Summary
Parvulastra parvivipara is a very small species of starfish in the family Asterinidae. It is a viviparous species and gives birth to live young. It lives in rock pools on intertidal granite rocks in a limited area of South Australia.
| Parvulastra parvivipara | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Asteroidea |
| Order: | Valvatida |
| Family: | Asterinidae |
| Genus: | Parvulastra |
| Species: | P. parvivipara
|
| Binomial name | |
| Parvulastra parvivipara (Keough & Dartnall, 1978)[1]
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Description edit
Adults of P. parvivipara can grow to a diameter of about 1 cm (0.4 in) and are an orange-yellow colour.[2] They are the smallest known starfish.
Distribution and habitat edit
P. parvivipara is endemic to the coast of South Australia, where it is found within 200 km (120 mi) of the Eyre Peninsula. Its distribution is limited to intertidal rock pools on granite rocks.[3] Some seemingly suitable pools contain none of these starfish, while others have large numbers. Starfish favoured pools with little wave action, but with a considerable degree of biodiversity. They also preferred pools low down the beach rather than high-level pools.[3]
The main identified threats to the Tasmanian live-bearing sea star are habitat deterioration and destruction through sedimentation, eutrophication, and coastal development. As P. parvivipara uses mostly small boulders that are particularly susceptible to disturbances that are increasing with rising sea levels, future ecological restoration effects to protect this rare species may be required.[4]
Lifecycle edit
P. parvivipara has a very unusual lifecycle for a starfish.[5] The adults are self-fertilising hermaphrodites and the eggs are brooded within the gonads. No planktonic larval stage is seen, and the directly developing juveniles are cannibalistic, feeding on other embryos and juveniles while in the brood pouch.[6] When mature enough, they are released into the water in batches of up to 20, where they continue their lives, quite probably in the same rock pool as their parents.[6] Most starfish disperse to new habitats during the planktonic larval stage, but P. parvivipara is unable to do this. It likely can move to a new pool only by chance when an individual is swept there by a wave.[3] Because of the inability of this species to disperse in a typical starfish manner, it may experience some adverse circumstances in any particular pool, be exterminated there, and perhaps recolonize the pool later.[citation needed]
Some individuals breed in the autumn and winter, but most do so in the late spring and the summer, when the brood sizes are smallest and the juveniles are the largest when born. By varying size and number of offspring in this way, the starfish is thought to maximize the chances that its young will survive.[7]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Mah, Christopher (2013). Mah CL (ed.). "Parvulastra parvivipara (Keough & Dartnall, 1978)". World Asteroidea database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
- ^ "Patiriella parvivipara", Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, vol 1, Gale Cengage, 2003, p. 378
- ^ a b c Roediger, Lana M.; Bolton, Toby F. (2008). "Abundance and distribution of South Australia's endemic sea star, Parvulastra parvivipara (Asteroidea: Asterinidae)". Marine and Freshwater Research. 59 (3): 205–213. doi:10.1071/MF07084.
- ^ Liversage, Kiran (2015). "Habitat associations of a rare South Australian sea star (Parvulastra parvivipara) and a co-occurring chiton (Ischnochiton variegatus): implications for conservation". Pacific Conservation Biology. 21 (3): 234. doi:10.1071/PC15017. ISSN 1038-2097.
- ^ Ebert, Thomas A. (2021). "Life-History analysis of asterinid starfishes". The Biological Bulletin. 241 (3): 231–242. doi:10.1086/716913. S2CID 244357008.
- ^ a b Byrne, M. (1996). "Viviparity and intragonadal cannibalism in the diminutive sea stars Patiriella vivipara and P. parvivipara (family Asterinidae)". Marine Biology. 125 (3): 551–567. Bibcode:1996MarBi.125..551B. doi:10.1007/BF00353268. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 83110156.
- ^ Roediger, Lana M. (2012). Population and reproductive ecology of the direct-developing sea stars Parvulastra parvivipara and Cryptasterina hystera (PDF) (B.Sc. thesis). Flinders University. Retrieved 2013-05-24.