Summary
The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories, mostly in verse, written by Geoffrey Chaucer chiefly from 1387 to 1400. They are held together in a frame story of a pilgrimage on which each member of the group is to tell two tales on the way to Canterbury, and two on the way back. Fewer than a quarter of the projected tales were completed before Chaucer's death.[1] It is uncertain in what order Chaucer intended the tales to appear; moreover it is very possible that, as a work-in-progress, no final authorial order of tales ever existed.
Several different orders are evident in the manuscripts of the work; in addition certain orders and structures of the Tales have been proposed by scholars.
Key edit
The table below enumerates all the pilgrims mentioned in the General Prologue, plus two that materialise later in the tales, and the stories they tell. It also compares the orders in which stories appear in various sources.
- Pilgrim — The designation of each pilgrim in the General Prologue, commonly accepted alternate designation within the name of their Tale, and membership in group of pilgrims if any. The pilgrims' names link to their Tales' articles.
- GP (General Prologue) — This column lists the order in which each character is mentioned in the General Prologue.
Scholarly arrangements[2]
- Tyr (Tyrwhitt's Fragments) — Thomas Tyrwhitt, editor of the first modern edition of The Canterbury Tales (1775–78)[3] accepted the order of the Ellesmere manuscript, and furthermore determined – primarily based on linkages in the Tales' Prologues – which tales were "inseparably linked" to each other; this resulted in his postulating 10 Fragments,[4] each of which is seen as an authorially integral narrative unit, but with no certain indication of what is to come before or after. This structure has remained influential, and is the arrangement followed in the Riverside Chaucer (3rd ed.). (To sort the table by Tyrwhitt's order, use the Ellesmere column.)
- CS (Chaucer Society's Groups) — Using Tyrwhitt's foundation, Henry Bradshaw rearranged some Fragments, largely with the goal of constructing the most plausible itinerary for the pilgrims based on clues of time and location in the text.[5] The "Bradshaw shift"[6] results in Groups A-I. This arrangement was embraced by Frederick James Furnivall and the Chaucer Society, as well as Walter William Skeat and others.
Manuscripts: Over 80 manuscripts containing all or part of The Canterbury Tales exist. The six tabulated below represent the four main orders (El, Cx, La, Pw) in which tales appear in the manuscripts, plus two significant anomalous arrangements (Hg, Ha).[7] All manuscript orders (except Hg*) were collated by Furnivall.[8]
- El (Ellesmere 26 C 9, the Ellesmere manuscript) — A deluxe illuminated manuscript, probably made within 20 years of Chaucer's death.
- Hg (Hengwrt 154 (Peniarth 392D), the Hengwrt manuscript) — Probably the oldest surviving manuscript and, since the mid-20th century, considered the most important.[9]
- Hg* Manly & Rickert argue that some time after Hengwrt was copied, leaves from the back of the manuscript were mistakenly moved to the middle, and the manuscript was bound – and remains today – in this mistaken order.[10] This column shows the presumed original order.[11]
- Cx (Caxton's editio princeps) — The earliest printed edition of The Canterbury Tales (1478), it is typically accorded manuscript status, as it is based on a now-lost manuscript.[12]
- La (Lansdowne 851)
- Pw (Petworth House MS 7)
- Ha (Harley MS. 7334)
Table edit
(+G = Manuscript includes the non-Chaucerian Tale of Gamelyn after the Cook's initial abortive attempt to tell a tale.)
| Pilgrim | GP | Tyr | CS | El | Hg | Hg* | Cx | La | Pw | Ha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knight | 1 | I.2 | A.2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Squire (Knight's son) | 2 | V.1 | F.1 | 12 | 13 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 12 |
| Yeoman (Knight's servant) | 3 | |||||||||
| Prioress | 4 | VII.2 | B2.2 | 17 | 21 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 7 | 19 |
| Nun "Second Nun" (with Prioress) | 5 | VIII.1 | G.1 | 22 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 14 |
| Priest "Nun's Priest" (with Prioress) | 6 | VII.6 | B2.6 | 21 | 10 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Second Priest (with Prioress) | 7 | |||||||||
| Third Priest (with Prioress) | 8 | |||||||||
| Monk | 9 | VII.5 | B2.5 | 20 | 9 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Friar | 10 | III.2 | D.2 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 8 |
| Merchant | 11 | IV.2 | E.2 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 11 |
| Clerk | 12 | IV.1 | E.1 | 10 | 17 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 10 |
| Sergeant of Law "Man of Law" | 13 | II | B1 | 6 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 6 |
| Franklin | 14 | V.2 | F.2 | 13 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 13 |
| Haberdasher (guildsman) | 15 | |||||||||
| Carpenter (guildsman) | 16 | |||||||||
| Weaver (guildsman) | 17 | |||||||||
| Dyer (guildsman) | 18 | |||||||||
| Tapestry Weaver (guildsman) | 19 | |||||||||
| Cook (with guildsmen) | 20 | I.5 | A.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 +G | 5 +G | 5 +G |
| Shipman | 21 | VII.1 | B2.1 | 16 | 20 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 6 | 18 |
| Doctor of Physic "Physician" | 22 | VI.1 | C.1 | 14 | 18 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 16 |
| Wife of Bath | 23 | III.1 | D.1 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 7 |
| Parson | 24 | X.1 | I.1 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Plowman (brother of Parson) | 25 | |||||||||
| Reeve | 26 | I.4 | A.4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Miller | 27 | I.3 | A.3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Summoner | 28 | III.3 | D.3 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 9 |
| Pardoner (with Summoner) | 29 | VI.2 | C.2 | 15 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 17 |
| Manciple | 30 | IX | H | 24 | 11 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| "Chaucer" (General Prologue) | 31 | I.1 | A.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| "Chaucer" (Sir Thopas) | 31 | VII.3 | B2.3 | 18 | 22 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| "Chaucer" (The Tale of Melibee) | 31 | VII.4 | B2.4 | 19 | 23 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| "Chaucer" (Chaucer's Retraction) | 31 | X.2 | I.2 | 26 | - | - | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Our Host | 32 | |||||||||
| Canon's Yeoman | - | VIII.2 | G.2 | 23 | - | - | 15 | 15 | 17 | 15 |
| Canon | - |
Notes edit
- ^ According, that is, to the Host's initial proposal in The General Prologue (Fragment I.790–801). However, at another point only "a tale or two" is stipulated (Fragment V.698); finally in The Parson's Prologue only one tale per pilgrim is required (Fragment X.15–25) (Benson 1987, p 796). This may indicate a reduction in Chaucer's intended scope. At one tale per pilgrim (and assuming the work is complete upon arrival at Canterbury, with no return trip) then the work is roughly 70% complete.
- ^ Furnivall 1869, pp xxi.
- ^ Benson 1987, p 772.
- ^ Furnivall 1868, pp 9–11.
- ^ Furnivall 1868, pp 12–44.
- ^ Benson 1987, p 5.
- ^ Benson 1987, p 1120-21.
- ^ Furnivall 1869, pp xxi ff. Confirmed in Manly & Rickert 1940, pp 495–99.
- ^ Benson 1987, p 1119.
- ^ Manly & Rickert 1940, pp 478–479.
- ^ Manley & Rickert 1940, p 497.
- ^ Benson 1987, p 1118.
References edit
- Benson, Larry D., ed. (1987), The Riverside Chaucer (3rd ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN 0-395-29031-7
- Furnivall, Frederick J. (1868), A Temporary Preface to the Six-text Edition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, London: N. Trubner & Co. for The Chaucer Society
- Furnivall, Frederick J., ed. (1869), A Six-text Print of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in Parallel Columns, London: N. Trubner & Co. for The Chaucer Society
- Manly, John M.; Rickert, Edith (1940), The Text of The Canterbury Tales: Studied on the Basis of All Known Manuscripts, vol. II: Classification of the Manuscripts, Chicago: University of Chicago Press