Korotkov played football for Dynamo Moscow from 1923 to 1940 and CDKA Moscow from 1941 to 1946. He won the Soviet Top League with Dynamo Moscow in 1936 and 1937, as well as the Soviet Cup with them in 1937.^[1]

In bandy, Korotkov was Soviet champions with Dynamo Moscow in 1933, 1935, and 1936. He won the Soviet Cup with Dynamo Moscow in 1937, 1938, and 1940. He also won the cup with CDKA Moscow in 1945 and 1946.

He started his ice hockey career in 1947 as the player-coach of CDKA Moscow. Korotkov joined VVS Moscow and served as their player-coach from 1948 to 1950. He spent the next nine years as a representative of ice hockey in the Committee of Physical Education and Sports of the Soviet Union.^[2]

Korotkov was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1952.^[3]