Human plakoglobin is 81.7 kDa in molecular weight and 745 amino acids long.[6] The JUP gene contains 13 exons spanning 17 kb on chromosome 17q21.[7] Plakoglobin is a member of the catenin family, since it contains a distinct repeating amino acid motif called the armadillo repeat.[5] Plakoglobin is highly similar to β-catenin; both have 12 armadillo repeats as well as N-terminal and C-terminal globular domains of unknown structure.[8] Plakoglobin was originally identified as a component of desmosomes, where it can bind to the cadherin family member desmoglein I. Plakoglobin also associates with classical cadherins such as E-cadherin; in that context, it was called gamma-catenin. Plakoglobin forms distinct complexes with cadherins and desmosomal cadherins.
Plakoglobin is essential for normal development of intercalated discs and stability of cardiac muscle. Transgenic mice homozygous for a null mutation of the JUP gene die around embryonic day 12 from substantial defects in adherens junctions and a lack of functional desmosomes in the heart.[12][13] Further studies showed that cardiac fibers obtained from JUP-null embryonic mice had decreased passive compliance albeit normal attachment of sarcomeres to adherens junctions.[14]
Studies investigating the role of plakoglobin in disease pathology have found that suppression of desmoplakin expression by siRNA led to the nuclear localization of plakoglobin, resulting in a reduction in Wnt signaling via Tcf/Lef1 and ensued pathogenesis of ARVC.[37] Specifically, adipogenic factor expression was induced and cardiac progenitor cells at the epicardium were differentiated to adipocytes.[38]
Non-invasive cardiac screening identified T-wave inversion, abnormalities in right ventricular wall motion, and frequent ventricular extrasystoles as sensitive and specific markers of a JUP mutation.[39] Additional studies have shown that immunohistochemical analysis of cardiac muscledesmosomal proteins is also a sensitive and specific diagnostic text for ARVD/ARVC.[40]
Abnormal distribution of plakoglobin due to mutations in genes encoding for Desmoglein 1 and 3 have also been implicated in Pemphigus vulgaris.[41][42]
^"Protein sequence of human JUP (Uniprot ID: P14923)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
^Whittock NV, Eady RA, McGrath JA (Oct 2000). "Genomic organization and amplification of the human plakoglobin gene (JUP)". Experimental Dermatology. 9 (5): 323–6. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0625.2000.009005323.x. PMID 11016852. S2CID 12956044.
^Stokes DL (Oct 2007). "Desmosomes from a structural perspective". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 19 (5): 565–71. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2007.09.003. PMC2211412. PMID 17945476.
^Cowin P, Kapprell HP, Franke WW, Tamkun J, Hynes RO (Sep 1986). "Plakoglobin: a protein common to different kinds of intercellular adhering junctions". Cell. 46 (7): 1063–73. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90706-3. PMID 3530498. S2CID 45332970.
^Witcher LL, Collins R, Puttagunta S, Mechanic SE, Munson M, Gumbiner B, Cowin P (May 1996). "Desmosomal cadherin binding domains of plakoglobin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (18): 10904–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.18.10904. PMID 8631907.
^Troyanovsky RB, Chitaev NA, Troyanovsky SM (Dec 1996). "Cadherin binding sites of plakoglobin: localization, specificity and role in targeting to adhering junctions". Journal of Cell Science. 109 (13): 3069–78. doi:10.1242/jcs.109.13.3069. PMID 9004041.
^Ruiz P, Brinkmann V, Ledermann B, Behrend M, Grund C, Thalhammer C, Vogel F, Birchmeier C, Günthert U, Franke WW, Birchmeier W (Oct 1996). "Targeted mutation of plakoglobin in mice reveals essential functions of desmosomes in the embryonic heart". The Journal of Cell Biology. 135 (1): 215–25. doi:10.1083/jcb.135.1.215. PMC2121015. PMID 8858175.
^Bierkamp C, Mclaughlin KJ, Schwarz H, Huber O, Kemler R (Dec 1996). "Embryonic heart and skin defects in mice lacking plakoglobin". Developmental Biology. 180 (2): 780–5. doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.0346. PMID 8954745.
^Isac CM, Ruiz P, Pfitzmaier B, Haase H, Birchmeier W, Morano I (Jan 1999). "Plakoglobin is essential for myocardial compliance but dispensable for myofibril insertion into adherens junctions". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 72 (1): 8–15. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990101)72:1<8::aid-jcb2>3.0.co;2-a. PMID 10025662. S2CID 23650188.
^Li J, Swope D, Raess N, Cheng L, Muller EJ, Radice GL (Mar 2011). "Cardiac tissue-restricted deletion of plakoglobin results in progressive cardiomyopathy and activation of {beta}-catenin signaling". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 31 (6): 1134–44. doi:10.1128/MCB.01025-10. PMC3067899. PMID 21245375.
^Li D, Liu Y, Maruyama M, Zhu W, Chen H, Zhang W, Reuter S, Lin SF, Haneline LS, Field LJ, Chen PS, Shou W (Dec 2011). "Restrictive loss of plakoglobin in cardiomyocytes leads to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (23): 4582–96. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr392. PMC3209829. PMID 21880664.
^Swope D, Cheng L, Gao E, Li J, Radice GL (Mar 2012). "Loss of cadherin-binding proteins β-catenin and plakoglobin in the heart leads to gap junction remodeling and arrhythmogenesis". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 32 (6): 1056–67. doi:10.1128/MCB.06188-11. PMC3295003. PMID 22252313.
^Kodama S, Ikeda S, Asahara T, Kishida M, Kikuchi A (Sep 1999). "Axin directly interacts with plakoglobin and regulates its stability". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (39): 27682–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.39.27682. PMID 10488109.
^Rubinfeld B, Souza B, Albert I, Munemitsu S, Polakis P (Mar 1995). "The APC protein and E-cadherin form similar but independent complexes with alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, and plakoglobin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (10): 5549–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.10.5549. PMID 7890674.
^Kikuchi A (Feb 2000). "Regulation of beta-catenin signaling in the Wnt pathway". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 268 (2): 243–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1860. PMID 10679188.
^Sadot E, Simcha I, Iwai K, Ciechanover A, Geiger B, Ben-Ze'ev A (Apr 2000). "Differential interaction of plakoglobin and beta-catenin with the ubiquitin-proteasome system". Oncogene. 19 (16): 1992–2001. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203519. PMID 10803460.
^Zhang Z, Stroud MJ, Zhang J, Fang X, Ouyang K, Kimura K, Mu Y, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Bradford WH, Peterson KL, Cheng H, Zhou X, Chen J (Apr 2015). "Normalization of Naxos plakoglobin levels restores cardiac function in mice". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (4): 1708–12. doi:10.1172/JCI80335. PMC4396479. PMID 25705887.
^Li D, Zhang W, Liu Y, Haneline LS, Shou W (Mar 2012). "Lack of plakoglobin in epidermis leads to keratoderma". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (13): 10435–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.299669. PMC3322998. PMID 22315228.
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^Erken H, Yariz KO, Duman D, Kaya CT, Sayin T, Heper AO, Tekin M (Oct 2011). "Cardiomyopathy with alopecia and palmoplantar keratoderma (CAPK) is caused by a JUP mutation". The British Journal of Dermatology. 165 (4): 917–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10455.x. PMID 21668431. S2CID 31241849.
^Pigors M, Kiritsi D, Krümpelmann S, Wagner N, He Y, Podda M, Kohlhase J, Hausser I, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C (May 2011). "Lack of plakoglobin leads to lethal congenital epidermolysis bullosa: a novel clinico-genetic entity". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (9): 1811–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr064. PMID 21320868.
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^McNally E, MacLeod H, Dellefave-Castillo L, Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJ, Bird TD, Fong CT, Mefford HC, Smith RJ, Stephens K (1993). "Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy". PMID 20301310. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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^Awad MM, Calkins H, Judge DP (May 2008). "Mechanisms of disease: molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy". Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine. 5 (5): 258–67. doi:10.1038/ncpcardio1182. PMC2822988. PMID 18382419.
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^Garcia-Gras E, Lombardi R, Giocondo MJ, Willerson JT, Schneider MD, Khoury DS, Marian AJ (Jul 2006). "Suppression of canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by nuclear plakoglobin recapitulates phenotype of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (7): 2012–21. doi:10.1172/JCI27751. PMC1483165. PMID 16823493.
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^van Tintelen JP, Hauer RN (Jul 2009). "Cardiomyopathies: New test for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy". Nature Reviews. Cardiology. 6 (7): 450–1. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.97. PMID 19554004. S2CID 20454940.
^Lo Muzio L, Pannone G, Staibano S, Mignogna MD, Rubini C, Ruocco E, De Rosa G, Sciubba JJ (Oct 2001). "A possible role of catenin dyslocalization in pemphigus vulgaris pathogenesis". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 28 (9): 460–9. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.028009460.x. PMID 11553312. S2CID 34380290.
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^ abShibata T, Gotoh M, Ochiai A, Hirohashi S (Aug 1994). "Association of plakoglobin with APC, a tumor suppressor gene product, and its regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 203 (1): 519–22. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2213. PMID 8074697.
^Daniel JM, Reynolds AB (Sep 1995). "The tyrosine kinase substrate p120cas binds directly to E-cadherin but not to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein or alpha-catenin". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (9): 4819–24. doi:10.1128/mcb.15.9.4819. PMC230726. PMID 7651399.
^ abSacco PA, McGranahan TM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR (Aug 1995). "Identification of plakoglobin domains required for association with N-cadherin and alpha-catenin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (34): 20201–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.34.20201. PMID 7650039.
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^Obama H, Ozawa M (Apr 1997). "Identification of the domain of alpha-catenin involved in its association with beta-catenin and plakoglobin (gamma-catenin)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (17): 11017–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.17.11017. PMID 9110993.
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^Hinck L, Näthke IS, Papkoff J, Nelson WJ (Jun 1994). "Dynamics of cadherin/catenin complex formation: novel protein interactions and pathways of complex assembly". The Journal of Cell Biology. 125 (6): 1327–40. doi:10.1083/jcb.125.6.1327. PMC2290923. PMID 8207061.
^Knudsen KA, Wheelock MJ (Aug 1992). "Plakoglobin, or an 83-kD homologue distinct from beta-catenin, interacts with E-cadherin and N-cadherin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 118 (3): 671–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.118.3.671. PMC2289540. PMID 1639850.
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^Ozawa M, Terada H, Pedraza C (Nov 1995). "The fourth armadillo repeat of plakoglobin (gamma-catenin) is required for its high affinity binding to the cytoplasmic domains of E-cadherin and desmosomal cadherin Dsg2, and the tumor suppressor APC protein". Journal of Biochemistry. 118 (5): 1077–82. doi:10.1093/jb/118.5.1077. PMID 8749329.
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Further readingedit
Cowin P, Kapprell HP, Franke WW, Tamkun J, Hynes RO (Sep 1986). "Plakoglobin: a protein common to different kinds of intercellular adhering junctions". Cell. 46 (7): 1063–73. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90706-3. PMID 3530498. S2CID 45332970.
Franke WW, Goldschmidt MD, Zimbelmann R, Mueller HM, Schiller DL, Cowin P (Jun 1989). "Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of human plakoglobin, the common junctional plaque protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (11): 4027–31. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.4027F. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.11.4027. PMC287381. PMID 2726765.
Mathur M, Goodwin L, Cowin P (May 1994). "Interactions of the cytoplasmic domain of the desmosomal cadherin Dsg1 with plakoglobin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (19): 14075–80. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36756-X. PMID 8188687.
Beavon IR (Aug 2000). "The E-cadherin-catenin complex in tumour metastasis: structure, function and regulation". European Journal of Cancer. 36 (13 Spec No): 1607–20. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00158-1. PMID 10959047.
Wilson PD (Apr 2001). "Polycystin: new aspects of structure, function, and regulation". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 12 (4): 834–45. doi:10.1681/ASN.V124834. PMID 11274246.
Protonotarios NI, Tsatsopoulou AA, Gatzoulis KA (Feb 2002). "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by a deletion in plakoglobin (Naxos disease)". Cardiac Electrophysiology Review. 6 (1–2): 72–80. doi:10.1023/A:1017943323473. PMID 11984022.
Knudsen KA, Wheelock MJ (Aug 1992). "Plakoglobin, or an 83-kD homologue distinct from beta-catenin, interacts with E-cadherin and N-cadherin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 118 (3): 671–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.118.3.671. PMC2289540. PMID 1639850.
Arnemann J, Spurr NK, Wheeler GN, Parker AE, Buxton RS (Jul 1991). "Chromosomal assignment of the human genes coding for the major proteins of the desmosome junction, desmoglein DGI (DSG), desmocollins DGII/III (DSC), desmoplakins DPI/II (DSP), and plakoglobin DPIII (JUP)". Genomics. 10 (3): 640–5. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90446-L. PMID 1889810.
Kinch MS, Clark GJ, Der CJ, Burridge K (Jul 1995). "Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the adhesions of ras-transformed breast epithelia". The Journal of Cell Biology. 130 (2): 461–71. doi:10.1083/jcb.130.2.461. PMC2199929. PMID 7542250.
Aberle H, Bierkamp C, Torchard D, Serova O, Wagner T, Natt E, Wirsching J, Heidkämper C, Montagna M, Lynch HT (Jul 1995). "The human plakoglobin gene localizes on chromosome 17q21 and is subjected to loss of heterozygosity in breast and ovarian cancers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (14): 6384–8. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.6384A. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6384. PMC41522. PMID 7604000.
Sacco PA, McGranahan TM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR (Aug 1995). "Identification of plakoglobin domains required for association with N-cadherin and alpha-catenin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (34): 20201–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.34.20201. PMID 7650039.
Daniel JM, Reynolds AB (Sep 1995). "The tyrosine kinase substrate p120cas binds directly to E-cadherin but not to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein or alpha-catenin". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (9): 4819–24. doi:10.1128/mcb.15.9.4819. PMC230726. PMID 7651399.
Kanai Y, Ochiai A, Shibata T, Oyama T, Ushijima S, Akimoto S, Hirohashi S (Mar 1995). "c-erbB-2 gene product directly associates with beta-catenin and plakoglobin". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 208 (3): 1067–72. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1443. PMID 7702605.
Roh JY, Stanley JR (May 1995). "Plakoglobin binding by human Dsg3 (pemphigus vulgaris antigen) in keratinocytes requires the cadherin-like intracytoplasmic segment". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 104 (5): 720–4. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606963. PMID 7738346.
Shibamoto S, Hayakawa M, Takeuchi K, Hori T, Miyazawa K, Kitamura N, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ, Matsuyoshi N, Takeichi M (Mar 1995). "Association of p120, a tyrosine kinase substrate, with E-cadherin/catenin complexes". The Journal of Cell Biology. 128 (5): 949–57. doi:10.1083/jcb.128.5.949. PMC2120395. PMID 7876318.
Rubinfeld B, Souza B, Albert I, Munemitsu S, Polakis P (Mar 1995). "The APC protein and E-cadherin form similar but independent complexes with alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, and plakoglobin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (10): 5549–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.10.5549. PMID 7890674.
Troyanovsky SM, Troyanovsky RB, Eshkind LG, Leube RE, Franke WW (Nov 1994). "Identification of amino acid sequence motifs in desmocollin, a desmosomal glycoprotein, that are required for plakoglobin binding and plaque formation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (23): 10790–4. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9110790T. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.10790. PMC45111. PMID 7971964.
Shibata T, Gotoh M, Ochiai A, Hirohashi S (Aug 1994). "Association of plakoglobin with APC, a tumor suppressor gene product, and its regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 203 (1): 519–22. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2213. PMID 8074697.
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External linksedit
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant
OMIM entries on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant