Most species utilize insects such as crickets, cockroaches, and beetles as intermediate hosts.[9] Several species of Physaloptera can be parasites of primates and man.[10][11] This rare disease is known as spiruridiasis.
Human infection is considered to be ancient; eggs of Physaloptera sp. were found in a grave of the Bronze Age in Iran.[9]
Referencesedit
^ abVeciana, Marina; Chaisiri, Kittiponk; Morand, Serge; Miquel, Jordi; Ribas, Alexis (2013). "New biogeographical and morphological information on Physaloptera ngoci Le-Van-Hoa, 1961 (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) in South-east Asian rodents". Parasite. 20: 23. doi:10.1051/parasite/2013023. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC3718517. PMID 23815881.
^Petri, Leo H. (September 1950). "Life Cycle of Physaloptera rara Hall and Wigdor, 1918 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) with the Cockroach, Blatella germanica, Serving as the Intermediate Host". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 53 (3): 331–337. doi:10.2307/3626145. JSTOR 3626145.
^ abMakki, Mahsasadat; Dupouy-Camet, Jean; Seyed Sajjadi, Seyed Mansour; Moravec, František; Reza Naddaf, Saied; Mobedi, Iraj; Malekafzali, Hossein; Rezaeian, Mostafa; Mohebali, Mehdi; Kargar, Faranak; Mowlavi, Gholamreza (2017). "Human spiruridiasis due to Physaloptera spp. (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) in a grave of the Shahr-e Sukhteh archeological site of the Bronze Age (2800–2500 BC) in Iran". Parasite. 24: 18. doi:10.1051/parasite/2017019. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC5467177. PMID 28573969.
^Leiper, Robert T. (1907). "Physaloptera mordens: A new intestinal parasite of man". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1: 76–IN1. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(07)90015-2. ISSN 0035-9203.
^Lleras, Andres Soriano; Pan, Chiatung (1955). "Two cases of Physaloptera infection in man from Colombia". The Journal of Parasitology. 41 (6): 635. doi:10.2307/3274147. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3274147.
Kinsella, J.M. (1974). "Comparison of helminth parasites of the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, from several habitats in Florida". American Museum Novitates (2540): 1–12. hdl:2246/2742.
Kinsella, J.M. 1988. Comparison of helminths of rice rats, Oryzomys palustris, from freshwater and saltwater marshes in Florida. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 55(2):275–280.
Mirzayans, A (1971). "Incidence of gastrointestinal helminths of domestic cats in the Teheran area of Iran". The Journal of Parasitology. 57 (6): 1296. doi:10.2307/3277984. JSTOR 3277984. PMID 5157163.
Muniz-Pereira, L.C.; Vieira, F.M.; Luque, J.L. (2009). "Checklist of helminth parasites of threatened vertebrate species from Brazil". Zootaxa. 2123: 1–45. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2123.1.1.