candidates out of towns by using intimidation and violence. In total, almost 100,000 functionaries across the country were deployed in order to secure the communist landslide victory in that year.[9]
After 1947, the activities of ORMO became more general, shifting from specific political persecution of the regime's opponents, to the public at large. ORMO infiltrated factories and conducted round-ups among shop owners. They confiscated grain and meat from independent farmers, and took part in arresting them as the "enemies of the state", along with regular police. ORMO informants were placed everywhere within the nationalized industry.[9]
Post-Stalinist period edit
With time, as the political situation in Poland stabilized, postwar submachine guns were replaced with concealed weapons. ORMO men did not receive monthly salaries, but were showered with regular monetary bonuses and state privileges. They were given new apartments, vouchers for cars, exclusive vacations and access to police health clinics, as well as better job placements. They were thoroughly indoctrinated and feared by the general population.[5]
The next widely known operation by the ORMO took place during the March 1968 events, simultaneously in several major cities across Poland. On 8 March – while the regular MO watched students protests passively (partly out of respect for the autonomy of Warsaw University) – ORMO "worker-squads" stormed into the buildings armed with clubs, and performed swarm beatings of students in classrooms, along corridors and at the university halls. Similar operations followed in Kraków (14–20 March), Lublin, Gliwice, Wrocław (14–16 March), Gdańsk and Poznań, against striking students. At least 2,725 people were arrested.[6][8][11] The success of the ORMO attack on universities in the wake of growing citizen discontent (see Polish 1970 protests) prompted the Ministry to begin massive expansion of its rank and file. By 1979, ORMO reached over 450,000 members.[9]
The nascent Solidarity movement took communists by surprise. By mid-1981 the membership of the Trade Union reached 9.5 million, 1⁄3 of the working-age population of Poland. In this case, the ORMO formations weren't used against striking workers because many of its volunteers had become demoralized by public resentment. The show-of-force operations were confined only to major urban centres. The membership dropped dramatically.[12] With the crushing of Solidarity by the introduction of martial law in 1981, all special operations were taken over by motorized police, the ZOMO, and SB MSW. Attempts at restructuring ORMO as the Party's own self-defence force (carried out by Kiszczak) failed miserably.[13] In the following years many regional cells were closed down due to a lack of volunteers. Finally, in 1989 ORMO was officially dissolved by the Sejm.[12]
See also edit
Similar formations:
Notes and references edit
- ^ "Postępowanie członków ORMO wykonujących zadania społeczne w ochronie porządku publicznego". Instrukcja (in Polish). Polska Ludowa.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna Wydawnictwa Fogra (1996–2012). "ORMO". Historia współczesna (in Polish). Encyklopedia WIEM. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ "Militia Forces". lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009.
- ^ "IPN bada grupę ORMO prowokującą zamieszki". Prasa. INTERIA.PL / PAP. 27 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
- ^ a b c Piotr Osęka (20 February 2011). "Jak ORMO czuwało". (ibidem, page 2). Polityka.pl. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ a b "March '68". Exhibition. Institute of National Remembrance. pp. 1–2. Introduction, followed by scans of articles. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
The Voluntary Reserves of the Citizens' Militia (armed with cable and truncheons) beating the students, were met with shouts of "Gestapo!", "Gestapo!"
- ^ "IPN bierze się za grupę prowokatorów z ORMO". Am/PAP. 27 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
From the Polish original: According to Institute of National Remembrance, ORMO resorted to brutal use of force against participants of street demonstrations numerous times.
- ^ a b c Piotr Dmitrowicz (21 February 2011). "ORMO czuwa" (in Polish). Polskie Radio S.A. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Piotr Osęka (20 February 2011). "Jak ORMO czuwało". Historia. Polityka.pl. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ PAP / Stanisław Dąbrowiecki (November 1946). "Ćwiczenia warszawskiej Ochotniczej Rezerwy Milicji Obywatelskiej (ORMO)". Serwis fotograficzny XX wieku. Fotohistoria.pl. Archived from the original (Photo exhibit) on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ Andrzej Friszke, "The March 1968 Protest Movement in Light of Ministry of Interior Reports to the Party Leadership," Intermarium, Volume 1, Number 1, 1997; translated from Polish by Dawid Walendowski. Original published in Więź (March 1994). Quote: "The experience of being detained, arrested, questioned, and even beaten, was an important event in the lives of most of the 2,725 and others..."
- ^ a b Ziemowit Karłowicz, red. Monika Śliwińska. "ORMO (Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej)". Leksykon: Solidarność (in Polish). Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka", TeatrNN.pl. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ "Militia Forces". Poland. Country-data.com. October 1992. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
External links edit
Media related to Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej at Wikimedia Commons