P-adically closed field

Summary

In mathematics, a p-adically closed field is a field that enjoys a closure property that is a close analogue for p-adic fields to what real closure is to the real field. They were introduced by James Ax and Simon B. Kochen in 1965.[1]

Definition edit

Let   be the field   of rational numbers and   be its usual  -adic valuation (with  ). If   is a (not necessarily algebraic) extension field of  , itself equipped with a valuation  , we say that   is formally p-adic when the following conditions are satisfied:

  •   extends   (that is,   for all  ),
  • the residue field of   coincides with the residue field of   (the residue field being the quotient of the valuation ring   by its maximal ideal  ),
  • the smallest positive value of   coincides with the smallest positive value of   (namely 1, since v was assumed to be normalized): in other words, a uniformizer for   remains a uniformizer for  .

(Note that the value group of K may be larger than that of F since it may contain infinitely large elements over the latter.)

The formally p-adic fields can be viewed as an analogue of the formally real fields.

For example, the field  (i) of Gaussian rationals, if equipped with the valuation w given by   (and  ) is formally 5-adic (the place v=5 of the rationals splits in two places of the Gaussian rationals since   factors over the residue field with 5 elements, and w is one of these places). The field of 5-adic numbers (which contains both the rationals and the Gaussian rationals embedded as per the place w) is also formally 5-adic. On the other hand, the field of Gaussian rationals is not formally 3-adic for any valuation, because the only valuation w on it which extends the 3-adic valuation is given by   and its residue field has 9 elements.

When F is formally p-adic but that there does not exist any proper algebraic formally p-adic extension of F, then F is said to be p-adically closed. For example, the field of p-adic numbers is p-adically closed, and so is the algebraic closure of the rationals inside it (the field of p-adic algebraic numbers).

If F is p-adically closed, then:[2]

  • there is a unique valuation w on F which makes F p-adically closed (so it is legitimate to say that F, rather than the pair  , is p-adically closed),
  • F is Henselian with respect to this place (that is, its valuation ring is so),
  • the valuation ring of F is exactly the image of the Kochen operator (see below),
  • the value group of F is an extension by   (the value group of K) of a divisible group, with the lexicographical order.

The first statement is an analogue of the fact that the order of a real-closed field is uniquely determined by the algebraic structure.

The definitions given above can be copied to a more general context: if K is a field equipped with a valuation v such that

  • the residue field of K is finite (call q its cardinal and p its characteristic),
  • the value group of v admits a smallest positive element (call it 1, and say π is a uniformizer, i.e.  ),
  • K has finite absolute ramification, i.e.,   is finite (that is, a finite multiple of  ),

(these hypotheses are satisfied for the field of rationals, with q=π=p the prime number having valuation 1) then we can speak of formally v-adic fields (or  -adic if   is the ideal corresponding to v) and v-adically complete fields.

The Kochen operator edit

If K is a field equipped with a valuation v satisfying the hypothesis and with the notations introduced in the previous paragraph, define the Kochen operator by:

 

(when  ). It is easy to check that   always has non-negative valuation. The Kochen operator can be thought of as a p-adic (or v-adic) analogue of the square function in the real case.

An extension field F of K is formally v-adic if and only if   does not belong to the subring generated over the value ring of K by the image of the Kochen operator on F. This is an analogue of the statement (or definition) that a field is formally real when   is not a sum of squares.

First-order theory edit

The first-order theory of p-adically closed fields (here we are restricting ourselves to the p-adic case, i.e., K is the field of rationals and v is the p-adic valuation) is complete and model complete, and if we slightly enrich the language it admits quantifier elimination. Thus, one can define p-adically closed fields as those whose first-order theory is elementarily equivalent to that of  .

Notes edit

  1. ^ Ax & Kochen (1965)
  2. ^ Jarden & Roquette (1980), lemma 4.1

References edit

  • Ax, James; Kochen, Simon (1965). "Diophantine problems over local fields. II. A complete set of axioms for 𝑝-adic number theory". Amer. J. Math. 87 (3). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 631–648. doi:10.2307/2373066. JSTOR 2373066.
  • Kochen, Simon (1969). "Integer valued rational functions over the 𝑝-adic numbers: A 𝑝-adic analogue of the theory of real fields". Number Theory (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Vol. XII, Houston, Tex., 1967). American Mathematical Society. pp. 57–73.
  • Kuhlmann, F.-V. (2001) [1994], "p-adically closed field", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, retrieved 2009-02-03
  • Jarden, Moshe; Roquette, Peter (1980). "The Nullstellensatz over 𝔭-adically closed fields". J. Math. Soc. Jpn. 32 (3): 425–460. doi:10.2969/jmsj/03230425.