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Police aviation

Summary

Police aviation is the use of aircraft in police operations. Police services commonly use aircraft for traffic control, ground support, search and rescue, high-speed car pursuits, observation, air patrol and control of large-scale public events and/or public order incidents. They may employ rotary-wing aircraft, fixed-wing aircraft, nonrigid-wing aircraft or lighter-than-air aircraft. In some major cities, police rotary-wing aircraft are also used as air transportation for personnel belonging to police tactical units. In large, sparsely populated areas, fixed-wing aircraft are sometimes used to transport personnel and equipment.

A Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin operated by the Victoria Police Air Wing

History

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The first police aviation department was established in New York City.[1] Fixed-wing aircraft have generally been replaced by more versatile rotary-wing aircraft since the late 1940s. However, fixed-wing aircraft are still used in some missions, such as border patrol, as their higher speed and greater operating altitude allow larger areas to be covered.[1]

In 1921, the British airship R33 was used to help the police with traffic control around horse racing events at Epsom and Ascot.[2]

A large mural on the side of St. George's Town Hall in the East End of London depicting the 1936 Battle of Cable Street public order incident includes the police autogyro,[3] that was present during the incident, overhead.[4][5]

Rotary-wing aircraft

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Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil helicopters operated by the Los Angeles Police Department Air Support Division

The most common form of police rotary-wing aircraft is the helicopter, but other types of rotary-wing aircraft such as autogyros are also used.[6][7][8] The Groen Hawk 4 autogyro was used during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah.[9]

Police rotary-wing aircraft are sometimes equipped to perform multiple functions, or are designed so that equipment can be changed quickly when required for divergent roles. For example, a rotary-wing aircraft could be used for search-and-rescue, and then as an air ambulance.[10]

Police forces sometimes use military surplus rotary-wing aircraft, such as the Bell UH-1 Huey.[11] Some policing organisations, such as the Policía Federal in Mexico, acquire new military rotary-wing aircraft such as the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk.[12]: 7  However, most buy civilian rotary-wing aircraft directly from major aircraft companies[13] or lease them from specialty suppliers.[14]

The use of police helicopters by the Los Angeles Police Department has been criticized for causing excessive noise and pollution and harming the well-being of community members.[15]

Fixed-wing and nonrigid-wing aircraft

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A Cessna 206 and Piper PA-31 Navajo operated by the National Police of Colombia

Some police air units also use fixed-wing aircraft, which allow higher and quieter surveillance,[1] making it less likely that suspects will become aware they are being watched. A few police air units, such as the Northern Territory Police in Australia, use only fixed-wing aircraft.[12]: 2 [16] The use of fixed-wing aircraft also allows for longer flying times and incurs lower running costs.[17] Fixed-wing aircraft are also used to transport prisoners,[1] with the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (nicknamed "Con Air")[18] perhaps being the largest example of this use. Fixed-wing aircraft are also used to provide regular police patrols in remote communities and to transport investigators to remote crime scenes.[16][17] Light-sport aircraft[19] and powered parachutes[20][21][22] can sometimes be used to provide a cost-effective replacement for helicopters in the observation platform role.

 
A U.S. Marshal on a "JPATS" flight used to transport prisoners

The Edgley Optica was a British fixed-wing aircraft built for observation use and was used by the Hampshire Constabulary[23] as an alternative to rotary-wing aircraft.[24] The Britten-Norman Defender is used by the Greater Manchester Police,[25] the Police Service of Northern Ireland[26] and the Garda Síochána.[25] The FBI deployed a Britten-Norman Defender for electronic aerial surveillance at the Branch Davidian compound during the Waco siege in 1993.[27] In Greater London, the Metropolitan Police Service has, for a number of years, reportedly been secretly using Cessna aircraft that have been fitted with surveillance equipment capable of intercepting mobile telephone calls and listening in on conversations.[28]

Lighter-than-air aircraft

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A Skyship 600 used for observation by the New York City Police Department during the 2004 Republican National Convention

Police blimps were used to patrol the sky during the 2004 Republican National Convention,[29] the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games and the 2004 Athens Olympic Games.[30] The blimp Santos-Dumont, named for Alberto Santos-Dumont, operates in the Caribbean for the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad & Tobago (SAUTT), providing security surveillance. During April 2009, this blimp provided aerial surveillance of the 5th Summit of the Americas in Port-of-Spain.[31] Greater Manchester Police began trial operations of a blimp in 2010 to provide surveillance for major events, which would be a cheaper alternative to the use of a helicopter in the long term. However, the blimp was only used on 18 occasions because of weather-related operational problems.[32]

Unmanned aerial vehicles

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Police in some areas have started using unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, for surveillance operations.[33][34] Unmanned aerial vehicles come in both fixed-wing and rotary-wing types.

List of police aviation units

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Active units

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  Australia

 
A Eurocopter EC145 operated by the German Federal Police
  Austria
  Canada
  China
  Cyprus
  France
  Germany
  Hong Kong
  Indonesia
  Iran
  Ireland
  Japan
  Malaysia
  Mexico
 
An MBB Bo 105 operated by the Spanish National Police Corps
  Netherlands
  New Zealand
  North Macedonia
  Oman
  Panama
  Philippines
  Romania
  Saudi Arabia
  Serbia
  South Africa
  South Korea
  Taiwan
  Uganda
  United Kingdom
  United States of America

Many local, state, and federal US law enforcement agencies operate helicopters, and some operate fixed-wing aircraft.

Federal agencies
Alabama
Alaska
Agency Unit Rotary Assets Fixed-Wing Assets
Alaska Department of Public Safety Aircraft Section Eurocopter AS350 Squirrel

Robinson R44

Cessna 185 Skywagon

Cessna 208 Caravan

Piper PA-18 Super Cub

Beechcraft Super King Air [62]

Arizona
Agency Unit Rotary Assets Fixed-Wing Assets
Arizona Department of Public Safety Aviation Bureau 3 Bell 429 GlobalRanger

2 Bell 407

2 King Air [63]
Mesa Police Department Air Support Unit 3 MD Helicopters MD 500 1 Cessna 172 Skyhawk

1 Cessna 210 Centurion [64]

Peoria Police Department Aviation Unit 1 Bell 505 [65]
Phoenix Police Department Air Support Unit 1 Agusta A109E

5 Eurocopter AS350B3 Ecureuil

1 Cessna 172 Skyhawk

1 Cessna 182 Skylane

1 Cessna 210 Centurion

1 Pilatus PC-12NG [66]

 
An AgustaWestland AW139 operated by the Maryland State Police
Arkansas
  • Arkansas State Police Air Support Unit: 1 Bell 407, 1 Cessna 206, and 1 Beechcraft B200 King Air[67]
  • Baxter County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit: 1 Bell OH-58[68]
  • Benton County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit: 2 Bell OH-58A helicopters[69]
  • Little Rock Police Department Aviation Unit[70]
  • Mississippi County Aviation Unit: 2 Bell OH-58A helicopters[71]
California
Colorado
Connecticut
  • Connecticut State Police - Emergency Services Unit - Aviation Section
  • New Milford Police Aviation Unit[78]
Delaware
  • Delaware State Police Aviation Section[79]
District of Columbia
Florida
  • Florida Highway Patrol Aviation Unit
  • Alachua County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Collier County Sheriff's Office Aviation
  • Bay County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Brevard County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Broward County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Charlotte County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Citrus County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Collier County Sheriff's Office Aviation Bureau
  • Escambia Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Hernando County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office Aviation Section
  • Indian River County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Jacksonville Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Lake County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Lakeland Police Department Aviation Unit
  • Lee County Sheriff's Office Aviation
  • Leon County Sheriff's Office Aviation Section
  • Manatee County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Marion County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit - at least four helicopters[81]
  • Martin County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Miami Police Department Aviaton Unit
  • Miami-Dade Police Department Air Support Unit
  • Monroe County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Orange County Sheriff's Office Aviation Section
  • Osceola County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Pasco County Sheriff's Office Aviation Section
  • Pinellas County Sheriff's Office Flight Unit
  • Polk County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Santa Rosa County Sheriff's Office Air Unit
  • Sarasota County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Seminole County Sheriff's Office Aviation
  • St. Johns County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • St. Lucie County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Sumter County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Tampa Police Department Aviation
  • Volusia County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit "Air One"
  • West Palm Beach Police Department Air Support Unit
Georgia
  • Atlanta Police Department Helicopter Unit: 3 MD530F helicopters [82]
  • Clayton County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit[83]
  • Dekalb County Ariel Support Unit: 2 Eurocopter AS-350 helicopters[84]
  • Georgia Department of Natural Resources Aviation Unit: 3 Bell 407 helicopters[85]
  • Georgia State Patrol Aviation Division [86]
Hawaii
Idaho
  • Kootenai County Sheriff's Office Regional Air Support[88]
Illinois
Indiana
  • Fort Wayne Police Department Air Support Unit[91]
  • Indiana State Police Aviation Section: 3 helicopters, and 2 fixed-winged planes[92]
  • Lake County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit: 1 Eurocopter EC-120 helicopter, 2 OH-58 helicopters, and 1 UH-1H helicopters[93]
Iowa
Kansas
  • Kansas Highway Patrol Troop T - Aircraft: 1 Bell 407 helicopter, 1 Airbus H125 helicopter, 1 Cessna 182 RG fixed-wing aircraft, 3 Cessna 206 fixed-wing aircraft, and a 2001 King Air 350 for Executive transport for state officials[96]
Maine
  • Maine State Police Air Wing[97] - 2 Cessna 183 fixed-wing aircraft
  • Maine Forest Service Forest Protection Aviation Branch[98] - 2 Bell 407 helicopters, 5 UH-1H (Huey) helicopters, and 3 fixed-wing aircraft
  • Maine Marine Patrol[99] - 1 Kodiak 100 fixed-wing aircraft[100]
  • Maine Warden Service Aviation Division[101] - 3 fixed-wing aircraft
Maryland
Massachusetts
  • Massachusetts State Police Air Wing[106]
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
  • New Hampshire State Police Special Enforcement Unit (SEU)[110]
New Jersey
  • New Jersey State Police - Special Operations Section - Aviation Bureau[111]
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
  • North Dakota Highway Patrol Aircraft[120]
Ohio
 
A Cessna 182 Skylane operated by the Ohio State Highway Patrol
Oklahoma
Oregon
  • Oregon State Police Aviation Unit - four fixed-wing Cessnas[127]
  • Clackamas County Sheriff Air Support Unit - one Cessna 182[128]
  • Portland Police Air Support Unit[129]
  • Washington County (Oregon) Police Air Support Unit - a single Cessna R172, N575RW
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
South Carolina
  • Anderson County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Greenville County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
  • Richland County Aviation
  • Spartanburg County Sheriff's Office Aviation Unit
South Dakota
Tennessee
  • Tennessee Highway Patrol Special Operations
  • Jackson Police Department Aviation Unit
  • Memphis Police Department Air Support Unit
  • Metro Nashville Aviation Section
Texas
  • Texas Department of Public Safety Aircraft Section
  • Austin Police Department Air Enforcement Unit
  • Bell County Regional Air Support Unit
  • Dallas Police Department Helicopter Unit
  • El Paso Police Department Aviation Unit
  • Fort Worth Police Air Support Unit
  • Houston Police Department Helicopter Patrol Unit
  • San Antonio Police Helicopter Detail
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin

Disbanded units

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  United Kingdom
  United States

Border guards and customs services

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  Estonia
  Italy
  United States

Maritime law enforcement agencies

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A Piaggio P.180 Avanti operated by the Italian Coast Guard Air Service
  Iceland
  Italy
  Spain
  United States

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aircraft in police service.

References

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