Summary
Phytophaga is a clade of beetles within the infraorder Cucujiformia consisting of the superfamilies Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea that are distinctive in the plant-feeding habit combined with the tarsi being pseudotetramerous or cryptopentamerous, where the fourth tarsal segment is typically greatly reduced or hidden by the third tarsal segment. The Cucujoidea are a sister to the Phytophaga.[1][2] In some older literature the term Phytophaga was applied only to the Chrysomeloidea.
| Phytophaga | |
|---|---|
Typical Chrysomeloidea (left) and Curculionoidea (right) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Clade: | Phytophaga |
| Families in the Phytophaga |
| Phytophaga phylogeny |
The diversification of species within the Phytophaga is thought to be associated with the speciation within the Angiosperms. The plant-feeding habit may have been a shift from microfungal, spore-feeding (on strobili and cycads) and saprotrophic habits.[3] With nearly 125,000 described species they are the second largest phytophagous lineage of insects after the order Lepidoptera.[4] GH45s are only encoded by the genomes possessed by the Phytophaga beetles. The derived G45s from Phytophaga degrade 3 main substances: amorphous cellulose, xyloglucan and glucomannan. It was also composed of fungal sequences, acquired by gene transfer from fungi.[5]
References edit
- ^ Zhang, Shao-Qian; Che, Li-Heng; Li, Yun; Dan Liang; Pang, Hong; Ślipiński, Adam; Zhang, Peng (2018). "Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 205. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..205Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02644-4. PMC 5768713. PMID 29335414.
- ^ Marvaldi, Adriana E.; Duckett, Catherine N.; Kjer, Karl M.; Gillespie, Joseph J. (2009). "Structural alignment of 18S and 28S rDNA sequences provides insights into phylogeny of Phytophaga (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea and Chrysomeloidea)". Zoologica Scripta. 38: 63–77. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00360.x. hdl:11336/92765. S2CID 84345520.
- ^ Farrell, B. D. (1998-07-24). ""Inordinate Fondness" Explained: Why Are There So Many Beetles?". Science. 281 (5376): 555–559. doi:10.1126/science.281.5376.555. PMID 9677197.
- ^ Haddad, Stephanie; McKenna, Duane D. (2016). "Phylogeny and evolution of the superfamily Chrysomeloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia)". Systematic Entomology. 41 (4): 697–716. doi:10.1111/syen.12179. S2CID 87055542.
- ^ Busch, André; Danchin, Etienne G. J.; Pauchet, Yannick (2019-05-10). "Functional diversification of horizontally acquired glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45) proteins in Phytophaga beetles". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 19 (1): 100. doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1429-9. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 6509783. PMID 31077129.