The term phoenix club is used in professional team sports to refer to a new entity that is set up to replace that of a club that has failed in business terms but not in sporting terms, and generally involves the continuation of the sporting activity.[1][2] In some cases, the phoenix club is created by the supporters of the club which has ended, or seems to be on the point of ending. A phoenix club will often have a very similar (although, for legal reasons, not identical) name and logo to the original club, and will also use a similar playing kit. The term is particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom and Italy in relation to association football, although it is also used in other countries.
The term has also been used to refer to a club formed by supporters of a major team when a change of ownership or policy causes them to lose faith in the management of their favoured side. This happened in 2005, when F.C. United of Manchester was formed by some fans of Manchester United, specifically as a protest at the sale of the latter to Malcolm Glazer, and at what they saw as the excessive and unacceptable commercialisation of the club,[3] although the new club's status as a phoenix is open to dispute on the basis that the original club still exists.
The term is derived from the mythical phoenix, a bird which was said to resurrect itself from its own ashes. In at least one case, the name of a phoenix club has played on the term itself: in the Australia-New Zealand A-League, now known as A-League Men, the defunct New Zealand Knights were replaced by new club Wellington Phoenix FC.
In some cases, phoenix clubs retain the name of the club which they replaced, implying a continuation from the former team. In other cases, name changes occur, perhaps due to proprietorial ownership of the old club's name.
An essential element of a phoenix club is that it is a legally separate entity from the original. A counter example is the American football Cleveland Browns, the football organization of which moved to Baltimore in 1995 to become the Baltimore Ravens. The NFL stipulated that, as a condition of allowing the move, the Ravens would have to relinquish any claim to the history and records of the Browns, one of the twelve "old guard" NFL franchises. As such, the Ravens technically entered the NFL as an expansion franchise. While the Browns franchise was deemed to have "suspended operations" for three years, in 1999 it were sold to new ownership and was recognized by the league to own all of the pre-1996 Browns' history, even though the extant Ravens had acquired the contracts of that team's players and personnel. The league and club thus recognize the Browns as one single team, albeit with a sporting hiatus, making the Browns not a phoenix club.[4]
Because there is no single, universally-accepted definition, ascribing the term phoenix club can be disputed depending on the criteria used. Furthermore, there may be changes in what each country's football governing body and legal system defines as a phoenix club rather than resurrected club.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2014)
a AA Cabofriense was refounded as AD Cabofriense in 1997 by the same directors with the aim of separating football from the social club activities.
b Due to financial problems, Operário Várzea-Grandense (also known as CEOV) withdrew from professional football in 1996. As it is one of the clubs with the most fans in the state, EC Operário was created with the same colors (red and green) as the traditional CEOV. Despite being state champion twice (1997 and 2002), the club did not receive the expected support and closed its activities in 2002. Another club with a similar name was created (Operário Futebol Ltda.), this time with red and black colors in honor of CR Flamengo, and has won the 2006 tournament. Operário Ltda. currently competes in the second division and the original CEOV returned to professional football in 2013.[19]
c The original Taguatinga EC and CA Taguatinga (former CA Bandeirante) merged in 2018.[20]
a The finances of the original NK Varaždin (called NK Varteks from 1958 to 2010) stumbled repeatedly for five years. When this led to their suspension in 2011, an unassociated NK Varteks was created. When they were suspended again in 2012, a new unassociated Varaždin emerged. The original club, including its records and history, folded in 2015.
In the early 21st century, numerous Italian clubs endured very severe economic problems, including some famous and historically successful teams. Some, most notably Fiorentina,[66][67]Napoli,[68][69][70]Parma[71][72] and Torino[73] were each declared formally bankrupt and thus had to reapply to the Italian football authorities to play at a lower level, with new owners and as new corporate entities. However, all are considered to be the same clubs before and after the bankruptcy rather than separate phoenix entities: they obtained the "sports title" to remain in the Italy football pyramid using clauses in the Article 52 of N.O.I.F.[70][73]
aFollowing a court settlement in 2014, club acquired rights to the history, titles, name and other assets of the original club.[85] bIn 2020, FK Aukštaitija acquired the name and history of the club disestablished in 2015 from the bankruptcy administrator. The local authorities confirmed the continuity of the club that June.[86][87]
bAirdrieonians F.C. (1878) were liquidated in 2002[101] but their owners bought Clydebank[102] and rebranded it as Airdrie United (now known as Airdrieonians F.C. (2002)); therefore that club is not a phoenix as it took the place of an existing entity. However the current incarnation of Clydebank is a phoenix, as it was founded by supporters to replace the entity which had moved to Airdrie[103] and had to restart at the bottom of the (Junior) league pyramid. Unlike…
Due to World War I and World War II, technically all of the clubs that competed before those wars were recreated from scratched in order to continue yet for many clubs of the Soviet part of Ukraine immediate their revival upon hostilities conditionally is considered as continuation of business. Due to recent renewed hostilities by the Russian Federation, many clubs were forced to suspend their business operations indefinitely.
While perceived as phoenix club of FC Dnipro, officially SC Dnipro-1 is considered to be a totally new club according to the FIFA rulings as the club did not clear its debts and refused to acknowledge them.
Polish club of Pogon Lwow was reestablished in Ukraine by local Polish diaspora based on Pogon Lwow of the interbellum Poland. The club competes at regional level.
^Known as the Montreal Impact from their founding through the 2020 season.
^Known as the Toronto Metros from their founding through the 1974 season, and as the Toronto Metros-Croatia from 1975 to 1978.
^Known as the Vancouver 86ers from their founding through the 2000 season.
^ abcdefgOriginally founded under a different name, later repurposed as a replacement of the original club following its dissolution.
^ abIronically, the fourth iteration of the Orioles are a two-time Phoenix club, having previously served as the third iteration of the Milwaukee Brewers.
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