White opens by playing 1.e4, which is the most popular opening move and has many strengths – it immediately stakes a claim in the center, and frees two pieces (the queen and king's bishop) for action. The oldest openings in chess follow 1.e4. Bobby Fischer wrote that 1.e4 is "Best by test." On the negative side, 1.e4 places a pawn on an undefended square and weakens the squares d4 and f4. If Black keeps the symmetry by replying 1...e5, the result is an Open Game (Hooper & Whyld 1996:279) (Watson 2006:87–90).

The most popular second move for White is 2.Nf3 (the King's Knight Opening), attacking Black's king pawn, preparing to castle kingside, and preparing for d2–d4.

Black's most common reply to 2.Nf3 is 2...Nc6. This can lead to the Ruy Lopez (3.Bb5), one of the most popular openings at all levels of chess, and one of the most extensively analyzed.

The Italian Game (3.Bc4) is a popular alternative, usually leading to either the Giuoco Piano (3...Bc5) or the Two Knights Defense (3...Nf6).

The Scotch Game (3.d4) was popular in the 19th century and remains so at amateur level. After 3...exd4 White may either recapture with 4.Nxd4, usually leading to an equal game, or play the Scotch Gambit (4.Bc4), a dangerous tactical line against an unprepared opponent.

3.Nc3 Nf6, the Four Knights Game, was often played in the late 19th to early 20th century. Less commonly, 3....g6 or ...Bb4, (the Three Knights Game), are possible.

The Ponziani Opening (3.c3) has never achieved widespread popularity but is occasionally used as a surprise weapon. Other third moves for White such as the Konstantinopolsky Opening (3.g3), and Inverted Hungarian Opening (3.Be2) are rarely played and offer White no advantage.

Black's most popular alternative to 2...Nc6 is 2...Nf6, usually leading to Petrov's Defense, though White can avoid the extensive theory of the Petrov by playing 3.Nc3.

The Philidor Defense (2...d6) has the disadvantage of restricting the mobility of Black's king's bishop, and typically leads to solid but passive positions for Black. For this reason, it largely fell out of favor by the early 20th century as Black players sought more dynamic options; however, it is still occasionally seen at grandmaster level.

The Gunderam Defense (2...Qe7) is an offbeat choice which blocks the development of the king's bishop, and has never achieved widespread popularity.

The Elephant Gambit (2...d5) and the Latvian Gambit (2...f5) are considered very risky for Black, with the latter usually seen only in correspondence play. The Damiano Defense (2...f6) may be met by either 3.Nxe5 or 3.Bc4 with advantage and is almost never seen.

The most popular alternatives to 2.Nf3 are 2.f4 (the King's Gambit), 2.Nc3 (the Vienna Game), and 2.Bc4 (the Bishop's Opening). These three openings have some similarities; some of the quieter lines in the Vienna and Bishop's Opening can transpose to positional variations of the King's Gambit Declined, when White plays f2–f4 before playing Nf3. The King's Gambit was popular in the nineteenth century with grandmaster and amateur alike. White offers a pawn for speedy development, as well as to attack Black's central outpost. The Vienna Game also frequently features attacks on the Black center by means of f2–f4.

In the Center Game (2.d4), White immediately opens the center, though if the pawn is to be recovered after 2...exd4, White must prematurely develop their queen. An alternative is to sacrifice one or two pawns by offering the Danish Gambit (3.c3).

The early development of the queen in the Danvers Opening, also known as the Parham Attack (2.Qh5), is usually played only by amateurs, though Hikaru Nakamura has experimented with it in grandmaster tournaments and was able to achieve a reasonable position.^[2][3] The Napoleon Opening, 2.Qf3, has even less to recommend it as Black can easily block any mating threats without compromising their development. The Portuguese Opening (2.Bb5) and Alapin's Opening (2.Ne2) are offbeat tries for White, but neither gain any advantage against correct play. The Bongcloud Attack (2.Ke2) is considered a joke opening.

• Closed Game (1.d4 d5)
• Flank opening (1.c4, 1.Nf3, 1.f4, and others)
• Irregular chess opening
• King's Pawn Game
• List of chess openings
• Semi-Closed Game (1.d4 other)
• Semi-Open Game (1.e4 other)

Bibliography

• Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) [First pub. 1992]. The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280049-3.
• Watson, John (2006). Mastering the Chess Openings, vol 1. Gambit. ISBN 978-1-904600-60-2.

• Đurić, Stefan; Komarov, Dimitri; Pantaleoni, Claudio (2008), Chess Opening Essentials, vol 1: the complete 1.e4, New In Chess, ISBN 978-90-5691-203-1
• Flear, Glenn (2010), Starting Out: Open Games, Everyman Chess, ISBN 978-1-85744-630-2
• Johnsen, Sverre (2018-03-30). How to beat the open games. London. ISBN 978-1911465232. OCLC 1013725601.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Bologan, Victor (October 2014). Bologan's black weapons in the open games : how to play for a win If white avoids the Ruy Lopez. Alkmaar, The Netherlands. ISBN 9789056915438. OCLC 878505291.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Davies, Nigel, 1960- (2005). Play 1e4 e5! : a complete repertoire for Black in the open game. London: Everyman Chess. ISBN 1857444019. OCLC 71338396.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Emms, John. (2000). Play the open games as Black : what to do when White avoids the Ruy Lopez. London: Gambit. ISBN 1901983277. OCLC 45466779.
• Lokander, Martin (7 January 2016). Opening repertoire : the open games with black. London. ISBN 9781781941942. OCLC 922562228.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Emms, John. (2009). Beating 1 e4 e5. London: Gloucester Publishers. ISBN 9781857446173. OCLC 646091310.