Principality of Tver

Summary

The Principality of Tver (Russian: Тверское княжество, romanizedTverskoye knyazhestvo; Latin: Tferiae)[1] was a principality which existed between the 13th and the 15th centuries with its capital in Tver. It was one of the states established after the decay of the Kievan Rus'. During the 14th century, Tver rivaled the Principality of Moscow with the aim to become the center of the united Russian state.[2][3] Eventually it lost, decayed, and in 1485, it was annexed by Moscow.[4] The principality was located approximately in the area currently occupied by Tver Oblast and the eastern part of Smolensk Oblast in Russia.

Principality of Tver
Тверское княжество
1246–1485
Seal of Principality of Tver
Seal
  Principality of Tver in the 13th century
StatusPrincipality
CapitalTver
57°00′N 36°00′E / 57.000°N 36.000°E / 57.000; 36.000
Common languagesRussian
Religion
Russian Orthodoxy
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Prince 
• 1247–1271
Yaroslav
• 1461–1485
Mikhail III
History 
• Established
1246
• Annexed by Muscovy
1485
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Vladimir-Suzdal
Principality of Moscow

History edit

Origins edit

 
Execution of Mikhail at the Golden Horde, by Vasily Vereshchagin.

In the 1230s or the 1240s, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the grand prince of Vladimir, detached the city of Tver from the Pereyaslavl-Zalessky principality (where it previously belonged), and gave it to his son Alexander Nevsky.[5] In 1246, another son of Yaroslav, Yaroslav of Tver, became the prince of Tver, and the principality was ruled by his descendants until 1485, when it was abolished.[4] In 1264, Yaroslav was appointed the grand prince of Vladimir, which at the time meant he was the supreme authority of all of today's northwest Russia. In the 13th century, the Principality of Tver was less dependent from the Golden Horde than other Russian principalities were, and its population grew up.[5] The combination of these two factors led to the rivalry between Tver and Moscow, each of which were trying to become the most influential Russian principality.

Emergence as a great power edit

In 1285, Mikhail of Tver, a son of Yaroslav of Tver, succeeded his father and became the Prince of Tver. In 1305 he became the Grand Prince of Vladimir as well, however, Özbeg Khan of the Golden Horde decided that Tver became too strong, and supported Moscow against Tver. Mikhail was summoned to the Golden Horde and executed there in 1318. His son and successor, Dmitry of Tver, was executed in the Golden Horde in 1326, and another son and also a prince of Tver, Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver, was executed there in 1339 as well together with his son Fyodor. In 1327, there was an anti-Tatar uprising in the Principality of Tver, which was suppressed. The city of Tver was burned down, and the principality lost a considerable part of its population. Tver never recovered from that, and eventually Moscow, which managed to remain on good terms with Tatars, absorbed all surrounding principalities and eventually became the capital of Russia.[5] In the 14th century, some parts of the principality were temporarily given away as appanage. This created the whole system of principalities dependent on Tver. These included Kashin, Kholm, and Zubtsov. Some of them became independent to the point that they conducted war with Tver.[5]

Rivalry with Moscow during the Great Troubles edit

During the Great Troubles (1359–1381), the Golden Horde descended into a war of succession which weakened it internally and externally, allowing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Algirdas (Olgerd) to score a major victory at the Battle of Blue Waters (1362/3).[6] Thereafter, Tver sided with Lithuania against Moscow in the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372).[6] In 1371, Mikhail II of Tver was the last prince of Tver ever appointed as the grand prince of Vladimir. The reign of Mikhail is usually considered as the last period when Tver still could rival Moscow and oppose the Golden Horde. When Algirdas sued for peace with Moscow and retreated in 1372, Tver swifted its allegiance to the powerful Mongol warlord Mamai.[6] In 1375, Mamai again granted Mikhail II the yarlik of grand prince of Vladimir.[7] But the same year, a Muscovite-led expedition besieged Tver for four weeks, forcing Mikhail to sign a treaty recognising Dmitry Donskoy as his "elder brother" and the rightful grand prince of Vladimir, and to pledge military support in the case of a conflict.[8][9]

 
  Principality of Tver in the 14th century, during the Great Troubles

However, no troops of Tver were sent to reinforce Dmitry Donskoy's anti-Mamai coalition at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.[8][10] The symbolic victory had little practical effect, as Tokhtamysh defeated and killed Mamai at the Battle of the Kalka River in 1381, causing Dmitry Donskoy to flee and leaving the Muscovites to their fate when Tokhamysh besieged and sacked Moscow in 1382.[11] In the face of this violent repression, the princes of Tver, Nizhny Novgorod and others immediately submitted to Tokhtamysh.[12] Dmitry of Moscow did so as well, minting coins after 1382 stating proudly "Grand Prince Dimitry Ivanovich" on one side, but submissively "Sultan Tokhtamysh: Long may he live" on the other.[12] Thus, Moscow was still not able to command Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, the Novgorod Republic or Ryazan in the aftermath of Kulikovo and the sack of Moscow.[13]

Lithuanian vassalage edit

In the early 15th century, the power of the Golden Horde was waning, while Lithuania rapidly gained strength.[14] Initially pushed back in 1399 at the Battle of the Vorskla River when he sought to expand Lithuanian control over the Pskov and Novgorod republics,[15] Vytautas (Vitovt) gained direct control over Smolensk (1404), indirect control over certain Novgorodian holdings (1408, 1428), an alliance with Boris of Tver (1427) and Ryazan (1430), and considerable influence over the Muscovite court as Vasily I's father-in-law between 1406 and 1430.[16] When the Muscovite War of Succession (1425–1453) broke out, the principalities of Tver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Novgorod and Pskov were all still independent of Moscow, and usually in alliance with Lithuania against Moscow, which however did have more territory and resources than the other northeastern Rus' principalities by 1425.[17] Halperin (1977) observed that the Muscovite War of Succession weakened Muscovy so much that its old rival, the Principality of Tver, once again felt strong enough to challenge its sole claim to represent the "Rus' Land" (русская земля). Although the Word of Praise (pokhval'noe slovo) to Boris of Tver never claimed the myth of the Rus' Land exclusively for itself instead, it did suggest that the "Tverian Land" (Тферськая земля) and "Muscovite Land" (Московская земля) were equals within a larger "Rus' Land", and went as far as having foreigners say that grand prince Boris Aleksandrovich of Tver was 'the greatest prince of the Rus' Land'.[18]

Muscovite annexation edit

In the subsequent 1425–1533 period, the Daniilovichi nevertheless managed to gain the economic and military overhand, switch the order of dynastic succession from the chaotic horizontal to vertical inheritance, reincorporate all Suzdalian appanages, and during wars with Lithuania even annex Ryazan, Novgorod, Pskov, and Smolensk into the Muscovite realm.[19] In the 1470s, Mikhail III of Tver had to sign a number of treaties with Moscow (ruled by Ivan III of Russia) which essentially discriminated against Tver. When Mikhail II tried to compensate for the treaties by seeking an alliance with Lithuania, the army of Ivan III swiftly conquered Tver in 1485. The principality was then annexed by Muscovy.[20][5] Tver was given to his son Ivan the Young as an appanage.[21]

List of princes edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Introduction into the Latin epigraphy (Введение в латинскую эпиграфику).
  2. ^ Figes, Orlando (2022). The Story of Russia. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1526631749.
  3. ^ Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J. M. (20 October 2017). A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. p. 38. ISBN 978-90-04-35214-8.
  4. ^ a b "Tver". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e Тверское_княжество. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
  6. ^ a b c Halperin 1987, pp. 72–73.
  7. ^ Martin 2007, p. 234.
  8. ^ a b Halperin 1987, pp. 73–75.
  9. ^ Martin 2007, p. 235.
  10. ^ Martin 2007, p. 236.
  11. ^ Halperin 1987, p. 74–75.
  12. ^ a b Martin 2007, p. 237.
  13. ^ Martin 2007, p. 238.
  14. ^ Martin 2007, p. 239.
  15. ^ Martin 2007, p. 240.
  16. ^ Martin 2007, pp. 240–241.
  17. ^ Martin 2007, pp. 253–254, 262.
  18. ^ Halperin, Charles J. (1977). "Tverian Political Thought in the Fifteenth Century". Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique. 18 (3). EHESS: 267–273. ISSN 0008-0160. JSTOR 27669454. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  19. ^ Martin 2007, pp. 262–263.
  20. ^ Martin 2007, p. 281.
  21. ^ Bushkovitch, Paul (18 March 2021). Succession to the Throne in Early Modern Russia: The Transfer of Power 1450–1725. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-108-47934-9.

Bibliography edit

  • Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. p. 222. ISBN 9781850430575. (e-book).
  • Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.