Pilar Luna

Summary

María del Pilar Luna Erreguerena[1] (1944 – 15 March 2020) was a Mexican underwater archaeologist, pioneer in the field of archaeology, who founded the Division of Underwater Archaeology of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH).[2] She was awarded her undergraduate degree by the National School of Anthropology and History and the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), from which she then obtained her master's degree in Anthropological Sciences.[3]

Pilar Luna
Born
María del Pilar Luna Erreguerena

1944
Died15 March 2020 (aged 75–76)
NationalityMexican
EducationAnthropology / Archaeology
Alma materNational School of Anthropology and History (ENAH)
OccupationUnderwater Archaeology
Employer(s)National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH)
Known forFounding INAH's underwater archaeology division and co-authoring the UNESCO Convention on Underwater Heritage
AwardsJ. C. Harrington Medal

After 1980 she was the head of the Underwater Archeology Area of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) of Mexico.[3] She was a member, among other associations, of the Consultative Council of Cultural Heritage Underwater of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),[3] as well as member emeritus of the Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology Society for Historical Archaeology[4][5] and International Grant Advisor for the National Geographic Society.[6] She was the first Latin American woman and only the second underwater archaeologist to receive the J. C. Harrington Medal and is considered the pioneer of aquatic archaeology in Mexico.[7]

Early life edit

María del Pilar Luna Erreguerena was born in 1944 in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico.[8] Her father had immigrated to Mexico from Sahagún of the Tierra de Campos district of Spain and worked his way up to owning a jewelry store. Luna was the youngest of five children.[9] When she was six, her family moved to Mexico City and by the age of eight, she had completed lifeguard training with the Red Cross.[10]

Career edit

Luna began her career working as a secretary in the family business and then worked as a teacher in a sport center. She spent twelve years teaching disabled children how to swim. At the age of 27, while still working as a swimming instructor, she decided to return to school.[9] Originally an anthropology major,[8] Luna, who was taking classes at the National Institute of Anthropology and History (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia) took a class on general archaeology [11] given by the National Museum of Anthropology.[10] In a lecture about the Abu Simbel temples, re-discovered during the construction of the Aswan Dam, she began to question the fate of Mexico's underwater legacy.[8] Searching for information, Luna discovered the book, Archaeology Under Water, by George F. Bass and decided she wanted to become an aquatic archaeologist. Then near the end of her studies, Luna, who had gone to a cave to study some chultuns near Acapulco, contracted histoplasmosis.[10][9] Her recovery was a slow process, which took more than a year.[8]

When, due to the histoplasmosis, she was barred from underwater activities, Luna began working at the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan, where the disk of Coyolxauhqui had just been found. She was approached by Manuel Gandara, head of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH)) to organize a course on undersea archaeology. She contacted Bass to help with lectures and curricula and he agreed to come with one of his students, Donald H. Keith. As part of the course, students excavated at Media Luna, a spring in San Luis Potosí, discovering 20,000-year-old mammoth skulls. At the end of the course, Bass asked her to accompany him on a dive to explore the Turkish Mediterranean. Receiving clearance from her doctor, Luna agreed to the trip, which included dives on a boat from the Byzantine period and a Greek boat dating to the Christian era.[10]

In 1978, [8] immediately upon her return from Turkey, Luna got a message from Keith, who was working at the Institute of Nautical Archaeology in Texas. He alerted her that sports divers had located some guns in the Gulf of Mexico. The tip led to the recovery of two cannon and a bronze plate that were dated to 1552 and later, were housed in the Museo de San José el Alto, in Campeche.[10] Shortly thereafter, Luna first heard of the shipwreck Nuestra Señora del Juncal, when Burt Webber, a diver and treasure hunter who had made other finds in the Caribbean, applied for a permit to recover relics. After an 18-month battle, Mexico refused to offer permits to commercial enterprises,[8][12][13][14] and in February 1980, Luna founded the Division of Underwater Archaeology (Spanish: Subdirección de Arqueología Subacuática (SAS)) under the direction of INAH.[10] She is considered the founder of underwater archaeology in Latin America.[15]

In 1990, a team of subaquatic archaeologists, including U.S. researchers James P. Delgado and Larry Nordby, worked with Luna to excavate the wreck of the USS Somers, which had been discovered in 1986 by George Belcher. Belcher had been hired to look in the coastal waters of Veracruz for artifacts for a new state museum in Xalapa. Upon locating the vessel, Belcher reported the find to the National Park Service, because of its significance in U.S. history for the "Somers Affair", upon which Herman Melville based his novella, Billy Budd. The venture was one of the few undersea archaeological projects jointly conducted by two governments. The team confirmed the ship identity, which had sunk during the Mexican–American War, and documented numerous intact features in their bilateral inspection of the wreck, which has since become a protected site.[16]

Soon after, Luna gained wide notice for standing up to the treasure hunters working for Odyssey Marine Exploration. Odyssey executives tried many methods of influence to gain a foothold into Mexican waters, and while Luna considered resigning, she held firm in her refusal to allow commercial excavation. Recognizing that having the site designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site would help protect it, in 1995, Luna drafted a proposal to protect the entire Fleet of New Spain from 1630 to 1631. With help from archivists in Spain [12] and fishermen, Luna began researching the entire fleet, recognizing that there had to be more losses than just the flagship. They were able to tag many wrecks without the use of modern technology, although only a few were from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.[8]

Luna was involved in many projects, including the Manila Galleon off the coast of Baja California, Nevado de Toluca near Edomex's coastline, and Banco Chinchorro of Quintana Roo. She has spearheaded an atlas and registry for the study and preservation of the caves and cenotes of the Yucatán Peninsula, working on projects to conserve and protect Mexico's underwater and submerged heritage.[17] Luna worked with UNESCO in the development of the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, which was adopted in 2001 and signed the same year by Mexico. The treaty was ratified in 2005 and entered into force in 2009.[10]

In 2014, Mexico and Spain signed a collaboration agreement to jointly develop their undersea heritage, the first two countries to sign such an agreement, and one of the few in which a colony and colonizer have worked together to preserve their shared cultural patrimony.[9] Luna was hopeful that the agreement might finally lead to the location and excavation of the Juncal.[8]

Recognition and honors edit

Luna was the first Latin American to receive the J. C. Harrington Award from the Society for Historical Archaeology, in 2011, only the fourth woman from throughout the world, and second aquatic archaeologist (the other was her mentor Bass), to be so honored.[9][17] In 2016, Luna was awarded the Research Prize of the Spanish Geographical Society [es] for her work in studying and preserving submerged cultural heritage. The award was presented at the Mutua Madrileña auditorium in Madrid in March.[18]

That same year, she was honored with Toni Carrell, Dolores Elkin, and Margaret Leshikar-Denton receiving the Society for Historical Archaeology's Award of Merit. The award, given in conjunction with the Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology, recognized the four women for their role in the ratification and implementation of the UNESCO Convention for underwater archaeology.[19][20]

Death edit

Luna died 15 March 2020 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. No cause of death was mentioned.[21][22][23][24]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Erreguerena, María del Pilar Luna (1982). La arqueología subacuática (in Spanish). Escuela Nacional de Antropología e História de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  2. ^ "Pilar Luna, pionera de la arqueología subacuática – Proceso" (in Mexican Spanish). 28 October 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Pilar Luna – Rescatista de la historia bajo el agua ]". 20 April 2013. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  4. ^ "» Who We Are". acuaonline.org. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  5. ^ "Society for Historical Archaeology". Society for Historical Archaeology. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  6. ^ "Pilar Luna | Waitt Institute". 20 April 2013. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  7. ^ "Condecoran en EU a la arqueóloga mexicana Pilar Luna". noticierostelevisa.esmas.com. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h García Calero 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e Constenla 2014.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Cervantes 2011.
  11. ^ Reyes 2005.
  12. ^ a b García Calero 2012.
  13. ^ Leshikar-Denton & Luna Erreguerena 2016, p. 57.
  14. ^ Lutholtz 1980.
  15. ^ Amador 2011.
  16. ^ National Park Service 2003.
  17. ^ a b ArtDaily 2011.
  18. ^ SinEmbargo 2016.
  19. ^ Noticias MVS 2016.
  20. ^ Faulk & Evans 2016.
  21. ^ Díaz 2020.
  22. ^ Alejo Santiago 2020.
  23. ^ Mexico News Daily 2020.
  24. ^ de Anda Corral 2020.

Bibliography edit

  • Alejo Santiago, Jesús (16 March 2020). "Murió Pilar Luna, madre de la arqueología subacuática en México" [Pilar Luna, mother of underwater archeology in Mexico, died]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  • Amador, Fabio Esteban (18 February 2011). "Skull in Underwater Cave May Be Earliest Trace of First Americans". National Geographic. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • Cervantes, Jesusa (28 October 2011). "Pilar Luna, pionera de la arqueología subacuática" [Pilar Luna, a pioneer of underwater archeology] (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Proceso. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • Constenla, Tereixa (27 November 2014). "Una arqueóloga contra los cazatesoros" [An archeologist against treasure hunters]. El País (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • de Anda Corral, J. Francisco (16 March 2020). "Pilar Luna, pionera de la arqueología subacuática en México, falleció a los 76 años de edad" [Pilar Luna, pioneer of underwater archeology in Mexico, died at the age of 76]. El Economista (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  • Díaz, Antonio (16 March 2020). "Muere la arqueóloga subacuática Pilar Luna Erreguerena" [Underwater archaeologist Pilar Luna Erreguerena dies]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Archived from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  • Faulk, Kimberly L.; Evans, Amanda M. (21 January 2016). "SHA Award of Merit". Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology. Germantown, Maryland. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • García Calero, Jesús (29 February 2016). "Pilar Luna: "Es posible que este año encontremos el galeón Juncal con ayuda de España"" [Pilar Luna: "It is possible that this year we will find the galleon Juncal with help from Spain"]. ABC (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • García Calero, Jesús (10 December 2012). "Pilar Luna: "Mientras yo viva, en México lucharemos contra los cazatesoros"" [Pilar Luna: "While I live I will fight the treasure hunters in Mexico"]. ABC (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • Leshikar-Denton, Margaret E.; Luna Erreguerena, Pilar (2016). Underwater and Maritime Archaeology in Latin America and the Caribbean. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-41608-3.
  • Lutholtz, M. William (26 March 1980). "Recovering Spanish treasure; The Treasure of the Concepcion, by Peter Earle. New York: Viking Press. $12.95". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, Massachusetts. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • Reyes, Mariusa (9 September 2005). "Caleidoscopio: En lo profundo" (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • "Pilar Luna, arqueóloga del INAH, obtiene Premio al Mérito en Estados Unidos" [Pilar Luna, INAH archaeologist, gets Merit Award in the United States] (in Spanish). Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico: Noticias MVS 102.5. Notimex. 5 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • "Pilar Luna, pionera mexicana de arqueología subacuática, recibirá Premio SGE" [Pilar Luna, Mexican pioneer of underwater archeology, receives SGE Award] (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: SinEmbargo. EFE. 25 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • "Pilar Luna Erreguerena, pioneer of underwater archaeology, dies at 76". Mexico News Daily. Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca. 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020.
  • "Pilar Luna, Pioneer of Mexican Underwater Archaeology, Given J.C. Harrington Award" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: ArtDaily. 21 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  • "US Brig Somers". Submerged Resources Center. Santa Fe, New Mexico: National Park Service. 24 April 2003. Archived from the original on 14 March 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2016.