Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Summary

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter, also known as Pioneer Venus 1 or Pioneer 12, was a mission to Venus conducted by NASA as part of the Pioneer Venus project. Launched in May 1978 atop an Atlas-Centaur rocket, the spacecraft was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978. It returned data from Venus until October 1992.[2][4]

Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Mission typeVenus orbiter
OperatorNASA / ARC
COSPAR ID1978-051A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.10911
WebsitePioneer Venus at NASA
Mission duration14 years, 4 months, 18 days (from launch)
13 years, 10 months, 4 days (at Venus)
Spacecraft properties
BusHS-507
ManufacturerHughes
Launch mass582 kg (1,283 lb) [1]
Dry mass517 kg (1,140 lb)
Dimensions2.5 × 1.2 m (8.2 × 3.9 ft)
Power312 watts
Start of mission
Launch dateMay 20, 1978, 13:13:00 (1978-05-20UTC13:13Z) UTC [1]
RocketAtlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
Launch siteCape Canaveral LC-36A
End of mission
Last contactOctober 8, 1992, 19:22 (1992-10-08UTC19:23Z) UTC
Decay dateOctober 22, 1992[2]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemCytherocentric
Semi-major axis33,405.8 kilometres (20,757.4 mi)
Eccentricity0.842
Pericytherion altitude181.6 kilometers (112.8 mi)
Apocytherion altitude66,630 kilometers (41,400 mi)
Inclination105 degrees
Period24 hours
Epoch22 November 1979, 11:53:20 UTC[3]
Venus orbiter
Orbital insertionDecember 4, 1978
 

Launch and arrival at Venus edit

 
Orbit attitude of Pioneer Venus 1 between 1978–1980 and 1992

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was launched by an Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR rocket, which flew from Launch Complex 36A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 13:13:00 on May 20, 1978, and deployed the Orbiter into heliocentric orbit for its coast to Venus. Venus orbit insertion occurred on December 4, 1978.

Spacecraft edit

 
Pioneer Venus 1 at KSC.

Manufactured by Hughes Aircraft Company, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was based on the HS-507 bus.[5] The spacecraft was a flat cylinder, 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) in diameter and 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) long. All instruments and spacecraft subsystems were mounted on the forward end of the cylinder, except the magnetometer, which was at the end of a 4.7 meters (15 ft) boom. A solar array extended around the circumference of the cylinder. A 1.09 metres (3 ft 7 in) despun dish antenna provided S and X band communication with Earth. A Star-24 solid rocket motor was integrated into the spacecraft to provide the thrust to enter orbit around Venus.[5]

From Venus orbit insertion to July 1980, periapsis was held between 142 and 253 kilometres (88 and 157 mi) (at 17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric measurements. The spacecraft was in a 24-hour orbit with an apoapsis of 66,900 kilometers (41,600 mi). Thereafter, the periapsis was allowed to rise to a maximum of 2,290 kilometres (1,420 mi) and then fall, to conserve fuel.

In 1991, the Radar Mapper was reactivated to investigate previously inaccessible southern portions of the planet, in conjunction with the recently arrived Magellan spacecraft. In May 1992, Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the periapsis was held between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi), until the spacecraft's propellant was exhausted, after which the orbit decayed naturally. The spacecraft continued to return data until 8 October 1992, with the last signals being received at 19:22 UTC.[4] The Pioneer Venus Orbiter disintegrated upon entering the atmosphere of Venus on October 22, 1992.[2]

Instruments edit

 
A map of Venus produced from Pioneer data

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter carried 17 experiments with a total mass of 45 kilograms (99 lb):[6]

 
An image of Venus in ultraviolet light by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter
  • a cloud photo-polarimeter (OCPP) to measure the vertical distribution of the clouds, similar to Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 imaging photo-polarimeter (IPP)
  • a surface radar mapper (ORAD) to determine topography and surface characteristics. Observations could only be conducted when the probe was closer than 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) over the planet. A 20-watt S-band signal (1.757 gigahertz) was sent to the surface that reflected it, with the probe analyzing the echo. Resolution at periapsis was 23 by 7 kilometres (14.3 mi × 4.3 mi).
  • an infrared radiometer (OIR) to measure IR emissions from Venus' atmosphere
  • an airglow ultraviolet spectrometer (OUVS) to measure scattered and emitted UV light
  • a neutral mass spectrometer (ONMS) to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere
  • a solar wind plasma analyzer (OPA) to measure properties of the solar wind
  • a magnetometer (OMAG) to characterize the magnetic field at Venus
  • an electric field detector (OEFD) to study the solar wind and its interactions
  • an electron temperature probe (OETP) to study the thermal properties of the ionosphere
  • an ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) to characterize the ionospheric ion population
  • a charged particle retarding potential analyzer (ORPA) to study ionospheric particles
  • two radio science experiments to determine the gravity field of Venus
  • a radio occultation experiment to characterize the atmosphere
  • an atmospheric drag experiment to study the upper atmosphere
  • a radio science atmospheric and solar wind turbulence experiment
  • a gamma ray burst (OGBD) detector to record gamma ray burst events
 
Orbit of the spacecraft Pioneer Venus Orbiter.
 
Launch of Pioneer Venus Orbiter with Atlas-Centaur rocket.
 
Trajectory of Pioneer Venus Orbiter.
Instrument details
Name Complete designation Type Manufacturer Responsible scientist Mass Electrical consumption
OCPP Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimeter Photo polarimeter GISS J. Hansen (later L. Travis) 5 kg (11 lb) 5.4 W
ORAD Orbiter Radar Mapper Instrument Radar MIT G. Pettengill 9 kg (20 lb) 18 W
OIR Orbiter Infrared Radiometer Infrared radiometer JPL F. Taylor 5.9 kg (13 lb) 5.2 W
OUVS Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer Ultraviolet spectrometer LASP A.I.F. Stewart 3.1 kg (6.8 lb) 1.7 W
ONMS Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer Neutral mass spectrometer GSFC H. Neimann 3.8 kg (8.4 lb) 12 W
OPA Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Analzer plasma ARC J. Wolfe (later A. Barnes) 3.9 kg (8.6 lb) 5 W
OMAG Orbiter Magnetometer Magnetometer UCLA C. Russell 2 kg (4.4 lb) 2.2 W
OEFD Orbiter Electric Field Detector Measure the electric fields of Venus TRW F. Scarf 0.8 kg (1.8 lb) 0.7 W
OETP Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe Electron temperature gauge GSFC L. Brace 2.2 kg (4.9 lb) 4.8 W
OIMS Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer Ion mass spectrometer GSFC H. Taylor 3 kg (6.6 lb) 1.5 W
ORPA Orbiter Retarding Potential Analyzer Ion charge meter LPARL W. Knudsen 2.8 kg (6.2 lb) 2.4 W
OGBD Orbiter Gamma-Ray Burst Detector Gamma-ray burst detector LASL W. Evans 2.8 kg (6.2 lb) 1.3 W
- Venus (ORO) Radio science - A. Kliore (JPL) -
Orbiter Dual-Frequency Experiments (OGPE) - T. Croft (SRI)
Atmospheric and Solar Wind Turbulence Experiment (OTUR) - T. Croft (JPL)
Orbiter Atmospheric Drag Experiment (OAD) - G. Keating (LRC)
Orbiter Internal Density Distribution Experiment (OIDD) - R. Phillips (JPL)
Orbiter Celestial Mechanics Experiment (OCM) - I. Shapiro (MIT)
LASP: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (University of Boulder, Colorado); UCLA: University of California in Los Angeles; JPL: Jet Propulsion Laboratory; MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; GSFC: Goddard Space Flight Center GISS: Goddard Institute for Space Studies; LRC: Langley Research Center; ARC: Ames Research Center; LASL: Los Alamos National Laboratory; SRI: Stanford Research Institute

The spacecraft conducted radar altimetry observations allowing the first global topographic map of the Venusian surface to be constructed.

The instruments can also be classified by what they are meant to measure or analyze:[7]

  • Composition and structure of the atmosphere
    • Large Probe Mass Spectrometer (LNMS)
    • Large Probe Gas Chromatograph (LGC)
    • Bus Neutral Mass Spectrometer (BNMS)
    • Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS)
    • Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (OUVS)
    • Large/Small Probe Atmosphere Structure (LAS/SAS)
    • Atmospheric Propagation Experiments (OGPE)
    • Orbiter Atmospheric Drag Experiment (OAD)
  • Clouds
    • Large/Small Probe Nephelometer (LN/SN)
    • Large Probe Cloud Particle Size Spectrometer (LCPS)
    • Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimenter (OCPP)
  • Thermal balance
    • Large Probe Solar Flux Radiometer (LSFR)
    • Large Probe Infrared Radiometer (LIR)
    • Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer (SNFR)
    • Orbiter Infrared Radiometer (OIR)
  • Dynamics
    • Differential Long Baseline Interferometry (DLBI)
    • Doppler Tracking of Probes (MWIN)
    • Atmospheric Turbulence Experiments (MTUR/OTUR)
  • Solar wind and ionosphere
    • Bus Ion Mass Spectrometer (BIMS)
    • Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer (OIMS)
    • Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe (OETP)
    • Orbiter Retarding Potential Analyzer (ORPA)
    • Orbiter Magnetometer (OMAG)
    • Orbiter Plasma Analyzer (OPA)
    • Orbiter Electric Field Detector (OEFD)
    • Orbiter Dual-Frequency Occultation Experiments (ORO)
  • Surface and interior
    • Orbiter Radar Mapper (ORAD)
    • Orbiter Internal Density Distribution Experiments (OIDD)
    • Orbiter Celestial Mechanics Experiments (OCM)
  • High-energy astronomy
    • Orbiter Gamma Burst Detector (OGBD)

Observations of Comets edit

From its orbit of Venus, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was able to observe Halley's Comet when it was unobservable from Earth due to its proximity to the sun during February 1986. UV spectrometer observations monitored the loss of water from the comet's nucleus at perihelion on February 9.[8]

The extended mission allowed the spacecraft controllers to make several comet observations that were never part of the original mission objectives. The tilt of the spacecraft was altered during these comet observations so that the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (OUVS) could view the comets rather than Venus. Comets Encke (April 13-16, 1984), Giacobini-Zinner (September 8-15, 1985), Halley (December 27, 1985 - March 9, 1986), Wilson (March 13 - May 2, 1987), NTT (April 8, 1987), and McNaught (November 19-24, 1987) were all observed in this way.[7]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Pioneer Venus Orbiter/Pioneer Venus 1/Pioneer 12". NASA's Solar System Exploration website. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2003-10-11.
  3. ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
  4. ^ a b "Pioneer Venus 1". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  5. ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Pioneer 12 (Pioneer Venus Orbiter, PVO)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2005-01-12.
  6. ^ "Pioneer Venus Project Information". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  7. ^ a b "PVO Mission Document". NASA.
  8. ^ Russell, C.T.; Luhmann, J.G.; Scarf, F.L. (1985). "Pioneer Venus Observations during Comet Halley's Inferior Conjunction" (PDF). University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2013-08-16.

External links edit

  • NASA: Pioneer Venus Project Information
  • Pioneer Venus Program Page by NASA's Solar System Exploration
  • Kasprzak, W. T – The Pioneer Venus Orbiter: 11 years of data. (May 1, 1990) – NASA

Science Magazine in year 1979 issue 4401 edit

  • Donahue, T. M. (6 July 1979). "Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview". Science. 205 (4401): 41–44. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...41D. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.41. JSTOR 1748508. PMID 17778895. S2CID 1600807.
  • Colin, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Encounter with Venus: An Update". Science. 205 (4401): 44–46. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...44C. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.44. JSTOR 1748509. PMID 17778896. S2CID 26297893.
  • Seiff, Alvin; Kirk, Donn B.; Young, Richard E.; Sommer, Simon C.; Blanchard, Robert C.; Findlay, John T.; Kelly, G. M. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Contrast in the Atmosphere of Venus: Initial Appraisal from Pioneer Venus Probe Data". Science. 205 (4401): 46–49. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...46S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.46. JSTOR 1748510. PMID 17778897. S2CID 24774892.
  • Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; McElroy, M. B.; Donahue, T. M.; Kolpin, M. (6 July 1979). "Composition and Structure of the Venus Atmosphere: Results from Pioneer Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 49–52. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...49H. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.49. JSTOR 1748511. PMID 17778898. S2CID 20713222.
  • Oyama, V. I.; Carle, G. C.; Woeller, F.; Pollack, J. B. (6 July 1979). "Laboratory Corroboration of the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph Analyses". Science. 205 (4401): 52–54. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...52O. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.52. JSTOR 1748512. PMID 17778899. S2CID 40293580.
  • Niemann, H. B.; Hartle, R. E.; Hedin, A. E.; Kasprzak, W. T.; Spencer, N. W.; Hunten, D. M.; Carignan, G. R. (6 July 1979). "Venus Upper Atmosphere Neutral Gas Composition: First Observations of the Diurnal Variations". Science. 205 (4401): 54–56. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...54N. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.54. JSTOR 1748513. PMID 17778900. S2CID 21839920.
  • Pollack, James B.; Black, David C. (6 July 1979). "Implications of the Gas Compositional Measurements of Pioneer Venus for the Origin of Planetary Atmospheres". Science. 205 (4401): 56–59. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...56P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.56. JSTOR 1748514. PMID 17778901. S2CID 13281057.
  • Stewart, A. Ian; Barth, Charles A. (6 July 1979). "Ultraviolet Night Airglow of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 59–62. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...59S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.59. JSTOR 1748515. PMID 17778902. S2CID 12841902.
  • Keating, G. M.; Taylor, F. W.; Nicholson, J. Y.; Hinson, E. W. (6 July 1979). "Short-Term Cyclic Variations and Diurnal Variations of the Venus Upper Atmosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 62–64. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...62K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.62. JSTOR 1748516. PMID 17778903. S2CID 23057356.
  • Taylor, F. W.; Diner, D. J.; Elson, L. S.; McCleese, D. J.; Martonchik, J. V.; Delderfield, J.; Bradley, S. P.; Schofield, J. T.; Gille, J. C.; Coffey, M. T. (6 July 1979). "Temperature, Cloud Structure, and Dynamics of Venus Middle Atmosphere by Infrared Remote Sensing from Pioneer Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 65–67. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...65T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.65. JSTOR 1748517. PMID 17778904. S2CID 2023608.
  • Blamont, Jacques; Ragent, Boris (6 July 1979). "Further Results of the Pioneer Venus Nephelometer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 67–70. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...67B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.67. JSTOR 1748518. PMID 17778905. S2CID 19155512.
  • Knollenberg, Robert G.; Hunten, D. M. (6 July 1979). "Clouds of Venus: A Preliminary Assessment of Microstructure". Science. 205 (4401): 70–74. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...70K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.70. JSTOR 1748519. PMID 17778906. S2CID 36125836.
  • Travis, L. D.; Coffeen, D. L.; Del Genio, A. D.; Hansen, J. E.; Kawabata, K.; Lacis, A. A.; Lane, W. A.; Limaye, S. S.; Rossow, W. B.; Stone, P. H. (6 July 1979). "Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 74–76. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...74T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.74. JSTOR 1748520. PMID 17778907. S2CID 43906539.
  • Pollack, James B.; Ragent, Boris; Boese, Robert; Tomasko, Martin G.; Blamont, Jacques; Knollenberg, Robert G.; Esposito, Larry W.; Stewart, A. Ian; Travis, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Nature of the Ultraviolet Absorber in the Venus Clouds: Inferences Based on Pioneer Venus Data". Science. 205 (4401): 76–79. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...76P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.76. JSTOR 1748521. PMID 17778908. S2CID 28250903.
  • Tomasko, Martin G.; Doose, Lyn R.; Smith, Peter H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 80–82. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...80T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.80. hdl:2060/19830010359. JSTOR 1748522. PMID 17778909. S2CID 35649934.
  • Suomi, V. E.; Sromovsky, L. A.; Revercomb, H. E. (6 July 1979). "Preliminary Results of the Pioneer Venus Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 82–85. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...82S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.82. JSTOR 1748523. PMID 17778910. S2CID 22181310.
  • Counselman, C. C.; Gourevitch, S. A.; King, R. W.; Loriot, G. B.; Prinn, R. G. (6 July 1979). "Venus Winds Are Zonal and Retrograde Below the Clouds". Science. 205 (4401): 85–87. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...85C. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.85. JSTOR 1748524. PMID 17778911. S2CID 39737494.
  • Woo, Richard; Armstrong, J. W.; Kendall, William B. (6 July 1979). "Measurements of Turbulence in the Venus Atmosphere Deduced from Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Radio Scintillations". Science. 205 (4401): 87–89. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...87W. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.87. JSTOR 1748525. PMID 17778912. S2CID 10233431.
  • Pettengill, Gordon H.; Ford, Peter G.; Brown, Walter E.; Kaula, William M.; Masursky, Harold; Eliason, Eric; McGill, George E. (6 July 1979). "Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 90–93. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...90P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.90. JSTOR 1748526. PMID 17778913. S2CID 12582229.
  • Phillips, Roger J.; Sjogren, William L.; Abbott, Elsa A.; Smith, John C.; Wimberly, Ray N.; Wagner, Cari A. (6 July 1979). "Gravity Field of Venus: A Preliminary Analysis". Science. 205 (4401): 93–96. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...93P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.93. JSTOR 1748527. PMID 17778914. S2CID 21557337.
  • Taylor, Harry A.; Brinton, Henry C.; Bauer, Siegfried J.; Hartle, Richard E.; Cloutier, Paul A.; Daniell, Robert E.; Donahue, Thomas M. (6 July 1979). "Ionosphere of Venus: First Observations of Day-Night Variations of the Ion Composition". Science. 205 (4401): 96–99. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...96T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.96. JSTOR 1748528. PMID 17778915. S2CID 11269827.
  • Kliore, A. J.; Patel, I. R.; Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Gombosi, T. I. (6 July 1979). "Initial Observations of the Nightside Ionosphere of Venus from Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radio Occultations". Science. 205 (4401): 99–102. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...99K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.99. JSTOR 1748529. PMID 17778916. S2CID 10322619.
  • Brace, L. H.; Theis, R. F.; Niemann, H. B.; Mayr, H. G.; Hoegy, W. R.; Nagy, A. F. (6 July 1979). "Empirical Models of the Electron Temperature and Density in the Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 102–105. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..102B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.102. JSTOR 1748530. PMID 17778917. S2CID 25337442.
  • Knudsen, W. C.; Spenner, K.; Whitten, R. C.; Spreiter, J. R.; Miller, K. L.; Novak, V. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day- and Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 105–107. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..105K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.105. JSTOR 1748531. PMID 17778918. S2CID 26084728.
  • Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Chen, R. H.; Taylor, H. A.; Brace, L. H.; Brinton, H. C. (6 July 1979). "Comparison of Calculated and Measured Ion Densities on the Dayside of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 107–109. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..107N. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.107. JSTOR 1748532. PMID 17778919. S2CID 28832064.
  • Bauer, Siegfried J.; Donahue, Thomas M.; Hartle, Richard E.; Taylor, Harry A. (6 July 1979). "Venus Ionosphere: Photochemical and Thermal Diffusion Control of Ion Composition". Science. 205 (4401): 109–112. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..109B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.109. JSTOR 1748533. PMID 17778920. S2CID 32579568.
  • Taylor, W. W. L.; Scarf, F. L.; Russell, C. T.; Brace, L. H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Whistler Mode Waves in the Ionosphere of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 112–114. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..112T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.112. JSTOR 1748534. PMID 17778921. S2CID 45428203.
  • Russell, C. T.; Elphic, R. C.; Slavin, J. A. (6 July 1979). "Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Nightside Observations". Science. 205 (4401): 114–116. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..114R. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.114. JSTOR 1748535. PMID 17778922. S2CID 24494352.
  • Intriligator, D. S.; Collard, H. R.; Mihalov, J. D.; Whitten, R. C.; Wolfe, J. H. (6 July 1979). "Electron Observations and Ion Flows from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 116–119. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..116I. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.116. JSTOR 1748536. PMID 17778923. S2CID 42935022.
  • Evans, W. D.; Glore, J. P.; Klebesadel, R. W.; Laros, J. G.; Tech, E. R.; Spalding, R. E. (6 July 1979). "Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 119–121. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..119E. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.119. JSTOR 1748537. PMID 17778924. S2CID 38916824.
  • Donahue, T. M. (6 July 1979). "Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview". Science. 205 (4401): 41–44. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...41D. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.41. JSTOR 1748508. PMID 17778895. S2CID 1600807.
  • Colin, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Encounter with Venus: An Update". Science. 205 (4401): 44–46. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...44C. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.44. JSTOR 1748509. PMID 17778896. S2CID 26297893.
  • Seiff, Alvin; Kirk, Donn B.; Young, Richard E.; Sommer, Simon C.; Blanchard, Robert C.; Findlay, John T.; Kelly, G. M. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Contrast in the Atmosphere of Venus: Initial Appraisal from Pioneer Venus Probe Data". Science. 205 (4401): 46–49. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...46S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.46. JSTOR 1748510. PMID 17778897. S2CID 24774892.
  • Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; McElroy, M. B.; Donahue, T. M.; Kolpin, M. (6 July 1979). "Composition and Structure of the Venus Atmosphere: Results from Pioneer Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 49–52. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...49H. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.49. JSTOR 1748511. PMID 17778898. S2CID 20713222.
  • Oyama, V. I.; Carle, G. C.; Woeller, F.; Pollack, J. B. (6 July 1979). "Laboratory Corroboration of the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph Analyses". Science. 205 (4401): 52–54. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...52O. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.52. JSTOR 1748512. PMID 17778899. S2CID 40293580.
  • Niemann, H. B.; Hartle, R. E.; Hedin, A. E.; Kasprzak, W. T.; Spencer, N. W.; Hunten, D. M.; Carignan, G. R. (6 July 1979). "Venus Upper Atmosphere Neutral Gas Composition: First Observations of the Diurnal Variations". Science. 205 (4401): 54–56. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...54N. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.54. JSTOR 1748513. PMID 17778900. S2CID 21839920.
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